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| Woodrow Wilson: Elected as the Democratic candidate for the 1912 election. He served a total of 2 terms in office until 1921. Republican nominee Roosevelt ran against Wilson. Wilson was born in Virginia and served as a New Jersey governor before taking oath as the president. One of Wilson’s primary objectives was to go beyond weakening monopolies. Lowered the tariff, creating a competitive market, allowing small businesses to thrive. Passed the 16th Amendment (1913) which established income taxes. People making over $4,000 would be required to pay these yearly. Assisted businesses, especially smaller ones, by improving the line of credit. Under his administration, Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 that held a portion of funds if banks happened to collapse. Additionally, the Federal Reserve issued new paper currency and set interest rates on business lones. To combat trusts, Wilson ushered Congress to pass the Klayton-Anti-Trust Act, prohibiting interlocking directories. These were companies that tried to compete with one another but were actually the same company. The Keating-Owen Act of 1916 set regulations for child labor. Unfortunately, it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1918. The Adamson Act imposed an 8 hour work day for railroad workers, which was passed by Congress in September 1918. Workers still received the same pay as before. This assisted Wilson in securing re-election. Approved the FTC or Federal Trade Commission to regulate unfair trading practices. This was done in1914. Established a plan for peace, known as the Fourteen Points, one of which was the League of Nations, from which the United Nations derives. |
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| Calvin Coolidge: Elected and served as President from 1923-1929. Served as Vice-President to President Harding. When Harding died of a heart attack, Coolidge replaced him. Coolidge was a quiet man; he rarely spoke at dinner parties. Some legislation that he passed included the Washington Naval Treaty, The Bonus Bill or the WWI Veterans-Adjustment Act in May of1924, The Immigration of 1924 limiting southern and eastern European immigrants from entering the U.S., signed into law the Revenue Act of 1924, reducing income taxes and creating an estate tax as well as a gift tax. During his second term in office, Coolidge was best known for passing the American-Indian Citizenship Act, granting full citizenship for Native Americans, guaranteeing them land and tribal authority. Also, during this time, the Kellogg-Brian Pact, a treaty that denounced war between allied countries. It did not achieve its intended result. College’s son died during his second term in office, causing him to withdrawal. |
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| Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand |
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| Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Europe was equivalent to a powder keg with tensions escalating daily. With war imminent, one event in particular upset Europe so much that war would involve the entire world. ON June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip arrived In Sarajevo, to assassinate Franz Ferdinand and his wife. The first attempt failed. However, the second proved more successful. Franz, along with his wife, was assassinated. The Black Hand, a terrorist organization claimed responsibility. Organization wanted to unite Bosnia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire with Serbia. Leads Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. July 28 1914. Germany and Russia soon declare war on each other. The spark for WWI. |
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| Famous New York Yankee baseball player who made his claim to fame through participating in the World Series. People throughout the nation listened to play-by-play radio broadcasts, making him a national hero. |
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Trained nurse who advocated that women should be educated regarding contraception methods. In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, N.Y. In 9 days, Sanger distributed information, condoms, diaphragms, douches, and withdrawal for women. Police arrested Sanger for giving out information concerning birth control methods. Silently protested in Boston advancing the birth control movement. Nearly 50,000 females died from abortion during this time.
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| Participated in several wars including the Russo-Japanese War, The Spanish-American War, The Philippine-American War, and most notable, WWI. Landed in England on June 7, 1917. Won several key battles including the Spring German offensives, and pushed the German line back. The Army had grown to 1.8 million by the end of the war. |
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| Empowered blacks by creating an association designated to black-owned businesses. It was called the Universal Improvement Negro Association. (UNIA.) For a time, Garvey, along with immigrants from the West Indies purchased $5 shares of stock, supporting the first staffed fleet of steam ships by African Americans. Poor management forced the venture to collapse. The company’s name was the Black Star Line. Advocated that African Americans should return to Africa, ending racism. Garvey was eventually deported after spending 4 years in prison for his actions. |
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| A MA senator who opposed the League Of Nations and despised the Treaty Of Versailles. |
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| Mitchell Palmer: An attorney of the U.S. Justice Department, who was the target of a dynamite explosion at his home by Bolshevik terrorists during the 1st Red Scare (1919-1920.) As a result Palmer raided the homes of suspected terrorists, deporting hundreds who had ties to organizations whose primary objective was to replace capitalism with communism. |
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Initially, Ford’s company produced lower quality automobiles for higher prices. The company dissolved in January 1901. Formed the Ford Motor Company, introducing the Model T to customers for only $825. This price decreased annually. Also is credited for developing the first moving assembly lines. Conveyor belts allowed faster production, leading to Americans owning cars by the early 20’s.
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