Term
|
Definition
| – period in which new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient (Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Galileo) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Key figure in the scientific revolution, agreed that experience should form the basis of knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promoted experiments on the sciences of natural things and facilitated scientific dissemination of findings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Principia and was one of the leading thinkers in the early periods of scientific discovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used mathematics to explain natural phenomena |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Systema Naturae which attempted to clssify every plant and animal into a rational system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Practice and science of organization of organisms |
|
|
Term
| Natural History, Natural historian, Naturalist |
|
Definition
| scientific research of plants and animals leaning towards observation rather than experimentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of nature and the physical universe, was a precursor of natural sciences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote the first illustrated guide to America's plants and animals, generated interest in science. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of the most important contributors to science, electricity and the Royal Society. Proposed the AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY - highlighted science alongside application in the APS |
|
|
Term
| American Philosophical Society |
|
Definition
| established by Benjamin Franklin, one of the early scientific societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| US bought a large portion of land from France. Sparked interest in land surveying which eventually led to the development of plant collection and biology and study of animals |
|
|
Term
| Lewis and Clark Expedition |
|
Definition
| first overland expedition undertaken by the US to the Pacific to gain an accurate sense of resources exchanged in the Louisiana purchase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True supporter of science - debunked the degeneration hypothesis, made the Louisiana Purchase, made exploration scientific and technicl |
|
|
Term
| Notes on the State of Virginia |
|
Definition
| book written by Thomas Jefferson which debunked the degeneration hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of Independence |
|
Definition
| ideas which inspired the founding fathers were from the enlightenment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed one of the first private museums in the US as a place for public education and entertainment. Lewis and Clark sent some of the less scientific items discovered on their trip to Peale to put on display |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VP of the American Philosophical Society, joined LC but could not make the entire trip. Did not get along well with Peale and did not disseminate his findings very well - EXAMPLE of a professor that failed in terms of publishing but could still pursue science. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German American Botanist who worked for Barton and traveled farther than him and collected and studied plants. Contributed greatly to NAmerican Botany. Took specimans to Europe where he started evaluated plants - EXAMPLE of inadequacy of scientific institutions and instruments in the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded by Rudolph Hassler as a scientific institution to survey the east coast and collect plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| West Point grad and grandson of Franklin, supervised the Coast Survey after Hassler and also promoted an American scientific culture with the AAAS and the National Academy of sciences. Helped make science a profession and made it national. Coast survey succeeded because of commercail interest, military use, funding from congress, the advancements in transportation, manufacturing, and industry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded for the increase and diffusion of knowledge by James Smithson and trusted to Joseph Henry who served as the first Secretary |
|
|
Term
| American Association for the Advancement of Science |
|
Definition
| reformation of the association of american geologists and naturalists – a general society where it accepted scientists of all fields, notable presidents like franz boas, millikan and asa gray |
|
|
Term
| National Academy of Sciences |
|
Definition
| igned by Lincoln, notable members such as Bache and Agassiz – created to centralize science in the US but did not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural Philosophy for beginners – science for families, introduced science to the public through the form of a textbook |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – one of the science publications which spread science to the public |
|
|
Term
| American Journal of Science and Arts |
|
Definition
| longest running scientific journal published by Benjamin Silliman. Editors included Asa gray and Louis Agassiz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - founded and edited American Journal of Science and was one of the corporate members of NAS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cast iron and glass building exhibition highlighting the technology of the Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hired by Joseph Henry as Assistant Secretary at the smithsonian, studied ichthyology (fishes) and ornithology (birds). Contributed to the growth of natural history and government expeditions |
|
|
Term
| The Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia |
|
Definition
| first World Fair to showcase US technology and advancements in science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biologist, polygentic views (scientific racism) in contrast to Darwin’s views on race. Included beliefs and views of religion in his studies. – first successful model of grad school. Gave people the fish to think about. LECONTE STUDIED WITH AGASSIZ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most important botanist of the 19th century, worked with Darwin |
|
|
Term
| Museum of Comparative Zoology |
|
Definition
| zoology museum at Harvard – founded by Agassiz a zoologist (illustrates the variety and comparative relationships of animal life) |
|
|
Term
| Museum of Vertebrate Zoology |
|
Definition
