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1. Babtism
2. Confirmation |
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Matrimony
Holy Orders
Penance |
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[image] 6. EUCHARIST, which the Roman Catholic Church eventually interpreted as the actual body and blood of Christ. Upon death, he or she could receive comfort from the sacrament of :
7. EXTREME UNCTION (or last rites) which was supposed to prepare the soul for its journey into the next world. |
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| Life expectancy for Medievil europeans |
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| Life expectancy was 32 for men and 25 for women |
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| founded BENEDICTINE MONASTICISM in the 500s |
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| originally were devout to live in poverty and reject the ways of the world. but now in the 13th century had abandoned that lifestyle and embraced the ways of the world were replaced by another group |
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| founded the cistercians in the early 1200s. |
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sought to resurrect the strict, simple, primitive life of the early Benedictines
- they lived in poverty, simple diets of black bread, water and a few stewed vegetables, were forbidden to speak except when it was essential
grew to over 500 houses
progressively relaxed their strict rules. |
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first CLUNY MONASTERY
founded? |
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| founded in 910 in east central france |
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rejected subservience of clergy to secular authorities; pope sole ruler (separation of church & state)
denounced concubinage among local clergy
grew to almost 1,500 cloisters |
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The Investiture Controversy |
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Cluny-inspired reforms, 11th c.:
formal bans on simony (selling church offices) and clerical marriage
Cluniacs rise to high positions in Rome
“Reform Popes” inspired by Cluny, begin to assert independence from the Holy Roman Emperors |
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| it was the appointment of church officials by secular rulers.... it was considered the worst form of simony by reformists |
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| POPE GREGORY VII (r. 1073–1085) |
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| fierce reformist... banned lay investiture... shocked royal officials |
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William(Duke of Normandy) defeated Harold and the french
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