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four sources or influences for knowledge |
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authority, tenacity/traditions, logic and reasoning, scientific research |
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study of knowledge and how it is generated |
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parents, church, politicians, supervisors
Galileo - challenged church views
may involve specific beliefs based on values or emotions |
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passed from generation to generation
reflects influence of culture
perpetration of myths/wives tales
why ideas persist despite contrary evidence |
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reasons for persistence of ideas |
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1. traditional beliefs are comforting and reduce uncertainty 2. traditional beliefs include a sense of control 3. traditional beliefs promote group cohesiveness |
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use logic to uncover fallacies and examine reasoning |
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accident - general rule to a specific case (from a large group to a small group)
converse accident - generalize to a large group based on a few specific cases |
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inferring causality on basis of co-occurrence (failure to consider confounds or alternative explanations) |
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assuming causality from temporal sequencing |
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systematic process of collecting and analyzing info. in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon |
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individuals are separate from the external world |
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knowledge comes from sensing (primarily observing) the external world |
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knowledge generated empirically is superior to that based on values, beliefs, authority, tenacity |
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phenomena must be measurable to be studied |
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elements of the scientific method |
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phenomenological, empirical, objective, measurability, heavy emphasis on theory, inductive and deductive |
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goals and activities of research
What are 4 activities researchers may be involved in? |
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description (what), explanation (why), prediction, control |
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a set of statements and propositions about a phenomena |
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Why are theories important? |
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-tend to organize knowledge -help determine variables of interest -hypotheses |
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What makes a good theory? |
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-testable -specificity -simplicity -generalizable - wide application |
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