| natural history museum at UCB founded by Annie Alexander which became a center for authority for the study of vertebrate biology and evolution on the West Coast. Largest collection of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| director of the museum of vertebrate zoology and wanted to make collecting more scientifically valuable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natrualist, Philanthropist, and a saavy business woman - – established the museum of vertebrate zoology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harvard modeled on Euorpean colleges and universities, taught the classical curriculum and science, lots of poor people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with German universities. Professors were responsible for research and training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the early research universities. Daniel Coit Gilman. Made significant contributions and advancements in medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialization and the growth of research universities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decentralized and unregulated markets allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges, initially for agriculture and used science as an aid to agriculture. Became a turning point for science in the government and allowed for the establishment of the University of California |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| university in California which greatly contributed to the growth of science in the West Coast – initially created the Agriculture, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| philanthropist and major benefactor of UC Berkeley during its period of growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - first faculty members of the UC, and both made significant contributions to the UC research system and set the stage for the boom of science and research in California. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UC President (1899-1919), established stability and faculty appointments and raised the national profile of the UC. UC went through period of greatest growth through him and he raised standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scientific agency which studies the landscapes, natural resources, and natural hazards of the US. – Clarence King, succeeded by John Weslley Powell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| director of the US Geological Survey - studied math and geophysics and mining geology with a practical emphasis - wanted more people with scientific backgrounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| USGS - classifying land, identifying resources, mapping practical theory of evolution, fossial early earth study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lifelong naturalist. Bureau of Biological Survey - made distribution studies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| science not intermixed with religious or personal views. Hypothesis be tested only by reference to natural causes and events |
|
|
Term
| American Ornithologist's Union |
|
Definition
| scientific society for ornithology in the US - branch of zoology that involves the study of birds. |
|
|
Term
| Bureau of Biological Survey |
|
Definition
| Clinton Hart Merriam (ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY) morphs into this survey as he realizes more than just birds are important – dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and habitats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed by C. Hart Merriam in 1889 as a means of describing areas with similar plant and animal communities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pioneering American zoologist and geneticist, wrote The Cell From morphology to experimental physiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experimental Embryology at JHU. Tissue grafting and culture – HANGING DROP METHOD. |
|
|
Term
| Marine Biological Laboratory |
|
Definition
| international research and education center in biology, biomedicine and ecology – SPENCER F. BAIRD. From morphology to experimental physiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a science which is about the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage. One of the new disciplines during the 20th c. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a branch of embryology developed by Ross Granville Harrison used in genetic and embryo manipulations – tissue grafts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – a branch of life science that studies cells in terms of structure, function, and chemistry. Developed through emphasis of form and function and microscopes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science of genes, heredity, and variation in organisms. One of the specialties that emerged from major life sciences from 1880 to 1920. |
|
|
Term
| American Society for Naturalists |
|
Definition
| oldest professional societies dedicated to the biological sciences in North America. Publishes American Naturalist. (Core for biology (embryology, heredity, evolution) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| world’s first permanently occupied mountain-top observatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - early American physics – pushed for PURE SCIENCE at JHU –science which has no immediate application. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| US geologist and director of major scientific and cultural institutions. Explored the American West, director of ethnology at Smithsonian (paleontological and stratigraphic studies) ethnographic studies. USGS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Michelson-Morley experiment (speed of light is constant) proposed that moving against light is slower and disproved it (used an interferometer), evidence against the existence of a luminiferous ether |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medium for the propagation of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used by Michelson in the famous Michelson-Morley Experiments |
|
|
Term
| Michelson Morely Experiment |
|
Definition
| moving against light is not slower than with light, disproved the evidence for a luminiferous ether using an interferometer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the shift from classical physics to theories of relativity and quantum mechanics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political attitude favoring or advocating changes or reform – shaped by disinterested expertise – science to fight corruption, pro-science to fight corruption – emphasis on applied science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded the Department of Sociology at University of Chicago, influential in the establishment of sociology as a valid field of academic study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| science and art of explaining and changing human and non-human animal mental processes and behaviors |
|
|
Term
| American Journal of Sociology |
|
Definition
