Term
Describe the process of blood clotting. |
|
Definition
1. Injury to lining of blood vessel exposes connective tissue; platelets adhere
2. Platlets plug forms
3. Fibrin clot with trapped cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Active immunity is immunity due to the production of antibodies by the organism itself after the body's defense mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Passive immunity is immunity due to the acquisition of antibodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated, including via the placenta, colostrum, or by injection of antibodies. |
|
|
Term
Describe the production of antibodies |
|
Definition
•1. Macrophages consume bacteria with antigen molecules in their membranes
•.2. Macrophages present these antigens on their membranes with the help of special protein structures.
•3. Helper T-cells come in contact with macrophages, pick up the antigens, and incorporate them into their own protein structures - this will allow them to present the antigens to B-cells.
•4. Activated helper-T-cells activate B-cells by passing their antigen to B-cell receptors.
•5. B-cell then divides to form clones of antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory
|
|
|
Term
Explain the principle of vaccination |
|
Definition
A weakened or dead version of a pathogen is injected into the body, causing the immune system to mount a primary response.
This results in the production of B memory cells.
The B-cells "remember" the antibodies to produce in response to the pathogen.
•When the real pathogen strikes, a secondary response occurs, aided by the memory cell production of pathogen-specific antibodies.
•This response is much stronger than the primary repsonse and prevents any ill effects.
|
|
|
Term
What are the benefits of vaccination? |
|
Definition
Benefits include total elimination of diseases, prevention of pandemics and epidemics, decreased health-care costs, and prevention of harmful side effects of diseases. |
|
|
Term
What are the dangers of vaccination? |
|
Definition
Dangers include possible toxic effects of mercury in vaccines, possible overload of the immune system, and possible links with autism. |
|
|
Term
11.2 Muscles and Movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the functions of bones? |
|
Definition
provide hard anchorage points upon which the muscles act |
|
|
Term
What are the functions of ligaments? |
|
Definition
•connect bone to bone
–-Allow flexibility of movement
|
|
|
Term
What are the functions of muscles? |
|
Definition
•pull bones by contracting
|
|
|
Term
What are the functions of tendons? |
|
Definition
•attach muscle to bone
–-so muscle can move bone
|
|
|
Term
What are the functions of nerves? |
|
Definition
•send motor signals to muscles
–-Also send messages to brain from mechanoreceptors, etc
|
|
|
