• 14th Century English 
• Translated Bible from Latin to English
• "The Morning Star of the Reformation"
• Followers known as Lollards
• Lollard movement a precursor to Reformation

• 14th Century
• Translated Wycliffe's writings to Czech
• First church reformer
• Burned at the stake (Council of Constance)

• 15th-16th Centuries
• Enchiridion militis Christiani (Handbook of the Christian soldier
• Argued that the church could be reformed by a return to the Bible and the early Fathers
• Greek and Latin New Testament
• Bible for all men, not just clergy

Martin Luther

• 1515 - breakthrough while lecturing on Romans
• Righteousness is given, not earned
• Righteousness saves, not punishes
• 1517 - 95 Theses
• Indulgences
• Human will is in bondage, can't do anything right toward salvation

• 16th Century
• Institutes (1536)
• Intended to go to Strasbourg, ended in Geneva
• Theology
• Grace
• Emphasized church discipline
• Emphasized sovereignty and providence

• 15th-16th Centuries
• Leader of Reformation in Switzerland
• Debate in Zurich, gained supporters in Zurich
• Bible cornerstone of theology

• 15th-16th Centuries
• Rejected infant baptism
• He and his congregants were baptized Easter Sunday, 1525
• Theology
• God would not want any to parish
• Rebuked the view of secret will vs. revealed will of God

• Search for a Male heir
• Led to CoE seperating from RCC
• Divorce from Catherine of Aragon

• Appointed archbishop by Henry VIII
• Helped build case for Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon

Mary I

• 16th Century Queen
• Bloody Mary
• Re-established Roman Catholocism (After Edward VI died)
• Over 280 burned at the stake

• 16th Century German reformer
• First systematic theologian of reformation
• Luther's successor
• 2 adjustments to Luther's theology
• Free will a factor in election
• Rejected physical presence in elements

• Society of Jesus
• Legs crushed by cannonball
• During recovery he read religious works and had visions
• The Spiritual Disciplines (1541)

• 16th Century Danish anti-predestinarian
• Close disciple of Melanchthon
• Within Jesus' intent to save all people

• Views became basis for Arminianism

• Father of Socinianism

• King of Sweden during Golden Age
• Led nation to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War

• 17th Century military and political leader
• Committed Puritan
• Major pre-destinarion
• Brilliant soldier
• New Model Army

• 17th Century English
• Most important Puritan theologian?
• Independent, like Cromwell
• Pre-destinarian
• If Jesus intended to save ALL men, why didn't he achieve that?

• 17th Century Dutch philosopher
• God can be removed from the equation
• Denied afterlife
• Panthiest
• Everything that exists is God
• Universe and God are identical
• No personal or creator God
• God is greater than everything

• Explanation of the universe through natural law
• Sceptical of early Genesis

• 17th-18th Centuries 
• Leading Deist
• Influenced by Locke
• Christianity Not Mysterious
• Everything that makes up Christianity is reasonable
• Faith cannot be put into something that isn't based on reason

• 18th Century preacher and theologian
• Pastor of Congregationalist church in Northampton, Mass.
• 1734-1735, preached a series on justification by faith with a tremendous response
• Read manuscript
• People were moved, started crying out
• Started an evangelistic sermon movement

• 18th Century
• Father of Methodism
• First to talk about perfectionism

• Religious toleration
• Bible should not be authority
• Questioned that people have immaterial parts (soul)
• Questioned overall goodness and power of God
• November 1, 1755 - Earthquake in Lisbon
• Hedonist; Despised teaching toward sexuality

• 19th Century, 2nd Great Awakening
• Father of revivalism
• Ventured to woods, said he wouldn't come back until he found God
• "Anxious bench"
• Street preaching within a week of conversion
• Rochester, New York - Preached 98 sermons between Sep. 1830 and Mar. 1831
• Became teacher and president at Oberlin College

• 19th Century German theologian
• "Historical Jesus" - denied divine nature

• 19th-20th Century German Lutheran theologian
• Absolute freedom
• Christianity as a religious life and not a system of theology