| established by Albion Small, oldest scholarly journal of sociology – distinguish between popular and scientific sociology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standardization and mental testing for applied psychology, first professor of psych at UPenn, publisher of Science, and Popular Science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| father of American anthropology – doctorate in physics and post-doc in geography, applied the scientific method to the study of human cultures – academic discipline (fieldwork, evolutionary hierarchy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rejected that culture was predetermined by biological instincts and learning dominant over instinct, culture could not be explained in biological terms and could only be explained by the culture of the people of study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the first newly recruited doctors, emphasized bedside teaching, focusing on the patient and lab training. Introduced internships and residency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – worried that people would join med school just as a status symbol, wanted to raise academic standards and reduce the number of doctors in California. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| huge technology exposition in Buffalo, New York highlighting and displaying US power, especially electricity. Also the location of McKinley’s assassination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| displayed at the Pan-American Exposition, however was not used to help McKinley after being shot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasized by William Osler, study of bacteria and microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| President William McKinley |
|
Definition
| assassinated and his treatment was an example of the insufficiencies of the US medical knowledge and system during the turn of the century. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| report published by Abraham Flexner which examined 155 current medical schools in an effort to standardize medical education and raise the bar to the level of the top tier John Hopkin’s University. Raised the quality of medical education while reduced the amount of physicians serving disadvantaged communities. Elitism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studied with Koch, instrumental in the organization of medical schools in the US, emphasized laboratory training and helped in the Journal of experimental Medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| led the way in the medical revolution of the United States during the turn of the century, created systematic application of the scientific method in medical education and sought to eliminate schools that didn’t follow this model Council on Medical Education, American Medical Association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long history of assuming boundaries between science and technology. As time progressed the distinction has blurred. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American contributor to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. Morse Code. Persuaded Congress to grant him money to develop Morse Code – example of the blurring of science and technology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the long distance transmission of written messages without physics transport of letters. Used for Morse Code
•Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) - symbolized era’s marriage of creativity and economic incentive. Had little formal education yet still established Menlo Park’s invention factory. Perfect example of the independent inventor. Acquired thousands of patents and made countless inventors. Inventor turned capitalist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set up by Edison as his home and research laboratory. Major site of his research and where he produced his countless patents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another laboratory and factory complex set up by Edison as a site for research and development along with the production of his patents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inventor as genius. He lived alone, handsome, well-dressed. Electric power transmission. “Be alone – that is the secret to innovation: be alone, that is when ideas are born”. Kept his distance from bureaucratic organizations and was focused on pure invention. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonprofessional inventors (focused on a single invention and had regular employment). Had different problem-choosing styles than independents who had to choose what to do based upon income. At first had a difficult time getting support from government but this changed after test flights. The Wright Company |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Created the gyrocompass – similar to a gyroscope. Expertise and remarkable range of applications on the principle of feed-back control. Never strayed from invention UNLIKE Edison |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to find true north by using an electrically powered, fast spinning gyroscope wheel and other frictional forces in order to exploit the basics physical laws and the rotation of the Earth – exteremely useful on ships or submarines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major American equipment and electronics company created by Sperry to produce his gyrostabilizer and gyrocompass. |
|
|
Term
| Military Innovation Complex |
|
Definition
| the merging of invention/technology/government affairs for militaristic goals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - established by Josephus Daniels (saw that war would be a war of machines – amassed civilian machine experts and omitted pure science researchers) to “provide machinery and facilities for utilizing the natural inventive genius of Americans to meet the new conditions of warfare. Some members include Elmer Sperry. (FAILED EXPECTATIONS and did not make a considerable impact) |
|
|
Term
| National Research Council |
|
Definition
