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| Michael Bernstein -The Great Depression |
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| argued that the great depression lasted as long as it did because of our new mass culture |
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| Original cabinet member of FDR, Republican Secretary of the Interior, lasted the entire presidency. New Deal Leader of the PWA (public works administration) large construction projects, skilled labor, Called “Honest Harold” for his opposition to corruption. Strong supporter of Civil rights and civil liberties. NAACP pres. Had to sing “Tomorrow” in the oval office in the play Annie. |
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One of FDR’s closest advisors-New Deal Leader of WPA (works progress administration), putting as many people as possible to work on projects that have minimal cost—not skilled labor.
He built it into the largest employer in the country. |
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AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Administration |
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| -balancing consumer to production, and preventing over production. (paying farmers subsidies not to farm land.) |
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NRA
National Recovery Administration |
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| government New Deal intervention through imbedded codes designed to control production. |
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| rights to organize and bargain, Unions and Provision for minimum wages and ceiling hours. (supported by the firms instead of the people. Was not meeting their hopes.) |
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| the symbol of the NRA, “We do our part” was the slogan. Established codes of industry behavior depending on the industry. By the end of this New Deal establishment, there were over 700 codes that businesses had to comply with. If you followed these codes you could display the Blue Eagle. |
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| takes 7a and gives it a new pro-organized labor twist. Sets up National Labor board and puts the Government on the side of Organized Labor instead of industry. Continuous demands for wage increases that were good for employees but not for unemployed, because business could not afford to hire anyone else. |
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Tommy the Cork
Tommy Corcoran |
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| 2 extra credit points, Irish party dude. Roosevelt Chief Political Operative/Advisor. Lobbyist, deal maker, “When you fight with a business man its like fighting a Pollock. You have to kill them.” Not into politics of consensus. Got the job done. Not too concerned how ethical it was. |
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| concerned with elderly care. Gov ought to pay older Americans a stipend. This would get their money circulating in the economy. Pre-Social Security. Financially it made no sense. Popularity was great. |
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| First to use radio to reach a mass audience. Radio broadcaster that entire blocks would listen to his program each Sunday. “Union for Social Justice”- radical, left, anti-Semite, avid inflationist, believed in and preached social justice. Initially a New Deal advocate, but later turned on it and talked about it on the radio. |
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| Assonated in 1935, colorful character, dictatorial. Louisiana Governor, then Senator, campaigned for “Share the Wealth”- tax the rich and redistribute the money. Wrote, Every Man a King, Advocate of federal spending on public works, public education, old age pensions and social programs. Roosevelt considered Douglas McArthur and Huey Long the 2 most dangerous men in the United States. He allegedly was going to run for president. Roosevelt feared his 3rd party ticket stealing votes. Assonated in 1935, colorful character, dictatorial. Louisiana Governor, then Senator, campaigned for “Share the Wealth”- tax the rich and redistribute the money. Wrote, Every Man a King, Advocate of federal spending on public works, public education, old age pensions and social programs. Roosevelt considered Douglas McArthur and Huey Long the 2 most dangerous men in the United States. He allegedly was going to run for president. Roosevelt feared his 3rd party ticket stealing votes. |
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| Roosevelt house boat from 1924, where his secretary Missy fell in love with him. |
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| Polio recovery location for Roosevelt, where he was on Oct 4, 1929 when the Stock Market Crashed- 14 million people out of work. |
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| Nobel Prize writer, complained about reigning school of economics market failures vs. Government fixing the situation. Not realistic view. People should scrutinize government the same as private sector. It is romantic to believe that government people are on a higher moral plane. Politics without romance! |
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| argues in famous article that the New Deal is responsible for duration of depression by making business fearful and uncertain. They no longer are willing to take risk. He argues that President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policies prolonged the Great Depression by creating an oppressive climate that “threatened” Big Business through hostile laws, court decisions, regulations, and the obvious antipathy of the nomenclatura toward the “investor class,” resulting in a climate of uncertainty toward the “future of property rights.” |
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| “Animal Spirits” British economist whose ideas have been a central influence on modern macroeconomics, Cambridge investment specialist, argued that the quelling of business was a result of uncertainty in FDR’s experimentation and politicking. Animal spirit is important, dampening them will exhaust economic recovery. Multiplier the umph of fiscal policy it to get the economy moving by government spending. When the government spends, economic output is multiplied 4 times. When gov spent for goods and services, people would then spend the money, and then those recipients would spend their money…etc. 4X according to Keynes. |
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| the umph of fiscal policy it to get the economy moving by government spending. When the government spends, economic output is multiplied 4 times. When gov spent for goods and services, people would then spend the money, and then those recipients would spend their money…etc. 4X according to Keynes. |
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| influential Harvard Economist, domesticated Keynes for every-day Americans. Explained Keynes to policy makers. Once referred to as "the American Keynes", brought the 1930s Keynesian economics revolution to the United States. A professor of economics at Harvard, he was a prolific writer who also played an important role in the creation of the Council of Economic Advisors and the Social Security System. |
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Wrote Politics That Presidents Make
judging presidential greatness by categorizing them.
