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HNS final
final exam
201
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
04/30/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Physical support, clearing away of dead cells, delivery and regulation of nutrients are some of the functions of
Definition
c. glia
Term
What is the function of a synaptic button
Definition
c. transduce an electrical impulse into the release of a neurotransmitter
Term
Which of the following structues is found only in a neuron
Definition
b. axon
Term
Which of the following developed the concept of phrenology
Definition
a. Gall
Term
Which of the following are Functional imaging systems
Definition
d. EEG, PET, Evoked Potential
Term
Which of the following developed stains or dyes that permit the visualization of specific types of cells or parts of cells
Definition
b. Golgi and Cajal
Term
Why Broca and Wernicke important to the field of neuropsychology
Definition
b. developed empirical evidence to support localization of function in the brain
Term
From an investigative and operational viewpoint, neuropsychology is consistent with which of the following
Definition

a. monism

Term
Which of the following first empirically demonstrated that muscles respond to electrical stimulation
Definition
a. Galvani
Term
Which of the following electrically stimulated dog brain and demonstrated that muscles of the body are controlled by a specific area of the cerebral cortex
Definition
d. Flourens
Term
During an Auditory Evoked Potential test of a newborn infant, significantly reduced peak height is observed in one of the waves and the wave is delayed.  Which of the following is likely to be true
Definition
d. this would suggest that one of the brain structures that the auditory information is passing through is not functioning properly
Term
Which part of the brain controls the muscles of the body
Definition
c. frontal lobes
Term
Retrograde axonal transport
Definition
c. refers to a dye or tracing substance that travels  from the synaptic buttons back twoard the cell body
Term
When a brain structure is "ventral" to another brain structure, it means that it is closer to
Definition
d. the stomach or front
Term
Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea are disorders affecting the
Definition
a. basal ganglia
Term
The corpus callosum is a subdivision of the
Definition
d. cerebrum
Term
Which of the following was a 2nd century AD physician to gladiators that proposed muscles are operated by fluid (humors) delivered by tubes (nerves)
Definition
d. Galen
Term
What is the function of the basal ganglia
Definition
b. integrates and controls movement
Term
How many spinal nerves are there in humans
Definition
c. 31
Term
Which of the following carries somatosensory (tactile) information into the spinal cord
Definition
b. dorsal root
Term
The somatic nervous system is a subpart of which of the following
Definition
c. peripheral nervous system
Term
A primary function of the limbic system is
Definition
a. generation and control of emotion
Term
Damage to the left temporal lobe would most likely result in
Definition
c. impairment of language comprehension or speech generation
Term
The central nervous system includes
Definition
b. only the neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Term
Substantial damage to the medulla would probably result in
Definition
d. death
Term
What is a major function of the myelin sheath around an axon
Definition
a. act as insulation and isolate the axon from surrounding tissue and fluid
Term
An action potential
Definition
a. is the proper name given to a nerve impulse
Term
Where do most psychoactive drugs interact with the nervous system
Definition
a. at the synapse or interface between neurons
Term
Which of the following would produce high resolution or a relatively precise image of internal body structures
Definition
c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Term
Damage to the cerebellum would probably result in
Definition
d. disturbance in control of movement or learning coordinatied movement
Term

Which of the following brain structures acts like a "switchborad" to analyze and integrate all forms of sensory input and then send it on to the primary processing area

Definition
d. thalamus
Term

Which of the following structures is in charge of maintaining homeostasis and perceiving thirst and hunger, and includes areas controlling instinctive behavior

