Term
Physical support, clearing away of dead cells, delivery and regulation of nutrients are some of the functions of |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of a synaptic button |
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Definition
c. transduce an electrical impulse into the release of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
Which of the following structues is found only in a neuron |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following developed the concept of phrenology |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following are Functional imaging systems |
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Definition
d. EEG, PET, Evoked Potential |
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Term
Which of the following developed stains or dyes that permit the visualization of specific types of cells or parts of cells |
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Definition
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Term
Why Broca and Wernicke important to the field of neuropsychology |
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Definition
b. developed empirical evidence to support localization of function in the brain |
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Term
From an investigative and operational viewpoint, neuropsychology is consistent with which of the following |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following first empirically demonstrated that muscles respond to electrical stimulation |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following electrically stimulated dog brain and demonstrated that muscles of the body are controlled by a specific area of the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
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Term
During an Auditory Evoked Potential test of a newborn infant, significantly reduced peak height is observed in one of the waves and the wave is delayed. Which of the following is likely to be true |
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Definition
d. this would suggest that one of the brain structures that the auditory information is passing through is not functioning properly |
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Term
Which part of the brain controls the muscles of the body |
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Definition
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Term
Retrograde axonal transport |
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Definition
c. refers to a dye or tracing substance that travels from the synaptic buttons back twoard the cell body |
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Term
When a brain structure is "ventral" to another brain structure, it means that it is closer to |
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Definition
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Term
Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea are disorders affecting the |
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Definition
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Term
The corpus callosum is a subdivision of the |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following was a 2nd century AD physician to gladiators that proposed muscles are operated by fluid (humors) delivered by tubes (nerves) |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of the basal ganglia |
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Definition
b. integrates and controls movement |
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Term
How many spinal nerves are there in humans |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following carries somatosensory (tactile) information into the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
The somatic nervous system is a subpart of which of the following |
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Definition
c. peripheral nervous system |
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Term
A primary function of the limbic system is |
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Definition
a. generation and control of emotion |
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Term
Damage to the left temporal lobe would most likely result in |
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Definition
c. impairment of language comprehension or speech generation |
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Term
The central nervous system includes |
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Definition
b. only the neurons in the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
Substantial damage to the medulla would probably result in |
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Definition
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Term
What is a major function of the myelin sheath around an axon |
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Definition
a. act as insulation and isolate the axon from surrounding tissue and fluid |
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Term
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Definition
a. is the proper name given to a nerve impulse |
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Term
Where do most psychoactive drugs interact with the nervous system |
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Definition
a. at the synapse or interface between neurons |
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Term
Which of the following would produce high resolution or a relatively precise image of internal body structures |
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Definition
c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Term
Damage to the cerebellum would probably result in |
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Definition
d. disturbance in control of movement or learning coordinatied movement |
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Term
Which of the following brain structures acts like a "switchborad" to analyze and integrate all forms of sensory input and then send it on to the primary processing area |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following structures is in charge of maintaining homeostasis and perceiving thirst and hunger, and includes areas controlling instinctive behavior |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is an invasive procedure |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following theories proposed that invisible spirits operate the physical body |
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Definition
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Term
What is the significance or utility of electrolytes in the brain and nervous system |
|
Definition
a. the correct distribution of ions produces the eletric charge used for the production of an action potential |
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Term
The frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe are sub-parts of which of the following |
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Definition
b. cerebrum or cerebral cortex |
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Term
Analysis and perception of visual sensation is the primary function of which of the following |
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Definition
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Term
Analysis of spatial relationships and somatosensory perception is a primary function of which of the following |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following first developed "ablation" as an investigory technique |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