1. Disjunctive 2. Reconstructive
3. Articulative 4. Pre-Emptive |
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| 1960’s MU undergrad, served in Vietnam, enchanted with history wrote, The Battle for Guatala Canal, debated atomic warfare, morally defensible. |
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| Japanese plan. out-fight the Americans, could win by a blood battle. The intent of this was to inflict tremendous casualties on the American forces, thereby undermining the American people's will to continue the fight for Japan's unconditional surrender. Imperial Army would endeavor to crush the Americans while the invasion force was still at sea. They planned to deliver a decisive blow against the American naval force by initially destroying as many carriers as possible, utilizing the special attack forces of the Air Force and Navy. When the amphibious force approached within range of the homeland airbases, the entire air combat strength would be employed in continual night and day assaults against these ships. In conducting the air operations, the emphasis would be on the disruption of the American landing plans. The principal targets were to be the troop and equipment transports. Those American forces which succeeded in landing would be swiftly attacked by the Imperial Army in order to seek the decisive victory. The principal objective of the land operation was the destruction of the American landing force on the beach. |
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| Japanese ambassador sent to Moscow to talk peace |
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| Archetypal post war American suburb. Entire suburban cities were popping up in the Sun Belt. The brainchild of developer William J. Levitt, Levittown, Pennsylvania was the largest planned community constructed by a single builder in the United States. By the time it was completed in 1958, the development occupied over 5500 acres in lower Bucks County and included churches, schools, swimming pools, shopping centers and 17,311 single-family homes. To its 70,000-plus residents, Levittown represented the American Dream of homeownership. To many others, Levittown epitomized postwar suburbia—a place often criticized but widely copied. |
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| NSC 68- National Security Counsel paper |
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1949 document
“the cold war is not a passing phenomenon but in fact a threat to American existence”
1-Globalized containment (less asymmetry)
2-containment moves in military direction with emphasis on re-arming
3-Containment more rigid than before |
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| The continuing state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–1945), primarily between the USSR and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, including the United States. Although the primary participants' military forces never officially clashed directly, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, a nuclear arms race, espionage, proxy wars, propaganda, and technological competition, such as the Space Race. (Sustained level of hostility and tension in world affairs-super power rivalry.) |
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Churchill
Iron Curtain Speech |
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March 1946
Soviets dominated Eastern Europe
-official declaration that the world was in a cold war |
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| George Kennan- Mr.X article |
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| An American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. Kennan's well-timed article appearing in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs under the pseudonym "X", entitled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct", it asserted that Stalin's policy was shaped by a combination of Marxist-Leninist ideology, which advocated revolution to defeat the capitalist forces in the outside world. Kennan argued that Stalin would not (and moreover could not) moderate the supposed Soviet determination to overthrow Western governments. Kennan further argued that the United States would have to undertake this containment alone and unilaterally, but if it could do so without undermining its own economic health and political stability, the Soviet party structure would undergo a period of immense strain eventually resulting in "either the break-up or the gradual mellowing of Soviet power. "The "X" article meant sudden fame for Kennan, who became the father of the government's containment doctrine overnight |
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Pepsi Cola kid, removed sugar rations-
wrote “Communist Subversion in American Life”
-In West Virginia talks to a group of Republican Women about a list of known communists in American Government. Something needs to be done about this. Said that even Eisenhower is blind to this.
Big TV hearings took place.
Didn’t go well for McCarthy.