Definition
b. hypothalamus
Term
Which of the following is an invasive procedure
Definition
d. PET
Term
Which of the following theories proposed that invisible spirits operate the physical body
Definition
a. Pneuma Theory
Term
What is the significance or utility of electrolytes in the brain and nervous system
Definition
a. the correct distribution of ions produces the eletric charge used for the production of an action potential
Term
The frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe are sub-parts of which of the following
Definition
b. cerebrum or cerebral cortex
Term
Analysis and perception of visual sensation is the primary function of which of the following
Definition
d. occipital lobe
Term
Analysis of spatial relationships and somatosensory perception is a primary function of which of the following
Definition
c. parietal lobe
Term
Which of the following first developed "ablation" as an investigory technique
Definition
c. Flourens
Term
Co-axial tomography is a
Definition
c. computerized integration of multiple x-ray projections or images
Term
The midebrain includes which of the following structures
Definition
d. superior and inferior colliculi
Term
An evoked potential is a specialized technique associated with which investigatory or imaging method
Definition
b. EEG
Term
What is the function of a post-synaptic receptor
Definition
b. it is the location where a neurotransmitter binds to the neuron
Term
Which of the following is NOT a "micro-lesion" technique
Definition
d. coal tar lesion
Term
In electroencephalography, a theta wave would be which frequency
Definition
c. 8-12 cps
Term

Why was "phrenology" and important, though incorrect, concept

Definition
b. it introduced the idea that specific parts of the brain perform specific functions
Term
Which of the following uses a radioactive isotope to "tag" or label glucose or oxygen and thereby image a build-up of radioactive material in an active part of the brain
Definition
b. PET
Term
Lesion methods are useful techniques for investigating the brain based on which of the following
Definition
a. impairment of function
Term
Micro-lesion is amodern day investigatory technique that was developed from which of the following
Definition
a. impairment of function
Term
What are the ventricles
Definition
d. the chambers inside the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid
Term
The inability to assign meaning to a normally perceived object
Definition
b. associative agnosia
Term
Total or partial loss of visual sensation is called
Definition
d. anopia
Term
When a seizure is "idiopathic' in nature it means
Definition
c. there is no known point source of injury or known cause
Term
Which of the following may trigger a seizure
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
A neoplasm, a meningioma, a glioma, are all types of
Definition
c. tumor
Term
Which of the following is a neurodegenerative disease
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
A clot or a plug or a part of a clot that breaks away and travels to a new location is called an
Definition
a. embolism
Term
The frontla lobes integrate information from other parts of the brain.  Which of the following pathways would carry memory information to the frontal lobes
Definition
c. hippocampal pathway
Term
A clot or plug in a blood vessel that remains in one location is called a
Definition
b. thrombosis
Term
A sudden severe interruption of blood flow to some part of the brain is called a
Definition
a. stroke
Term
When an impact on the head a contusion on the opposite side of the brain, it is called
Definition
c. countercoup
Term
The type of seizure that is bilateral and includes both tonic and clonic movement of the body is called
Definition
c. generalized
Term
A seizure that originates in the temporal lobe and that is highly cognitive in nature, perhaps including obsessive or repetitive thoughts, bizarre or inappropriate feelings or emotions, hallucinations, or automtisms is called
Definition
a. complex partial
Term
Which of the following types of seizure is most often observed in children and usually disappears in adulthood
Definition
c. akinetic
Term
Egocentric space refers to
Definition
b. a system of spatial perception that relates all other objects to one's own location in space
Term
Allocentric space refers to
Definition
a. a system of navigation or spatial perception that makes no reference to one's own location in space
Term
Which of the following is located near the boundary between the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe
Definition
d. angular gyrus
Term
The inability to gaze directly at an object, with the vision directed at some angle away from the target or object of attention is called
Definition
c. visual disorientation
Term
Which of the following broad terms was used by Lissauer to indicate an inability to organize visual information into a meaningful whole
Definition
d. apperceptive agnosia
Term

Which of the following terms means "not knowing that one does not know"

 