c. computerized integration of multiple x-ray projections or images |
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Term
The midebrain includes which of the following structures |
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Definition
d. superior and inferior colliculi |
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Term
An evoked potential is a specialized technique associated with which investigatory or imaging method |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the function of a post-synaptic receptor |
|
Definition
b. it is the location where a neurotransmitter binds to the neuron |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a "micro-lesion" technique |
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Definition
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Term
In electroencephalography, a theta wave would be which frequency |
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Definition
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Term
Why was "phrenology" and important, though incorrect, concept |
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Definition
b. it introduced the idea that specific parts of the brain perform specific functions |
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Term
Which of the following uses a radioactive isotope to "tag" or label glucose or oxygen and thereby image a build-up of radioactive material in an active part of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
Lesion methods are useful techniques for investigating the brain based on which of the following |
|
Definition
a. impairment of function |
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Term
Micro-lesion is amodern day investigatory technique that was developed from which of the following |
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Definition
a. impairment of function |
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Term
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Definition
d. the chambers inside the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
The inability to assign meaning to a normally perceived object |
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Definition
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Term
Total or partial loss of visual sensation is called |
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Definition
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Term
When a seizure is "idiopathic' in nature it means |
|
Definition
c. there is no known point source of injury or known cause |
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Term
Which of the following may trigger a seizure |
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Definition
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|
Term
A neoplasm, a meningioma, a glioma, are all types of |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is a neurodegenerative disease |
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Definition
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Term
A clot or a plug or a part of a clot that breaks away and travels to a new location is called an |
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Definition
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|
Term
The frontla lobes integrate information from other parts of the brain. Which of the following pathways would carry memory information to the frontal lobes |
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Definition
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|
Term
A clot or plug in a blood vessel that remains in one location is called a |
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Definition
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Term
A sudden severe interruption of blood flow to some part of the brain is called a |
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Definition
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|
Term
When an impact on the head a contusion on the opposite side of the brain, it is called |
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Definition
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Term
The type of seizure that is bilateral and includes both tonic and clonic movement of the body is called |
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Definition
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|
Term
A seizure that originates in the temporal lobe and that is highly cognitive in nature, perhaps including obsessive or repetitive thoughts, bizarre or inappropriate feelings or emotions, hallucinations, or automtisms is called |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following types of seizure is most often observed in children and usually disappears in adulthood |
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Definition
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|
Term
Egocentric space refers to |
|
Definition
b. a system of spatial perception that relates all other objects to one's own location in space |
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|
Term
Allocentric space refers to |
|
Definition
a. a system of navigation or spatial perception that makes no reference to one's own location in space |
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|
Term
Which of the following is located near the boundary between the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe |
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Definition
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Term
The inability to gaze directly at an object, with the vision directed at some angle away from the target or object of attention is called |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following broad terms was used by Lissauer to indicate an inability to organize visual information into a meaningful whole |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following terms means "not knowing that one does not know" |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following may include agnosagnosia |
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Definition
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|
Term
The angular gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus are subparts of which of the following |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the function of the anterior portion of the parietal lobe |
|
Definition
b. perception of tactile sensation |
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Term
When they occur together, finger agnosia, left/right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia, are referred to as |
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Definition
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|
Term
Classic migraine usually begins with |
|
Definition
b. constriction of blood vessels |
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|
Term
Classic migraine accounts for approximately what percentage of all migraines |
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Definition
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|
Term
Available evidence suggests that asymmetry of function exists between the parietal lobes. Which of the following is true |
|
Definition
a. the left parietal lobe is executive in nature and the right lobe is perceptual |
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|
Term
Damage to which parietal lobe would most likely result in constructional apraxia |
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Definition
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|
