Term
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Definition
1793
A machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity. Developed by Eli Whitney
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the cotton-producing region of the southern United States up until the Civil War
refers to the cotton-producing region of the southern United States up until the Civil War
''Cotton is King''
A phrase referring to the social, economic, and cultural importance of cotton the South. |
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Definition
also called southern paternalism
The outlook that both slave and master needed to care for one another. |
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Term
| The Great American Desert |
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Definition
The term Great American Desert was used in the 19th century to describe the western part of the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America to about the 100th meridian.
The area is now usually referred to as the High Plains, and the original term is now sometimes used to describe the arid region of the Southwest, which includes parts of northern Mexico and the four deserts of North America. |
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Term
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| Manifest destiny provided the rhetorical tone for the largest acquisition of U.S. territory. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico and it was also used to divide half of Oregon with Great Britain. It never became a national priority. By 1843 John Quincy Adams, originally a major supporter, had changed his mind and repudiated manifest destiny because it meant the expansion of slavery in Texas. |
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| Scholars have ranked him favorably on the list of greatest presidents for his ability to set an agenda and achieve all of it. Polk has been called the "least known consequential president" of the United States.[image] |
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1846–1869
The Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers, ranchers, farmers, miners, and businessmen and their families.
In January 1848, James Marshall discovered a small nugget of gold in the American River, sparking the California Gold Rush. It is estimated that about two-thirds of the male population in Oregon went to California in 1848 to cash in on the early gold discoveries
1850 U.S Census of California showed this rush was overwhelmingly male with about 112,000 males to 8,000 females |
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Term
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Definition
Around 1850
The mining of alluvial deposits for minerals. Or for this time period, gold in California. This may be done by open-pit (also called open-cast mining) ,Sluice box, or pan mining. |
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(May 8, 1824 – September 12, 1860) was an American lawyer, journalist and adventurer, who organized several private military expeditions into Latin America, with the intention of establishing English-speaking colonies under his personal control, an enterprise then known as "filibustering." Lack of supplies and unexpectedly strong resistance by the Mexican government quickly forced Walker to retreat. Back in California, he was put on trial for conducting an illegal war, in violation of the Neutrality Act of 1794. In the era of Manifest Destiny, his filibustering project was popular in the southern and western United States and the jury took eight minutes to acquit him.
Walker became president of the Republic of Nicaragua in 1856 and ruled until 1857, when he was defeated by a coalition of Central American armies, principally Costa Rica's army. He was executed by the government of Honduras in 1860. |
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| Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War, but southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, defeated the measure in 1846 and 1847. |
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Definition
- Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico. (California's application for admission as a free state with its current boundaries was approved and a Southern proposal to split California at parallel 35° north to provide a Southern territory was not approved.)
- Popular Sovereignty. The South avoided adoption of the symbolically significant Wilmot Proviso and the new New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory could in principle decide in the future to become slave states
- Stronger Fugitive Slave Act
- The slave trade was banned in Washington D.C
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| Allowed settlers in a disputed territory to decide the slavery issue for themselves; program most closely associated with Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. |
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| an American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) was a depiction of life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote more than 20 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day. |
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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Gave federal government authority in cases involving runaway slaves; aroused considerable opposition in the North.
Federal judges we paid per case. If the slave was allowed to stay in the state the judge was paid $5. If the slave was to be returned to the state he/she escaped from, the judge was paid $10... Obviously the system was unfair. |
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Massachusetts senator Assaulted on the floor of the Senate by South Carolina congressman Preston S. Brooks over Sumner's accusation that a distant cousin of Brooks's had taken ''the harlot slavery'' as his mistress.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves; fury over the resulting repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 led to violence in Kansas and to the formation of the Republican Party. |
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Definition
U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, on the grounds that such a prohibition would violate the Fifth Amendment rights of slaveholders, and that no black person could be a citizen of the United States. |
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Site of abolitionist John Brown's failed raid on the federal arsenal, October 16-17, 1859 Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Brown became a martyr to his cause after his capture and execution.
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April 12, 1861
the Battle of Fort Sumter
a Third System masonry sea fort located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired. |
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Definition
| This also was a way to stop the attempt by the South from encourage British intervention by trade of weapons and goods. |
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| The Seven Days Battles was a series of six major battles over the seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia during the American Civil War. Confederate General Robert E. Lee drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, away from Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia Peninsula. The series of battles is sometimes known erroneously as the Seven Days Campaign, but it was actually the culmination of the Peninsula Campaign, not a separate campaign in its own right. |
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Term
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Definition
One of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought to a standoff ,September 17, 1862, in western Maryland.