Definition
b. agnosagnosia
Term
Which of the following may include agnosagnosia
Definition
a. contralateral neglect
Term
The angular gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus are subparts of which of the following
Definition
b. parietal lobe
Term
What is the function of the anterior portion of the parietal lobe
Definition
b. perception of tactile sensation
Term
When they occur together, finger agnosia, left/right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia, are referred to as
Definition
b. Gerstman syndrome
Term
Classic migraine usually begins with
Definition
b. constriction of blood vessels
Term
Classic migraine accounts for approximately what percentage of all migraines
Definition
a. 80%
Term
Available evidence suggests that asymmetry of function exists between the parietal lobes.  Which of the following is true
Definition
a. the left parietal lobe is executive in nature and the right lobe is perceptual
Term
Damage to which parietal lobe would most likely result in constructional apraxia
Definition

a. left

Term
Damage to the dorsal columns of the spinal cord would probably result in
Definition
c. loss of sensation in some part of the body
Term
Disinhibition of behavior, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, inability to focus attention on extended goals, prolbems organizing one's behavior to accomplish the necessary substeps to accomplish a goal would be consistent with which of the following
Definition
b. orbital prefrontal syndrome
Term
The Wisconsin Card sort test would be most useful in the diagnosis of which of the following
Definition
b. dorsalateral prefrontal syndrome
Term
Damage to the right inferior parietal gyrus may result in which of the following
Definition
b. contralateral neglect
Term
Which of the following tests is used to assess contralateral neglect
Definition
c. Schenkenberg or Line-bisection Test
Term
Why do very young children often confuse their right from their left?
Definition
a. synaptic connections in the parietal lobes may not be complete
Term

Prefrontal cortex includes which of the following Brodmann areas

Definition
c. 9, 10, 44, 45, 46
Term
The area of cortex anterior to the central sulcus and dorsal to the transverse or lateral sulcus is called
Definition
c. frontal lobe
Term
Broca's aphasia would result from a lesion in which brain location
Definition
b. 44
Term
Which part of the brain is the primary motor cortex
Definition

a. pre-central gyrus

Term
A general inability to coordinate a learned muscular movement without apparent loss of strength or peripheral nervous system damage is called
Definition
a. apraxia
Term
The inability to see the temporal portion of both the left and right visual field would be called
Definition

b. bilateral hemianopia

Term
Why would a primary care physician ask you aout your medical history instead of just reading it off the questionnaire you filled out in the waiting room
Definition
b. he is observing your state of mind, affect, and attention to your surroundings
Term
Damage to the primary visual cortex would most likely result in a type of which of the following
Definition
a. anopia
Term
In formation from the left visual field goes to
Definition
b. the right hemisphere
Term
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease
Definition
b. myasthenia gravis
Term
Which part of the brain is considered to be "executive" in function, carrying out the integrated processing of the entire brain
Definition
a. frontal lobes
Term
The inability to copy a picture or draw a coherent structure or design
Definition

b. is called constructional apraxia

Term
One of the essential components of frontal love integration requires the that unimportant stimuli are ignored.  Which of the following is the proper term for this component.
Definition
c. exclusionary attention
Term
Damage to the left paretal/temporal region or the left angular and supramarginal gyri would probably result in which of the following
Definition
c. inability to comprehend or use symbolic information
Term
Degeneration of the axons in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord that carry somatosensory information to the brain is consistent with which of the following disorders
Definition
d. Brown-Sequard syndrome
Term
Dead or dying tissue in the brain as a result of a stroke or other trauma is referred to as an
Definition
a. infarct
Term

Retrograde amnesia means

Definition
a. the inability to recall events that occurred for some period of time just before trauma
Term
Which of the following structures is essential for forming declarative type memories, and was damaged during surgery on H.M.
Definition
c. hippocampus
Term
Which of the following may interfere with an appropriate defintion of "abnormality"
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
Hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and formal thought disorder are associated with
Definition
c. positive schizophrenia
Term

What is the name of the process, the phsyical chanes in neurons and synapses, that result in the formation of a memory

