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What: an island chain in present-day Indonesia, which Europeans then called the Spice Islands. Europe’s population was growing, along with its demand for trade goods. The most valued items were spices, used to preserve food, add flavor to meat, andmake medicines and perfumes. The chief source of spices was the Moluccas
When: 1400s, |
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-led the way in sponsoring exploration for Portugal, a small nation next to Spain.
- First, Prince Henry’s navigators discovered and claimed the Madeira and Azores islands to the west and southwest of Portugal. By 1415, Portugal had expanded into Muslim North Africa. Prince Henry saw great promise in Africa. The Portuguese could convert the Africans to Christianity. At Sagres in southern Portugal, Henry gathered scientists, cartographers, or mapmakers, and other experts. They redesigned ships, prepared maps, and trained captains and crews for long voyages. Henry’s ships then slowly worked their way south to explore the western coast of Africa. |
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-Portuguese navigator; followed in Dias’s footsteps, leading four ships around the Cape of Good Hope.
-In 1502, he forced a treaty on the ruler of Calicut. Da Gama then left Portuguese merchants there whose job was to buy spices when prices were low and store them until the next fleet could return. Soon, the Portuguese had seized key ports around the Indian Ocean, creating a vast trading empire. Da Gama’s voyages confirmed Portugal’s status as a world power. |
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- An Italian navigator from Genoa; wanted to reach the East Indies
- On August 3, 1492, Columbus sailed west with three small ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María. Although the expedition encountered good weather and a favorable wind, no land came into sight for many weeks. Finally, on October 12, land was spotted. Because he thought he had reached the Indies, he called the people of the region “Indians.” In 1493, he returned to Spain to a hero’s welcome. In three later voyages, Columbus remained convinced that he had reached the coast of East Asia. Before long, though, other Europeans realized that Columbus had found a route to previously unknown continents. |
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| Line of Demarcation/Treaty of Tordesillas |
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Who: Ferdinand and Isabella appealed to the Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI to support their claim to the lands of the new world
What: The pope set a Line of Demarcation, dividing the non-European world into two zones. Spain had trading and exploration rights in any lands west of the line. Portugal had the same rights east of the line. The specific terms of the Line of Demarcation were agreed to in the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed between the two countries in 1494. The actual line was unclear, because geography at the time was imprecise. However, the treaty made it obvious to both Spain and Portugal—and to other European nations, eager to defy what they saw as Spain and Portugal’s arrogance—that they needed to build their own empires quickly. |
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- A minor Portuguese nobleman
-Set out from Spain with five ships to find a way to reach the Pacific. Magellan’s ships sailed south and west, through storms and calms and tropical heat. At last, his fleet reached the coast of South America. Magellan found a passage that later became known as the Strait of Magellan. Magellan, however, insisted that they push on across the Pacific to the East Indies. Magellan underestimated the size of the Pacific. Three more weeks, he thought, would bring them to the Spice Islands. Magellan was wrong. Finally, in March 1521, the fleet reached the Philippines, where Magellan was killed. On September 8, 1522, the survivors—one ship and 18 sailors—reached Spain. The survivors had been the first people to circumnavigate, or sail around, the world. |
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Who: An early voice raised against the slave trade. Ruler of Kongo in west-central Africa. As a young man, Affonso had been tutored by Portuguese missionaries, who hoped to convert Africans to Christianity.
What: After becoming king in 1505, he called on the Portuguese to help him develop Kongo as a modern Christian state. But he became alarmed as more and more Portuguese came to Kongo each year to buy slaves. Affonso wanted to maintain contact with Europeanbut end the slave trade. His appeal failed, and the slave trade continued.
When: late 1700s |
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| West African empire that existed during the 18th and 19th centuries in present day Ghana. Osei Tutu, the greatest leader, won control of the trading city Kumasi, and unified the empire in the late 1600s. The empire’s government was a bureaucracy, and it was very efficient and successful. They traded with Europeans on the coast, trading gold and slaves for firearms. Eventually, the British invaded the kingdom. Unhappy with this, the people tried to revolt. They were unsuccessful, and they were dubbed a British colony in 1902. |
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| is a group of people that migrated to Africa in the 1700s. They are of Dutch, German, or Hugenot descent. They arrived in Africa before the British. Though at first accepting of the new colonial administration, the Boers soon grew disgruntled with the liberal policies of the British, especially in regard to the frontier and the freeing of slaves. The Boers were hostile toward indigenous African peoples, with whom they fought frequent range wars, and toward the government of the Cape, which was attempting to control Boer movements and commerce. |
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| Muslim dynasty that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. Empire is notable because it ruled over much of India for about two centuries. The Mughal Empire, who was Muslim, attempted to settle the conflict between the Muslims and Hindus to become one unified state. The empire was founded by prince Babur. |
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| trading company founded by the Dutch in 1602 to protect their trade in the Indian Ocean and to assist in their war of independence from Spain. This company was also used for concluding treaties with native princes, to build forts and maintain armed forces, and to carry on administrative functions. The company was able to defeat the British fleet and largely displace the Portuguese in the East Indies. At the end of the 18th century the company became corrupted and in much debt, so it dissolved |
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| European contact with Ming Dynasty/Macao |
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| Many European nations wanted Chinese silks and porcelains, but they had little to offer in exchange. The Chinese wanted pay in gold or silver. Macao was a place where the Chinese allowed the Portuguese to have a trading post. Later, the Chinese had contact with Dutch, English, and other Europeans trade with Chinese merchants. |
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| Manchus form Qing Dynasty |
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| The Qing Dynasty was an empire that ruled over much of China for 267 years. The Manchus were a tribe of foreigners for NE China. They were very successful for being foreign rulers. The Qing instituted changes in the dress of the Chinese. They required Chinese men to shave their heads and wear queues. Chinese women were forbidden to bind their feet. They spent their summers in their homeland of Manchuria, which was closed to the Chinese. They banned intermarriage with the Chinese, continued to speak their own language and did not make their documents available to the Chinese. They retained military strength over the Chinese by separating the duties of the Chinese troops and of the Manchu troops. |
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| Hermit Kingdom: Korea is a nation in Asia. It was known as the hermit kingdom because it would not open up to other nations. It was eventually conquered by the Manchus in 1636. Korea chose to be isolated after two invasions. |
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| Tokugawa period and contact with Europeans |
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| (1543) although at first welcoming the foreigners, the Tokugawa became very hostile towards them later. They saw them as threats because they though that they would be taken over. They banned foreign missionaries, and European traders. Japans art and economy flourished because of the isolation. |
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