Term
| effects of conquistadors on New World |
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Definition
| Conquistadors from Spain went out to conquer to places for their homeland. They brought with them new diseases and powerful weapons. They were able to conquer very many empires because the local people were weak from disease and could not compete with the guns. These conflicts has caused many harsh feelings towards Spain and the conquistadors. |
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Term
| immunity against new diseases |
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Definition
| When the Europeans set out to conquer new places, they brought with them diseases like smallpox, typhus, cholera, and measles. The native people (American Indians, and South Americans) were not immune to these diseases, so they’re populations were decimated, and they were unable to defend them selves from the white men. |
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Term
| Cortez/Tenochtitlan/Moctezuma |
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Definition
| Hernan Cortes was one of the earliest conquistadors, or conquerors. He was a land owner in Cuba, before becoming a conquistador. In 1519, he landed on the coast of Mexico. He then went toward Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire. Cortes formed alliances with other conquered people to go against the Aztecs. Moctezuma at the time was the emperor of the Aztecs. He heard about the plans of the Spanish. Eventually in 1512, the Spanish took over the amazing city of Tenochtitlan. This was a very big step for the Spanish. |
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| Francisco Pizarro was also a conquistador. He arrived in Peru in year 1532. When he got there, a civil war had just ended, so they were already weak. Atahualpa refused to bow down to the Spanish, so they captured and killed him, along with many other thousands of Incas. The Spanish were just too strong with their guns and weapons, and they took over the rich Incan empire. |
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Definition
| The Spanish king, determined to maintain strict control over his empire in the Americas, appointed viceroys to help with governance in the mid-1500s. Viceroys were representatives who ruled one of Spain’s provinces in the Americas in the King’s name. Lesser officials and advisory councils of Spanish settlers helped the viceroy rule his province. The Council of the Indies in Spain closely monitored these colonial officials to make sure they did not assume too much power. |
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| Encomienda was a right that the Spanish government granted to its American colonists to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans. Used in mines as well as plantations in the Americas in the 1540s, the encomienda system made the Native Americans forced to work under brutal conditions. Those who resisted the system were hunted down and killed. The encomienda system led to a drastic decline in the Native American population. |
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| The New Laws of the Indies, passed in 1542, forbade the enslavement and abuse of Native Americans, but Spain was too far away to enforce them. Many Native Americans were forced to become peons, workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off debt. Landlords gave them food, tools, or seeds, creating debts that workers could never pay off in their lifetime, thus making them unable to leave the landlord’s service. |
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Term
| New social structure: peninsulare, creole, mestizo, mulatto |
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Definition
| At the top of the social pyramid was the peninsulare, the first generation Spaniard. Next was the creole, a person in Spain’s colonies in the Americas who was an American born descendant of Spanish settlers. Below the creole was the mestizo, a person who was of Native American and European descent. At the bottom of the pyramid was the mulatto, a person who was of African and European descent. Below those were the Native Americans and then the Africans. The social structure was, in a way, a pyramid because there were so few up top and so many near the bottom. |
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Term
| French and Indian War aka Seven Years War/Treaty of Paris |
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Definition
| From 1754 to 1763, two rivals, Britain and France, engaged in the French and Indian War. It turned into a worldwide struggle known as the Seven Years’ War, which spread to Europe in 1756 and then to India and Africa. In 1763, the Treaty of Paris officially ended the worldwide war and ensured British dominance in North America. France gave up Canada and its lands east of the Mississippi River to Britain, but regained the rich sugar-producing islands in the Caribbean and the slave-trading outposts in Africa that the British had seized during the war, also retaining its territory in the central region of North America. |
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Definition
| During the European colonization of the Americas, there was triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Guns, cloth, and cash were traded by Europe for slaves from Africa. These slaves were then transported to the Americas to work on the plantations. Goods from the plantations, like sugar, molasses, cotton, furs, salt fish, and rum then went to Europe where they were traded for a profit. European economies and cities grew because of this trade, but the Africans in the Americas were treated horribly. |
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| When Columbus returned to Spain from the Americas in March 1493, he brought with him plants and animals that he had found there. Later that year, Columbus returned to the Americas with settlers and a variety of European animals and plants, beginning the Columbian Exchange. Languages, ideas, and cultures were shared between the Americas and Europe. Foreign disease spread to the Americas, decimating the non-immune Native American population. A variety of new foods to the Europeans, like tomatoes, pumpkins, and peppers, were found in the Americas and were shipped to Europe. Two of these new foods, corn and potatoes, became highly important foods in Europe, and they helped to feed and nourish Europe’s rapidly growing population. |
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Definition
| In the 1500s, prices began to rise in many parts of Europe. At the same time, there was much more money in circulation. A rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available is called inflation. The period in European history when inflation rose rapidly is known as the price revolution. Inflation was fueled by the enormous amount of silver and gold flowing into Europe from the Americas by the mid-1500s. |
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| In a Capitalist society, entrepreneurs are people who take on financial risk to make profits. They play a key role in the success of capitalism. Entrepreneurs organized, managed, and assumed the risks of doing business, as well as hired workers and paid for raw materials, transport, and other costs of production. |
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| Worldwide trade, an increased money supply, and the push for overseas empires spurred the growth of European capitalism, or an economic system in which most businesses are owned privately. Entrepreneurs played a key role in the emergence of Capitalism |
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| In the fierce competition for trade and empire from the 1500s to the 1700s, European monarchs adopted a new economic policy, known as mercantilism, aimed at strengthening their national economies. Mercantilists believed that a nation’s real wealth was measured in its gold and silver treasure. To build its supply of gold and silver, they said, a nation must export more than it imported. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the fierce competition for trade and empire from the 1500s to the 1700s, European monarchs adopted a new economic policy, known as mercantilism, aimed at strengthening their national economies. Mercantilists believed that a nation’s real wealth was measured in its gold and silver treasure. To build its supply of gold and silver, they said, a nation must export more than it imported. |
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