Definition
a. consolidation
Term
Final integration of all perceptions, integration of perceptions of internal needs into a goal, generation of appropriate temporal/sequential steps to achieve that goal, and gerenation of motor activity to achieve that goal is the function of which structure
Definition
c. frontal lobes
Term
Approximately what percentage of the American population have been diagnosed as schizophrenic
Definition
a. 1-1.5%
Term
Drugs like chlorpromazine and haloperidol have what pharmaceutical action
Definition
c. block dopamine receptors
Term
The dopamine hypothesis and the dopamine-serotonin hypothesis have been proposed to explain which of the following
Definition
a. schizophrenia
Term
"Neuroleptics" is a name given to those drugs uned to treat which of the following
Definition
b. schizophrenia
Term
An abnormally high number of receptors distributed throughout the cortex has been linked to which of the following
Definition
d. generalized anxiety disorder
Term
An inability to remember a proper word form or spelling (no sight vocabulary), and an inability to recognize a word by sight if the spelling is unlike the sound of the word is called
Definition
b. dyseidetic dyslexia
Term
Neuraliztion occurs approxiamately how many days after conception
Definition
b. 25
Term
Corticogenesis occurs approximately how many days after conception
Definition
c. 42
Term
Failure of the neural tube to close in the "lower" or posterior portion is called
Definition
b. spina bifida
Term
Which of the following is associated with an absence of "secondary" sexual characteristics or sexual maturation in females
Definition
a. Turner's Syndrome
Term
An apparent evolutionary adaptation to preserve and strengthen critical functional capabilities has resulted in which of the following
Definition
c. pruning
Term
A general correlation between neurocognitive development and neuroanatomical development probably most closely follows which process
Definition
a. mylenation
Term
Dysplasia of the cerebral hemispheres may result in which of the following
Definition
a. holoprosencephaly
Term
Consideration of paradox, realization of metaphor, projecting extended or multiple meaning of a symbol are consistent with
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
which of the following is generally true regarding frontal lobe function
Definition

a. left is inhibitory and right is excitatory

Term
The actual physical changes in the brain that constitue a memory is called
Definition
b. an engram
Term
Autism is
Definition
b. more common in males
Term
More than 60% of tested dyslexic individuals have which type of dyslexia
Definition
b. dysphonetic
Term
"Learning Disability", strictly defined
Definition
d. excludes mental retardation
Term
Dysphonia indicates
Definition
a. an inability to decode a written word relative to its sound
Term

Which of the following originally described dementia praecox

Definition
a. Emil Kraepelin
Term
Early speech and good grammar, poor peer relations, need for sameness or routine, excellence in some behavior, and excessively loud speech is suggestive of which of the following
Definition
b. Asperger's syndrome
Term
Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe, possible subcortical abnormalities, asocial behavior and unusual EEG's have been associated with
Definition
b. learning disabilities
Term
Extreme "aloneness", asocial behavior, abnormalitiy or speech, and resistance to change in the normal environment is descriptive of whihc of the following
Definition
b. autism
Term
According to your text, what percentage of the school population have some form of learning disability
Definition
b. 7-15%
Term
Which of the following is given credit for the identification of autism as a separate and distinct disorder
Definition
d. Kanner
Term
About when does corticogenesis begin
Definition
c. 42 days
Term
About when does synaptogenesis begin
Definition
d. 195 days
Term
Which of the following developed a scheme for dividing neurodevelopmental disorders into five groups
Definition
b. Hynd and Willis
Term
Agyria and polymicroagyria may result form which of the following
Definition
 b. malformation of the cerebral cortex
Term
The reason that H.M. could still learn mirror drawing and learn procedural types of information is because
Definition
b. different structures andpathways are used for different types of learning and he sustained bilateral damage to only one such structure
Term
If, during assessment using the Wisconsin Card Sort, the patient is unable to switch to a new method of categorization, this behavior is referred to as
Definition
c. perseveration
Term
An "apraxic" learning disorder would suggest which of the following
Definition
a. a handwriting disability
Term
Congenital hydrocephalus means
Definition
d. failure of the anterior neural tube to close
Term
Polymicroagyria may result in which of the following
Definition