| - organized in 1916 in response to the increased need for scientific and technical services caused by World War I. Recommended that US scientists be brought together to work on these problems George Ellery Hale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| headed a mini dedicated research project as part of the Naional Research Council – made great advances by using what was known about theoretical physics and identifying submarine devices – they bere able to use their highly specialized knowledge to tackle problems better than inventors could. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a well designed patent covered as much territory as possible without infringing on another’s property basic vs dependent – dependent patents were valueless unless the owner also owned or had access to the basic patent. For most invention based companies, their principal assets were patents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - branch of the Bell Telephone company, started on the basis of holding “potentially valuable patents” – focused on patent acquisition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - hired by Vail to head up the engineering department of AT&T. aimed to make long-distance communication affordable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - advanced model of German research universities and lead the way for the promotion of independent research and also industrial and academic research. Set the standard for pure science and industry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - lead mover of the development of GE research laboratory – sacrificed his career as a research scientist to lead others – tried to establish a university-like atmosphere at GE laboratory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Americna physicist who made major contributions to X-ray machines. Director of the GE research laboratory and VP of the corporation ductile tungsten incandescent light bulb. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American chemist and physicist, contributed to the development of the lewis structure and his study of lightbulbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - prominent American industrialist, founder of FORD MOTOR COMPANY, sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production – solved the challenge of building affordable vehicles – focused on invention and innovation – reluctant to make changes to the Model T and unskilled workers led to its decline, turnover rate of 380%. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – systematize workers, saw workers as simply parts of machines, did time studies, increase production = increase labor = increase standard of labor SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eponymous manufacturing system designed to spew out standardized, low-cost goods and afford its workers decent enough wages to buy them – assembly line. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ford Motor Company automobile complex in Michigan – Ford men became known for designing the best special-purpose machines in the world, laying them out along with their materials- handling network for a smooth flow of parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taylor’s thought process in developing his scientific management of time and motion study. |
|
|
Term
| Lillian (1878-1972) and Frank Gilbreth |
|
Definition
| pioneers in the field of industrial engineering – interest in time and motion study – combined a synthesis of psychology and scientific management – believed that Taylorism fell short when it came to managing the human element on the shop floor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - period of social activism and reform that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s – expose and undercut political machines and bosses. Woman’s suffrage, reformed medicine, business, church policies. CULTURE CLASH – shift from the nation’s Protestant establishment – Jazz, deep cleavage between the traditional American South and the industrial and urban North. More people lived in the city than in the country. Jazz age – speakeasy, the tabloid press, and the sexually free flapper. Independence of women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Suggested that all organisms were related to one another at some early branching of the family tree. Presented a mechanism about HOW species changed over time. SAW NO EVIDENCE OF AN INTERVENING INTELLIGENCE – contradicted natural science and theology. Struck directly at certain fundamental Judeo-Christian beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argued vigourously in favor of a fundamentalist approach to the bible. Believed that Darwinian evolution was the one great evil that fed modernism, urbanism, sensationalism , and more other transgressions that seemed to be crowding in upon the faithful. RATIONALE FOR warfare “Teaching of evolution as a fact instead of theory caused the students to lose faith in the bible” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defender of the evolutionists – argued that the Butler act was in clear violation of the principle of the separation of church and state. Also argued that Darwinism and the scientific sotry of creation is not in conflict with any story of creation, while the bible in many ways is in conflict with every known science. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an American legal case in 1925 in which high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of violating the state’s Butler Act which made it unlawful to each evolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prohibited public school teachers to deny the biblical account of man’s origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asked to teach the theory of evolution in one of his classes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attorney, politician, liberal activist. One of the lawyers who joined with Clarence Darrow to defend John T. Scopes in the famous “Monkey Trial”. Responding to Bryan’s argument against admitting scientific testimony, Malone gave the greatest speech of the trial in defense of academic freedom. I have never learned anything from any man who agreed with me |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lifelong correspondence with Darwin. Arranged the first US Edition of On the Origin of Species and negotiated royalties on Darwin’s behalf. Advises Darwin that variation is not random. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prosperous, middle class whom were eager to challenge the authority of the king and aristocracy. Had strong work ethics and promoted the rise of technology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring |
|
|
Term
| Huxley-Wilberforce debate |
|
Definition
| a heated exchange in which Wilberforce supposedly asked Huxley whether it was through his grandfather or his grandmother that he claimed his descent from a monkey. Huxley replied that he would not be ashamed to have a monkey for his ancestor, but he would be ashamed to be connected with a man who used his great gifts to obscure the truth. Relation between science and religion and the intellectual development of Europe with relation to Darwin’s theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American embryologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology. In his fly room, he was able to demonstrate that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. Linked the laws of inheritance to the behavior of chromosomes during fertilization. DROSOPHILA |
|
|
Term
| Francis Galton (1822-1911) |
|
Definition
– Hereditary Genius (1869) – Modern society allows the survival of the unfit.