Term
Damage to the dorsal columns of the spinal cord would probably result in |
|
Definition
c. loss of sensation in some part of the body |
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|
Term
Disinhibition of behavior, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, inability to focus attention on extended goals, prolbems organizing one's behavior to accomplish the necessary substeps to accomplish a goal would be consistent with which of the following |
|
Definition
b. orbital prefrontal syndrome |
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Term
The Wisconsin Card sort test would be most useful in the diagnosis of which of the following |
|
Definition
b. dorsalateral prefrontal syndrome |
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|
Term
Damage to the right inferior parietal gyrus may result in which of the following |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following tests is used to assess contralateral neglect |
|
Definition
c. Schenkenberg or Line-bisection Test |
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|
Term
Why do very young children often confuse their right from their left? |
|
Definition
a. synaptic connections in the parietal lobes may not be complete |
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Term
Prefrontal cortex includes which of the following Brodmann areas |
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Definition
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|
Term
The area of cortex anterior to the central sulcus and dorsal to the transverse or lateral sulcus is called |
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Definition
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|
Term
Broca's aphasia would result from a lesion in which brain location |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which part of the brain is the primary motor cortex |
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Definition
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|
Term
A general inability to coordinate a learned muscular movement without apparent loss of strength or peripheral nervous system damage is called |
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Definition
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|
Term
The inability to see the temporal portion of both the left and right visual field would be called |
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Definition
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|
Term
Why would a primary care physician ask you aout your medical history instead of just reading it off the questionnaire you filled out in the waiting room |
|
Definition
b. he is observing your state of mind, affect, and attention to your surroundings |
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Term
Damage to the primary visual cortex would most likely result in a type of which of the following |
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Definition
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|
Term
In formation from the left visual field goes to |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which part of the brain is considered to be "executive" in function, carrying out the integrated processing of the entire brain |
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Definition
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|
Term
The inability to copy a picture or draw a coherent structure or design |
|
Definition
b. is called constructional apraxia |
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|
Term
One of the essential components of frontal love integration requires the that unimportant stimuli are ignored. Which of the following is the proper term for this component. |
|
Definition
c. exclusionary attention |
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|
Term
Damage to the left paretal/temporal region or the left angular and supramarginal gyri would probably result in which of the following |
|
Definition
c. inability to comprehend or use symbolic information |
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|
Term
Degeneration of the axons in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord that carry somatosensory information to the brain is consistent with which of the following disorders |
|
Definition
d. Brown-Sequard syndrome |
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|
Term
Dead or dying tissue in the brain as a result of a stroke or other trauma is referred to as an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. the inability to recall events that occurred for some period of time just before trauma |
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Term
Which of the following structures is essential for forming declarative type memories, and was damaged during surgery on H.M. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following may interfere with an appropriate defintion of "abnormality" |
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Definition
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|
Term
Hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and formal thought disorder are associated with |
|
Definition
c. positive schizophrenia |
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|
Term
What is the name of the process, the phsyical chanes in neurons and synapses, that result in the formation of a memory |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Final integration of all perceptions, integration of perceptions of internal needs into a goal, generation of appropriate temporal/sequential steps to achieve that goal, and gerenation of motor activity to achieve that goal is the function of which structure |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Approximately what percentage of the American population have been diagnosed as schizophrenic |
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Definition
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|
Term
Drugs like chlorpromazine and haloperidol have what pharmaceutical action |
|
Definition
c. block dopamine receptors |
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|
Term
The dopamine hypothesis and the dopamine-serotonin hypothesis have been proposed to explain which of the following |
|
Definition
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|
Term
"Neuroleptics" is a name given to those drugs uned to treat which of the following |
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Definition
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|
Term
An abnormally high number of receptors distributed throughout the cortex has been linked to which of the following |
|
Definition
d. generalized anxiety disorder |
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|
Term
An inability to remember a proper word form or spelling (no sight vocabulary), and an inability to recognize a word by sight if the spelling is unlike the sound of the word is called |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Neuraliztion occurs approxiamately how many days after conception |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Corticogenesis occurs approximately how many days after conception |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Failure of the neural tube to close in the "lower" or posterior portion is called |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following is associated with an absence of "secondary" sexual characteristics or sexual maturation in females |
|
Definition
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|
Term
An apparent evolutionary adaptation to preserve and strengthen critical functional capabilities has resulted in which of the following |