a. retardation

Term
Avolition and alogia are associated with which of the following
Definition
a. negative schizophrenia
Term
A concordance rate of ~55% between identical twins compared to a concordance of ~10% between fraternal twins indicates that
Definition
a. there is probably a genetic basis for some types of schizophrenia
Term
A highly variable response to antipsychotic medications, and schizophrenia patients that demonstrate no dopamine imbalance suggests which of the following
Definition

 b. the Dopamine-Serotonin Interaction Hypothesis is not the cause of schizophrenia

or

c. there may be a number of different causes of schizophrenia

Term
Type I cortical atrophy associated with schizophrenia means
Definition
a. normal ventricular size and probably postitive symptoms
Term
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are often prescribed for which of the following
Definition
c. major depressive disorder
Term
Anoxiolytic type drugs bind to which types of receptor
Definition
a. benzodiazepine
Term
Anoxiolytic type drugs are prescribed for which of the following
Definition
b. generalized anxiety disorder
Term
Involuntary thoughts that dominate thinking and behavior and that focus on specific subjects suggests which of the following
Definition
b. obessive compulsive disorder
Term
Dyseidetia indicates
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
Which of the following theories of emotion was the first and simplest theory
Definition
c. James-lange theory
Term
Which theory of emotion suggests that a stimulus causes a body reaction, the cognitive centers of the brain observe how the body is reacting, and then the appropriate emotion is generated, eg. A tiger jumps out, the diaphram contracts, the vocal cords scream, the heart races, and the brain labels this "fear"
Definition
c. James-lange theory
Term
From the viewpoint of evolution theory, what is the probable function or purpose of emotion
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
The cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and the subcallosal gyrus
Definition
a. compose Papez Circuit
Term
Why would a successful frontal lobotomy reduce or eliminate violent emotional outbursts and aggressive behavior
Definition
b. it severs the pathway carrying emotional information from the limbic system
Term
Which of the following was the first to propose the structure and parts of the "limbic system"
Definition
c. McLean
Term
Which of the following is a significant criticism of the concept of the Limbic System
Definition

a. the limbic system is supposed to include all structures that contribute to the generation of emotion, this would include, directly or indirectly, just about every structure in the brain

Term
The Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is caused by which of the following
Definition
c. removal or extensive damage to the bilateral temporal lobes
Term
Degeneration of an axon that travels back toward the cell body is called
Definition
b. retrograde degeneration
Term
Following brain damage, scar tissue that may block the growth of axons though an area of the brain is called
Definition
b. gliosis
Term
A physiologic damage effect may be decreased glucose metabolism.  What may result from this effect
Definition
a. reduction in the production of carbon dioxide, leading to reduced blood flow, which may lead to hypoxia
Term
Which of the following would be considered a physilogic effect of brain damage
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
If a left hemisphere lesion in a child three years of age produces language deficits, which of the following will be the probable outcome
Definition
b. interhemispheric reorganization or compensation resulting in regaining the lost language function
Term
What relationship or correlation is usually seen between intelligence and recovery of function
Definition

c. in those cases where intelligence is affected by brain damage, the higher the level of intelligence before the damage occurs, usually the higher the IQ following damage

Term
In children who have regained language function following damage to the left hemisphere language structures
Definition
a. there may be a loss of intelligence or other function because right hemisphere areas normally used for non-verbal function are given over to language use
Term
As originally conceived, the earlier in life a brain lesion is sustained, the higher the probability for recovery of function
Definition
b. this is called the Kennard Principle
Term

Following damage, denervated neurons often develop a great number of postsynaptic receptors.  This effect of recovery is called

Definition
c. denervation supersensitivity
Term
As a result of transneuronal degeneration or other damage, intact neurons may lose their "targets", neurons with which they once formed a synapse but that are now dead and gone.  These neurons will now grow toward new targets and synapse on them.  This mechanism of recovery is called
Definition
a. rerouting
Term
Surgery to remove a brain tumor or other abnormality obviously causes considerable damage to the brain.  By performing a number of small operations at different times rather than one large operation, deficits infunction and behavior are reduced.  This called
Definition
b. staged-lesion effect
Term
Slower growing tumors in the brain allow the brain more time to re-organize connections between neurons.  Thus the rate of growth of a tumor or other abnormality can have a significant effect on function and behavior.  This is called
Definition
a. lesion momentum
Term
In which of the following age groups will damage to the rain probably result in little recovery of function because there has been interference with basic neurodevelopment
Definition
a. children 1 year old or less
Term
In which of the following age groups will damage to the brain probably result in a significant amount of recovery of function
Definition
b. children 1 year to 5-6 years old
Term