Eugenics – program to improve the character of the race by selective breeding – figurehead of powerful social movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discipline of biology and the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms Mendel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – flourished in most developed countries, enthusiasm for science, coincided with a growing interest in heredity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – opposed to the immigration of inferior races, progressive reformers Charles Davenport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – prominent American eugenicist and biologist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| private, non-profit institution with research programs focusing on cancer, neurobiology, plant genetics, genomics, and bioinformatics. Home of the Eugenics Record Office |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ) – plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court case Buck vs Bell and was ordered to undergo compulsory sterilization for purportedly being feeble minded. EUGENICS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American physicist Cyclotron, uranium-isotope separation – rise of physics at bekrleey. Radiation Laboratory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – theoretical physicist and professor of physics at UC Berkeley “father of the atomic bomb” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multidisciplinary, team science. Ernest Lawrence – employed scientists to work on nuclear physics research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particle accelerator used as a source of high=energy beams for nuclear physics experiements, treat cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ROOSEVELT - federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee valley. Provided much of the electricity needed for the uranium enrichment at Oak Ridge, Tennessee for the MANHATTAN PROJECT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority from 1933 until 1938. Promoted community living while building dams and providing power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the directors of TVA. Butted heads with Morgan. Morgan felt it both ethical and practical to use the existing private power companies in the Tennessee Valley to distribute TVA power. Lilienthal favored Federal government control of the power and perhaps working through rural power co-operatives. Had part of the AEC as well. Pioneers of civilian control in the American atomic energy program. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fostered research in nuclear energy and its military uses. US government establishes the AEC to claim TOTAL control of Atomic energy research – foster and control the peace time development of atomic science and technology. |
|
|
Term
| Office of Science Research and Development |
|
Definition
| - agency of the US fed government created to coordinate scientific research for military purposes during WWII. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| named first chair of the Office of Science Research and Development and was the first science advisor to the president. Had a role in establishing the NSF. Pushed for pure science and that science was necessary for society |
|
|
Term
| Science of the Endless Frontier |
|
Definition
| written by Vannevar Bush, presented to the president which said that basic research was: “the peacemaker of technological progress” and “New products and new processes do not appear full-grown.” Fund scientific research, nation would reap rich dividends in the form of better health care, a more vigourous economy, and a stronger national defense. |
|
|
Term
| National Science Foundation |
|
Definition
| a foundation run by Harley Kilgore and Vannevar Bush. Kilgore tried to use this for a good social purpose. Distributed on geographical basis – patents go to the government – science for social reform while Vannevar Bush saw no explicit social purpose in it. Patents go to the investigators and saw science as an inherent good, and necessary for society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| –student protest which took place during the 1964 – 1965 academic year at UCBerkeley under the leadership of Mario Savio, Brian Turner and some other students. In protests unprecedented at the time, students insisted that the university administration lift the ban on on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students’ right to free speech and academic freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American political activist and a key member in the Berkeley Free Speech Movement. “put your bodies upon the gears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technology as the cause of problems. What happens when you put the system first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| federal expenditures for R&D more than doubled to $9 billion/year with funds going towards NASA and the space race against the Soviet Union. Increasing trend of companies and government increasing their R&D spending. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| JHU – Established and standardized Drosophila - geneticist – Mendelian inheritance – Demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. These discoveries formed the basis of heredity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – genus of small flies heavily used in research in genetics and is a common model organism in developmental biology. “Discovered” by Thomas Hunt Morgan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms – short life-cycle, techniques for genetic manipulation, methods of transformation, nonspecialist living requirements. |
|
|
Term
| Carnegie Institute of Washington |
|
Definition
| funded by Andrew Carnegie for the application of knowledge to improve human kind. Daniel Coit Gilman – had individual grants in the biological sciences and was the first large-scale sponsorship of academic science. |
|
|
Term
| Weakness of Classical Genetics |
|
Definition
did not explain the nature of the genetic code – assumed the existence of genes
