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| Issued by Castlereigh 5 May 1820 to set out Britain's view on the balance of power and its own attitude towards rebellions in particular. Britain was not content to intervene so long as the overall balance was not upset; this was the 'fluid frontiers' approach to the balance of power. |
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| The most controversial area of debate between the great powers at the Congress of Vienna. It was signed by Russia and Prussia in 1813 and set out their aims for territorial gain in Eastern Europe; Russia was to take Poland and Prussia was to take all of Saxony. In January 1815, they were both forced to settle for less, after the real threat of war between the 5 great powers became a real danger. |
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| Metternich's answer to the State Paper in which he set out the view adopted by Austria, Russia and Prussia-that they would intervene against rebellions to restore legitimate rulers; this was a 'fixed frontier' approach to the balance of power. |
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| Poland as constituted by the Congress of Vienna, in which Russia took all by Posen, Thorn and Galicia. |
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| An idea put forward by Tsar Alexander I of Russia at the Congress of Aixla-Chapelle in 1818 which was also known as the 'Universal Union'. It revived his earlier idea of the 1815 Holy Alliance. |
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| The ideology of freedom. In 19th Century Europe it was bound up with the rights and freedoms guaranteed in constitutions, or with economic freedom through laissez-faire or free trade. |
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| The ideology ofa nation or a people having the right to rule itself. Defining the identity fa nation is extremely difficult, but is bound up with language and culture. Examples of nations that did not rule themselves in 1815 were Germans, Italians and Poles. |
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| A series of measures put forth by Metternich and sanctioned by the Frankfurt Diet 1819-1820 to prevent discussion of political ideas in Germany. |
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| An economic blockade of Britain by Napoleon begun in 1806. |
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| The 5 great powers and their co-operation in the decades after 1815. |
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| An early 19th century cultural and political movement that was in part a reaction against the order and rationalism of the 18th century. It stressed the emotions and demanded a more impassioned approach to the arts and a deep commitment to a political cause (however futile it might be). At the Congress of Vienna, it was evident in the entertainment, as a medieval joust, while in the years after 1815 it saw a political expression amongst die-hard revolutionaries and in particular the band of volunteers who joined the Greek struggle for independence in the 1820's. |
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| The 200 to 300 most important decision-makers in a political system, which in the most part consisted of the nobility. |
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| A system of rule in a country that is led by an autocrat, someone who controls all power him or herself. |
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| Confederation on the Rhine |
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| Napoleonic entity of German States from 1806-1813, after the dissolution of the HREGN. |
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| The German Confederation founded in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna was comprised of 39 independent states. The Federal Assembly met in Frankfurt and represented the sovreigns, not the people. It collapsed after the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. |
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| North German Confederation |
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| was founded sfter the defeat of Austria in 1866-it was actually one state under Prussian leadership. |
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| founded in 1818 German Customs Union. Helped non-contiguous Prussian lands to remain economically tied; excluded Austria. |
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| this year marked the revolutions that occured in Germany and throughout Europe to attempt to obtain a more liberal form of government. In May of 1848, the Frankfurt National Assembly, a parliament, met in the Paulskirche to create a constitutional German Empire under a hereditary constitutional monarchy. Wilhelm IV refused the crown. |
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| A diplomat who has the power to act independently on behalf of the government or ruling body. |
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| An area of land where government control is weak, because it lacks the resources to make itself strong. The term was commonly applied to Germany in 1815, which was not at the time a country, but a patchwork of small states. |
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| The Enlightenment. AN influential cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries, which attempted to discover and implement the rational laws of nature and society. |
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| A treaty put forward by Tsar Alexander I of Russia and sigend in 1815 by almost all of the major European rulers, in which they agreed to base their policies on Christian principles. It was not taken seriously until it was transformed into an instrument of repression by the Troppau Protocol, 1820. |
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| Castlereigh, Viscount, second Marquess of Londonberry |
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| one of the leading diplomats at the Con. of Vienna and the foremost advocate of the balance of powere, which was largely seen as a means of ensuring Britain's own security for future years, without committing Britain to open-ended involvement in European affairs. Castlereigh broke with his wartime allies in 1820 by issuing the famous State Paper, which rejected the idea of actively maintaining a a fixed balance of power. The view answered the Troppau Protocol. |
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| King of Prussia from 1777-1840. Participated in the victorious Fourth Coalition against Napoleon and the subsequent Con. of Vienna. Secured Saxony for Prussia in exchange for sacrificing Poland to Russia. |
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| Emperor of Austria from 1792 to 1835 who largely gave up his role in foregin affairs to Metternich. He reigned as Francis II of the HRE until its dissolution in 1806. |
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| King of France from 1814-1824, although he had to be restored to the throne twice; once in 1814 and again in 1815 after the 100 days. Appointed Tallyrand to represent France at the Congress of Vienna. |
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| Metternich, Prince Clement |
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| Austria's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1809-1849. Metternich was a crucial factor in Austria's participation in th e4th Coalition against Napoleon and served as chair for the Congress of Vienna. His anxiety to repress liberal revolts led him to devise the Carlsbad decrees and the Troppau Protocol, for which he was accused of attempting to repress liberalism itself. |
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| Tallyrand, Charles Maurice de |
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| Appointed by Louis XVIII to represent France at the Con. of Vienna. He was very successful in securing France a full place in the negotiations and limiting the terms imposed on the country. His adept diplomatic skills enabled him to form a temporary alliance with Britain and Austria, which prompted Prussia and Russia to come to terms over Poland and Saxony. |
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| Brittish military leader who, along with the Prussian General Blucher, was instrumental in the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. |
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| A series of wars fought between Austria and Prussia over control of Silesia, which was a critical territory for the production of iron. Foreshadowed the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. |
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| The Empire or state after 1871. |
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| Large German Solution. A united Germany including the GErman-speaking countries of the Austrian Empire. |
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| Small German Solution. A united Germany without Austria. |
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| World Politics. Refers to Imperial Germany's shift in poliicy from securing stability in Europe to the establishment of a world-wide German empire. Led to the formation of German colonies and the creation of a large German navy. |
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| Bismark's attempt to bring the Catholics and Catholic Church more directly under state control. State inspection of parochial schools, limits on the speech of priests, and the severance of diplomatic relations with the Vatican. The policy did not succeed, but rather served to increase Catholic Unity, forcing Bismark to reduce many of the measures during the 1870's and 1880's. |
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| sought to express the artists' emotional/intellectual response to the object of study. Die Bruecke, Van Gogh, Edvard Munch. |
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| Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands |
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| Germany's oldest single party, the SPD was formed when differnet labor interests united in the 1870's. The influence of the party grew steadily, but restrictions in parliament limited the number of seats the SPD was permitted to hold. The SPD would eventually split over labor policies and negative reaction to the treaty of Versailles. |
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| Political party that drew traditionally on middle-class Prussians for support. In the early years of unification, this party had the most seats in the Reichstag and vigorously supported Bismark. |
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| A representative body in the German Empire. Universal male suffrage allowed 397 seats, but gerrymandering forestalled the practice of true, ideological representation. The power of the body was limited to giving advice, considering bills, and highly restricted powers of appropriation. |
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