Which of the following could be a basic cause of brain damage

Definition
d. all of the above
Term
What is the purpose of neuropsychological assessment
Definition
c. to determine the functional capability of a patient
Term
Which of the following methodologies would provide the best neuropsychological assessment
Definition
b. give a patient a battery of tests then comapre the scores to test scores that were taken before the trauma occured, follow-up with the same battery after time has passed.
Term
Which of the following would not be essential training for a neuropschologist
Definition
a. medicine
Term
Which of the following may be a reason that an observed brain lesion (as observed with neuroimagin) does not correlate with dysfunction as indicated through testing
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
An ivasive tumor expanding at a high rate or that is producing toxins that cannot be removed fast enough
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
An invasive tumor expanding at a high rate or that is producing toxins that cannot be removed fast enough
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
A "false positive" on a neuroassessment test may result from which of the following
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
Which of the following test batteries are intended to permit "flexibility" or adjustment to the individual patient
Definition

b. Montreal Neurological Institue Battery

Term
Which of the following are commercially available test batteries
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
32. According to your text, Dissimulation and Simulation
Definition
c. may be factors that affect the reliability or dependability of assessment
Term
"Place", "Time", and "Awareness of Change" would fall under which category of test
Definition
c. orientation
Term
"Judgment", "Organization", and "Sequencing" would fall under which category of test
Definition
a. cognitive appraisal
Term
Why would reptiles and amphibians need emotion
Definition
b. those stimuli that injure or aggrevate cause an emotional response that focuses attention on an immediate danger and thus increases the chance for survival
Term

Ekman provided empirical evidence that all humans recognize certin facial expressions and thus are genectically programmed into our memory or awarness.  What significance does this have with regard to human behavior

Definition
d. all of the above
Term
Necrosis is
Definition
a. a cellular effect
Term
In humans, which of the following takes precedence over other functions with regard to recovery of function
Definition
b. language
Term
There is evidence to suggest that sex may affect recovery of certain functions.  Which of the following functions appears to be more recoverable in females than in males
Definition
a. language
Term
Degeneraton of a neuron from the cell body toward the synaptic buttons following injury is referred to as
Definition
a. anterograde degeneration
Term
When a disease organism, toxin, or other factor crosses through a synapse from a degenerating neuron to another neuron this is called
Definition
c. transneuronal degeneration
Term
The clearing away of dead cells from the brain by glial cells is called
Definition
d. phagocytosis
Term
Which of the following often recover more fully from aphasia
Definition
c. left handed females
Term
When axons terminating on neurons degenerate, and the target neurons are denervated, axons in nearby areas may grow collaterals to connect withthe denervated neurons.  This is called
Definition
b. sprouting
Term
Generally, rehabilitation to recover function consists of
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
What is the most likely reason that neurons in the central nervous system do not reproduce
Definition
b. all connections between the neurons developed between neurons after birth, including those for memory, would be lost
Term
Why do attempts at transplantation of brain tissue have only limited success
Definition
c. the transplanted tissue is unable to make new connections with the target neurons of the old tissue
Term
Thoroughness, adapatability, ease of application, and low cost are
Definition
b. characteristics of good assessment tests and batteries
Term
The question, "how is this person smart", rather than "how smart is this person", reflects a new focus and attitude in assesment that is referred to as
Definition

a. pattern analysis

Term
Getting almost the same score every time a test or battery is applied (assuming no change in function by the patient) relates to which of the following
Definition
c. reliability
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