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Definition
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|
Term
A general correlation between neurocognitive development and neuroanatomical development probably most closely follows which process |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Dysplasia of the cerebral hemispheres may result in which of the following |
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Definition
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|
Term
Consideration of paradox, realization of metaphor, projecting extended or multiple meaning of a symbol are consistent with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is generally true regarding frontal lobe function |
|
Definition
a. left is inhibitory and right is excitatory |
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|
Term
The actual physical changes in the brain that constitue a memory is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
More than 60% of tested dyslexic individuals have which type of dyslexia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"Learning Disability", strictly defined |
|
Definition
d. excludes mental retardation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
a. an inability to decode a written word relative to its sound |
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|
Term
Which of the following originally described dementia praecox |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Early speech and good grammar, poor peer relations, need for sameness or routine, excellence in some behavior, and excessively loud speech is suggestive of which of the following |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe, possible subcortical abnormalities, asocial behavior and unusual EEG's have been associated with |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Extreme "aloneness", asocial behavior, abnormalitiy or speech, and resistance to change in the normal environment is descriptive of whihc of the following |
|
Definition
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|
Term
According to your text, what percentage of the school population have some form of learning disability |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following is given credit for the identification of autism as a separate and distinct disorder |
|
Definition
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|
Term
About when does corticogenesis begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
About when does synaptogenesis begin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following developed a scheme for dividing neurodevelopmental disorders into five groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Agyria and polymicroagyria may result form which of the following |
|
Definition
b. malformation of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
The reason that H.M. could still learn mirror drawing and learn procedural types of information is because |
|
Definition
b. different structures andpathways are used for different types of learning and he sustained bilateral damage to only one such structure |
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|
Term
If, during assessment using the Wisconsin Card Sort, the patient is unable to switch to a new method of categorization, this behavior is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An "apraxic" learning disorder would suggest which of the following |
|
Definition
a. a handwriting disability |
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|
Term
Congenital hydrocephalus means |
|
Definition
d. failure of the anterior neural tube to close |
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|
Term
Polymicroagyria may result in which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Avolition and alogia are associated with which of the following |
|
Definition
a. negative schizophrenia |
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|
Term
A concordance rate of ~55% between identical twins compared to a concordance of ~10% between fraternal twins indicates that |
|
Definition
a. there is probably a genetic basis for some types of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
A highly variable response to antipsychotic medications, and schizophrenia patients that demonstrate no dopamine imbalance suggests which of the following |
|
Definition
b. the Dopamine-Serotonin Interaction Hypothesis is not the cause of schizophrenia or c. there may be a number of different causes of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
Type I cortical atrophy associated with schizophrenia means |
|
Definition
a. normal ventricular size and probably postitive symptoms |
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|
Term
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are often prescribed for which of the following |
|
Definition
c. major depressive disorder |
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|
Term
Anoxiolytic type drugs bind to which types of receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anoxiolytic type drugs are prescribed for which of the following |
|
Definition
b. generalized anxiety disorder |
|
|
Term
Involuntary thoughts that dominate thinking and behavior and that focus on specific subjects suggests which of the following |
|
Definition
b. obessive compulsive disorder |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following theories of emotion was the first and simplest theory |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which theory of emotion suggests that a stimulus causes a body reaction, the cognitive centers of the brain observe how the body is reacting, and then the appropriate emotion is generated, eg. A tiger jumps out, the diaphram contracts, the vocal cords scream, the heart races, and the brain labels this "fear" |
|
Definition
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|
Term
From the viewpoint of evolution theory, what is the probable function or purpose of emotion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and the subcallosal gyrus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why would a successful frontal lobotomy reduce or eliminate violent emotional outbursts and aggressive behavior |
|
Definition
b. it severs the pathway carrying emotional information from the limbic system |
|
|
Term
Which of the following was the first to propose the structure and parts of the "limbic system" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a significant criticism of the concept of the Limbic System |
|
Definition
a. the limbic system is supposed to include all structures that contribute to the generation of emotion, this would include, directly or indirectly, just about every structure in the brain |
|
|
Term
The Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is caused by which of the following |
|
Definition
c. removal or extensive damage to the bilateral temporal lobes |
|
|
Term
Degeneration of an axon that travels back toward the cell body is called |
|
Definition
b. retrograde degeneration |
|
|
Term
Following brain damage, scar tissue that may block the growth of axons though an area of the brain is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A physiologic damage effect may be decreased glucose metabolism. What may result from this effect |
|
Definition
a. reduction in the production of carbon dioxide, leading to reduced blood flow, which may lead to hypoxia |
|
|
Term
Which of the following would be considered a physilogic effect of brain damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a left hemisphere lesion in a child three years of age produces language deficits, which of the following will be the probable outcome |