-biology needed to be like physicists who often times looked down on them as “stamp collectors” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American scientist in the field of genetics who discovered the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells. Exposing bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays causing mutations. Showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involve din metabolic pathways. Direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions “one gene, one enzyme” hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – used by beadle to show that mutations in genes caused changes in specific enzymes. Link between one gene, and one enzyme. Brought together genetics and biochemisty which was previously separated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – most influential supporter of the life sciences during first half of the 20th century. The support peaked during the interwar period – essentially steered and drove biological research and saw biological progress as social progress and supported molecular biology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecular biology – Max Delbruck – Phage Group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - saw that Quantum mechanics might apply to other fields of science – worked with the Rockefeller Foundation and created a new way to do biology. American Phage Group – Phage course Cold Spring Harbor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phage Group was a informal network of biologists centered around Max Delbruck that contributed heavily to bacterial genetics and the origins of molecular biology in the mid-20th century. The phage course was a course taught by Delbruck and others for young biologists to inspire the fundamentals of phage biology and experimentation with a focus on the math and physics oriented approach to biology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway. Proposed by George Beadle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecular biologist and zoologist best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick. Together with Crick symbolized different disciplinary contributions to molecular biology. – member of the American Phage Group – Genetic Determinist – the belief that genes determine physical and behavioral phenotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural chemistry; x-ray diffraction patterns. Proposed “central dogma” – DNA –RNA – protein – theoretical neuroscience. Central dogma – deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid – once information gets into protein, it can’t flow back to nucleic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British biophysicist, physicist, X-Ray crystallographer who made critical contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite. X-Ray diffraction images of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Watson’s account of his collaboration with Crick – Harvard was ordered not to publish book. Sexist towards Rosalind Franklin. Scandal that they used Rosalind Franklin’s work without her permission. It was a ruthless, competitive account of scientists not characteristic of Cambridge in the 1950s, justified W&C’s use of Franklin’s unpublished data. Detracts from giving credit to Franklin’s x-ray photography of the DNA helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded by venture capitalist Robert Swanson and biochemist Herbert Boyer – considered to have founded the biotech industry. Boyer is a pioneer in the field of recombinant DNA technology. Commercialized biology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| case dealing with whether genetically modified organisms can be patented. Originallyy his patent was rejected under grounds that he was not allowed to patent a live-organism. However in a 5-4 ruling, the court ruled in favor of Chakrabarty and upheld the patent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orm of artificial DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together through the process of gene splicing – to code for or alter different traits for a specific purpose, such as antibiotic resistance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| US legislation dealing with intellectual property arising from federal government-funded research. It gave US universities, small businesses and non-profits intellectual property control of their inventions and other intellectual property that resulted from such funding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of genetic engineering – advancement in the manipulation of an organism’s DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. Sequence nucleotides and develop databases to store the information. Address ethical, legal, and social issues, sequence model organisms. Francis Sellers Collins – American physician-geneticist, noted for his landmark discoveries of diseas genes and his leadership of the Human Genome project |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - in the 1ate 1990s – celera (private company) initiated its own effort to obtain the sequence. Founded by Craig Venter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic Determinist – the belief that genes determine physical and behavioral phenotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worlds largest bioetchics program – four areas of research: quality and use of genetic tests – fair use of genetic information – privacy and confidentiality - education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – shaped biology - Ross Harrison, Alexis Carrel, Renato Dulbecco. Places – tissue culture commission, Tissue culture association. Practices – standard growth media, standard cells, hybridization, cloning, somatic cell genetics. Contexts – Polio, World War I and II, Rockefeller Foundation Theory and Hypothesis – Chromosomal theory of inheritance, mutation theory, one gene, on enzyme, DNA-RNA-Protein. Questions – oriented around the cell, created disciplines (cell biology, stem cell biology), experiments in manipulating the cell and its environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| play an important role in serving as tracers for disease and chemical detection. Nuclear medicine, used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - found in all multi-cellular organisms. Characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types. Highly important in treating disease and controlling cell proliferation. Could also be used to test new drugs. Generation of cells and tissues that could be used for cell-based therapies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research which is one of the oldest and most commonly used human cell lines. Derived from cervical cancer cells and used to test the first polio vaccine and since then have been used for research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and countless other scientific pursuits. Standard cells |
|
|