Confederate: General Robert E. Lee
Union: Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan
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Casualties
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Dead
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% of total force
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The Union
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12,201
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2108
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25%
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Confederate
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10,318
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1546
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31%
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More Americans died in battle on September 17, 1862, than on any other day in the nation's military history . |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of treating escaped slaves as property of military value subject to confiscation. Also known as Contraband of War |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
| September 22, 1862 President Abraham Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation freeing the slaves in areas under Confederate control as of January 1, 1863, the date of the final proclamation, which also authorized the enrollment of black soldiers into the Union army. |
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July 1–3, 1863
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
It was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is often described as the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.
| Battle of Gettysburg |
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| Part of the American Civil War |
[image]
The Battle of Gettysburg, by Thure de Thulstrup |
| Date |
July 1–3, 1863 |
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| Location |
Gettysburg, Adams County, Pennsylvania |
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| Result |
Union victory[1] |
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| Belligerents |
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| [image] United States |
[image] Confederate States |
| Commanders and leaders |
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[image] George G. Meade
[image] John F. Reynolds† |
[image] Robert E. Lee |
| Strength |
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| 93,921[2] |
71,699[3] |
| Casualties and losses |
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| 23,055
(3,155 killed
14,531 wounded
5,369 captured/missing)[4]
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23,231
(4,708 killed
12,693 wounded
5,830 captured/missing)[5]
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Term
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Definition
May 18 – July 4, 1863
Was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
| Siege of Vicksburg |
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| Part of the American Civil War |
[image]
Siege of Vicksburg, by Kurz and Allison. |
| Date |
May 18, 1863 – July 4, 1863[1] |
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| Location |
Warren County, Mississippi |
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| Result |
Decisive[2] Union victory |
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| Belligerents |
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| [image] United States |
[image] Confederate States |
| Commanders and leaders |
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| Ulysses S. Grant |
John C. Pemberton (POW) |
| Units involved |
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| Army of the Tennessee |
Army of Vicksburg |
| Strength |
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| 77,000[3] |
~33,000 |
| Casualties and losses |
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| 4,835 total[4] |
3,202 killed or wounded
29,495 captured[4]
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April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885 18th President of the United States (1869–1877)
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following his highly successful role as a war general in the second half of the Civil War. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military; the war, and secession, ended with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army at Appomattox. As president he led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate all vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery |
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April 9, 1865
Was the final engagement of Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and one of the last battles of the American Civil War. Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the Siege of Petersburg, retreated west, hoping to join his army with the Confederate forces in North Carolina. Union forces pursued and cut off the Confederate retreat. Lee's final stand was at Appomattox Court House, where he launched an attack to break through the Union force to his front, assuming the Union force consisted entirely of cavalry. When he realized that the cavalry was backed up by two corps of Union infantry, he had no choice but to surrender.
The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9. On April 12, a formal ceremony marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia and the parole of its officers and men, effectively ending the war in Virginia. |
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Term
| Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan |
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Definition
| During the American Civil War in December 1863, Abraham Lincoln offered a model for reinstatement of Southern states called the 10 percent Reconstruction plan. It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. As Abraham Lincoln's vice president, Johnson became president when Lincoln was assassinated. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, Johnson came to office as the Civil War concluded. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the former slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. |
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| Congressional Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Congress took control of Reconstruction policies away from the President, drafting the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution to protect the civil liberties and voting rights of African Americans. In 1866 and 1875 Congress also enacted civil rights bills to guarantee all citizens equal rights in hotels, restaurants, trains, and other public accommodations and transportation facilities. Federal troops occupied many Southern states during Reconstruction, enabling the freedmen to vote and to elect Republican candidates—both black and white—-to Congress. When these federal troops left, following the election of 1876, Congressional Reconstruction collapsed. The Supreme Court later ruled the civil rights acts unconstitutional. In the following decades African Americans lost the right to vote, and racial segregation became the law throughout the South. |
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Definition
A minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), and a politician. He was the first person of color to serve in the United States Senate, and in the U.S. Congress overall. He represented Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during Reconstruction.[image]
During the American Civil War, he helped organize two regiments of the United States Colored Troops and served as a chaplain. |
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| Type of farm tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which landless workers, often former slaves, farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop. |
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Definition
| Merchants extended credit to tenants based on their future crops, but high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts. |
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Term
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| Group within the Republican Party in the 1850s and 1860s that advocated strong resistance to the expansion of slavery, opposition to compromise with the South in the secession crisis of 1860-1861, emancipation and arming of black soldiers during the Civil War, and equal civil and political rights for blacks during Reconstruction. |
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1860-1870 (Height of popularity)
An organization in the United States, which had advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism. |
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| Derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South; Southern white Republicans, some former Unionists, who supported Reconstruction governments. |
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| The Compromise of 1877 was a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. The outgoing president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida. As president, Hayes removed the remaining troops in South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many white Republicans also left and the "Redeemer" Democrats took control. What exactly happened is somewhat contested as the documentation is scanty. African American historians sometimes call it "The Great Betrayal." |
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Term
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Definition
The name given to an American literary and intellectual movement that sought to reconcile the traditional white society of the U.S. South to the defeat of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War of 1861–1865. Those who contributed to the movement tended to portray the Confederacy's cause as noble and most of its leaders as exemplars of old-fashioned chivalry, defeated by the Union armies through overwhelming force rather than martial skill. Proponents of the Lost Cause movement also condemned the Reconstruction that followed the Civil War, claiming that it had been a deliberate attempt by Northern politicians and speculators to destroy the traditional Southern way of life.
It also looses the message of the reason the Civil war happened. Slavery. |
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