|
Definition
b. interhemispheric reorganization or compensation resulting in regaining the lost language function |
|
|
Term
What relationship or correlation is usually seen between intelligence and recovery of function |
|
Definition
c. in those cases where intelligence is affected by brain damage, the higher the level of intelligence before the damage occurs, usually the higher the IQ following damage |
|
|
Term
In children who have regained language function following damage to the left hemisphere language structures |
|
Definition
a. there may be a loss of intelligence or other function because right hemisphere areas normally used for non-verbal function are given over to language use |
|
|
Term
As originally conceived, the earlier in life a brain lesion is sustained, the higher the probability for recovery of function |
|
Definition
b. this is called the Kennard Principle |
|
|
Term
Following damage, denervated neurons often develop a great number of postsynaptic receptors. This effect of recovery is called |
|
Definition
c. denervation supersensitivity |
|
|
Term
As a result of transneuronal degeneration or other damage, intact neurons may lose their "targets", neurons with which they once formed a synapse but that are now dead and gone. These neurons will now grow toward new targets and synapse on them. This mechanism of recovery is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Surgery to remove a brain tumor or other abnormality obviously causes considerable damage to the brain. By performing a number of small operations at different times rather than one large operation, deficits infunction and behavior are reduced. This called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Slower growing tumors in the brain allow the brain more time to re-organize connections between neurons. Thus the rate of growth of a tumor or other abnormality can have a significant effect on function and behavior. This is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which of the following age groups will damage to the rain probably result in little recovery of function because there has been interference with basic neurodevelopment |
|
Definition
a. children 1 year old or less |
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|
Term
In which of the following age groups will damage to the brain probably result in a significant amount of recovery of function |
|
Definition
b. children 1 year to 5-6 years old |
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|
Term
Which of the following could be a basic cause of brain damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the purpose of neuropsychological assessment |
|
Definition
c. to determine the functional capability of a patient |
|
|
Term
Which of the following methodologies would provide the best neuropsychological assessment |
|
Definition
b. give a patient a battery of tests then comapre the scores to test scores that were taken before the trauma occured, follow-up with the same battery after time has passed. |
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|
Term
Which of the following would not be essential training for a neuropschologist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following may be a reason that an observed brain lesion (as observed with neuroimagin) does not correlate with dysfunction as indicated through testing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An ivasive tumor expanding at a high rate or that is producing toxins that cannot be removed fast enough |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An invasive tumor expanding at a high rate or that is producing toxins that cannot be removed fast enough |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A "false positive" on a neuroassessment test may result from which of the following |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following test batteries are intended to permit "flexibility" or adjustment to the individual patient |
|
Definition
b. Montreal Neurological Institue Battery |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are commercially available test batteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
32. According to your text, Dissimulation and Simulation |
|
Definition
c. may be factors that affect the reliability or dependability of assessment |
|
|
Term
"Place", "Time", and "Awareness of Change" would fall under which category of test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"Judgment", "Organization", and "Sequencing" would fall under which category of test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why would reptiles and amphibians need emotion |
|
Definition
b. those stimuli that injure or aggrevate cause an emotional response that focuses attention on an immediate danger and thus increases the chance for survival |
|
|
Term
Ekman provided empirical evidence that all humans recognize certin facial expressions and thus are genectically programmed into our memory or awarness. What significance does this have with regard to human behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In humans, which of the following takes precedence over other functions with regard to recovery of function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There is evidence to suggest that sex may affect recovery of certain functions. Which of the following functions appears to be more recoverable in females than in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Degeneraton of a neuron from the cell body toward the synaptic buttons following injury is referred to as |
|
Definition
a. anterograde degeneration |
|
|
Term
When a disease organism, toxin, or other factor crosses through a synapse from a degenerating neuron to another neuron this is called |
|
Definition
c. transneuronal degeneration |
|
|
Term
The clearing away of dead cells from the brain by glial cells is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following often recover more fully from aphasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When axons terminating on neurons degenerate, and the target neurons are denervated, axons in nearby areas may grow collaterals to connect withthe denervated neurons. This is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Generally, rehabilitation to recover function consists of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most likely reason that neurons in the central nervous system do not reproduce |
|
Definition
b. all connections between the neurons developed between neurons after birth, including those for memory, would be lost |
|
|
Term
Why do attempts at transplantation of brain tissue have only limited success |
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Definition
c. the transplanted tissue is unable to make new connections with the target neurons of the old tissue |
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Thoroughness, adapatability, ease of application, and low cost are |
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Definition
b. characteristics of good assessment tests and batteries |
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The question, "how is this person smart", rather than "how smart is this person", reflects a new focus and attitude in assesment that is referred to as |
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Getting almost the same score every time a test or battery is applied (assuming no change in function by the patient) relates to which of the following |
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