• 20th Century Swiss reformed theologian
• Father of Neo-Orthodoxy
• Manuscript preacher, critiques scripture
• Socialiast
• Tries to reclaim biblical authority, works through Romans, changes theology

• Followers of Wycliffe
• Bible (in English) authoritative over the church and priests
• All laymen are priests
• Pope has too much authority
• Christ is spiritually present, no transubstantiation

• Focused on the humanities
• "Ad Fontes" - the the fountains; sources
• Sought to engage with original texts
• Expectation of rediscovery

• Between October 1-4, 1529
• Meeting to solve dispute between Luther and Zwingli over the real presence of Christ in Lord's Supper

• Radical reformers
• 'rebaptizer' - believers baptism
• Pacifism
• Free will
• Emphasis on works
• Community of goods
• Share materials with the church
• Look our for each other's needs

• Identified as the place of Christ's return
• Seized by Anabaptists in 1534
• John of Leiden instituted polygamy, claimed to be messiah

• 25 session council (1545-1563)
• Defeat of conciliarism
• Discussed issues such as papal corruption, education, indulgences, justification, sacraments, the Bible, and monasticism

• Englishmen who fled to contintal Europe
• Believed and practiced only what was biblical
• Reformation wasn't enough
• Opposed:
• Clergy
• Vestments
• Formalism
• Cathedrals
• Choirs
• Episcopacy

• August 24, 1572 around 2000 Huguenots were killed in Paris
• Henry Bourbon married Catherine de' Medici's daughter
• Charles IX trusted Bourbons
• Catherine worried that Bourbons were becoming too powerful
• She convinced Charles of a Hugenot plot

• 1618-1619
• Led to 5 point Calvinism (TULIP)
• Dutch supporters of Arminius (Remonstrants) were dismissed
• Grotious and Oldenbarnevelt were imprisoned
• Grotious escaped, Olden. beheaded

• Rejected predestinarian theology
• Emphasized ceremonial worship
• Beauty helpful to worship
• Altar is greater than the pulpit

• 1642-1651
• Parliamentarians vs. Royalists
• Cromwell 
• New Model army
• Religious toleration within army

• 1689
• Permanently granted religious freedom to Protestants in England

• Religious thinkers who elevated human reason and natural religion over faith and special revelation
• Authority is the issue
• Minimized importance of scripture
• Absintee God

• 1730's and 40's
• Preaching led to a sense of their need of salvation 
• Christians turned from tradition to a personal salvation

• Cane Ridge Revival
• Charles Finney

• 2nd Great Awakening
• Personal evangelism and peronal experience
• Carried gospel to India, West Indies, Africa, South America, North America

• No religious freedom
• Robepierre 
• National Assembly vs. Parliament
• De-christianize France

• Darwin's Origin of Species
• Realities can be explained without God
• Kant, Hagel, Schleiermacher, Strauss, Baur, Wellhausen
• Rejected:
• Inspiration
• Infallibality
• Anti-supernatural bias
• Traditional authorship and dating of scripture
• Dogma
• Promoted:
• Social Gospel
• Immanence
• Universalism
• Essential goodness of man

• The Fundamentals
• 5 Fundamental beliefs:
• Authority and inerrancy (key issue)
• Vigrin birth
• Deity and substitutionary atonement
• Bodily resurrection
• Literal second coming

• Revelation is a personal experience between God and man
• The Bible becomes a revelation only when it is preached
• The only thing matters is what you experience while reading

• Luther, 1517
• Written against indulgences

• Calvin
• First edition in 1536, 11 editions by 1632
• Introductory manual to theology for new Christians

• Elizabethan Settlement
• Drawn up in 1563, binding in 1571
• Statement of the position of the CoE in realation to the Catholics and Protestants

• Primary bible of Protestant movement
• First bible made directly available to general public

• Translated into 40 languages
• Counteracted the teachings of the Roman Catholic church

• Professor at Frederick's Reformed University
• Studied under Melanchthon
• Expertise in Hebrew

• Archbishop of Canterbury
• Against Puritanism
• Influenced King James

• Conservative reformed theology
• President of Princeton

• J. Gresham Machen
• Liberalism seperate from Christianity