He was censured by the senate. |
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| The impact of cold war on American politics |
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| gain political advantage by suggesting that your competition was soft on communism. |
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HUAC
House Un-American Committee |
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Hollywood trials of 1947
-committee could nose around any gov. organization looking for subversion and espionage. |
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| Big on Gov transparency. This project was a long-running secret collaboration of the US and UK intelligence agencies involving cryptanalysis of messages sent by intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union. Daynahan found 1942 documents about Americans getting encrypted cables from Soviets called Venona. Code breakers broke parts of 25000 cables, 3000 partially broken codes. 349 Soviet agents being discussed. American Intelligence found around 500 spies in the US in the 1940’s. Highly placed individuals in the gov. This new info proved that there was indeed a Soviet danger. Not a total witch-hunt on McCarthy’s part. |
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| Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty |
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| Reagan and Gorbachev signed to end the cold war |
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163 U.S. 537 (1896),
is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal". Constitutional segregation. |
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| 347 U.S. 483 (1954),[1] was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. The decision overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This victory paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement.[2] Reversal of constitutional segregation |
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Broke segregation laws by saying “By baby” to a white girl. Was pulled out of his house by night and brutally murdered. Big televised media trial.
Jury found the murderers not guilty.
His funeral was attended by thousands.
Helped to move civil rights movement forward. |
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Called the "Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement”,
Refused to give up her seat on the Bus.
Arrested.
Started the Montgomery Bus Boycott. |
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| (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States, and he has become a human rights icon–asked to head the fight even though he was new to the community. Key note speaker “if we are wrong…the US constitution is wrong.” |
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| A political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. The boycott resulted in a crippling financial deficit for the Montgomery public transit system, because the city's black population who were the drivers of the boycott were also the bulk of the system's ridership. The ensuing struggle lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956 when a federal ruling took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. |
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| A worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980. It was accompanied by much civil unrest and popular rebellion. The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and most of these movements did not achieve or fully achieve their objectives. In its later years, the Civil Rights Movement took a sharp turn to the radical left in many cases. |
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Grand scheme of containment,
Ultimately the US entered the war fearing that S. Vietnam would be wiped out.
A Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from September 26, 1959[1] to April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the communist North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. |
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A political scandal in the United States in the 1970s. Named for the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., effects of the scandal ultimately led to the resignation of Richard Nixon, President of the United States, on August 9, 1974. It also resulted in the indictment and conviction of several Nixon administration officials.
The scandal began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex on June 17, 1972. The subsequent investigation by the FBI connected the men to the 1972 Committee to Re-elect the President by a slush fund.[1]
President Nixon's staff conspired to cover up the break-in.[2] As evidence mounted against the president's staff, which included former staff members testifying against them in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee, it was revealed that President Nixon had a tape recording system in his offices and that he had recorded many conversations.[3][4] Recordings from these tapes implicated the president, revealing that he had attempted to cover up the break-in.[2][5] After a series of court battles, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the president had to hand over the tapes; he ultimately complied.
Facing near-certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and a strong possibility of a conviction in the Senate, Nixon resigned the office of the presidency on August 9, 1974.[6][7] His successor, Gerald Ford, would issue a pardon unto President Nixon.
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feared he was being set up as the fall guy.
refused to lie |
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| Vice President. Resigned- no contest- because of tax invasion. |
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| "Saturday Night Massacre" |
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| Nixon fired Cox the special prosecutor who demanded tapes. So, attorney general Richardson resigned. FBI sealed off everyone’s offices and calls for impeachment. |
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| Gary Wills- Nixon Ajonistes |
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Huge book focusing on notion of Nixon as a self-made man. Started on the right-has moved to the left. Nixon believed in the struggle and hard work.
(He hated the Kennedys) |
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| Nixon’s first autobiography. About the 6 times of testing in his life and the inner strength it cultivated. It was the struggle that mattered. |
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Economic crisis after Watergate.
Stagnating production
coupled with rising prices
and high unemployment.
Came about because of energy crisis- lower supplies. |
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| Arabs cut back oil 10% to threaten the US from helping Israel with supplies and weaponry. Israel wins by close margin so Arab oil producing state emposes embargo on US. All oil shipments are cut of in 1973-to spring of 1974. Dampens economy- recession, rations. |
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| Club of Rome- Limits of Growth |
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a group of business men, gov. men, no active office holders, solvers of human kind’s big problems. MIT guys running computer simulations that turned out to be wrong. The report thought we had captured economic growth and calls into question economic growth and desirability. They thought we would run out of resources and poison the earth with pollution.
The seed of doubt was planted. |
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Carter Malaise Speech
"Crisis of confidence" |
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| “Crisis of Confidence” perceptive, but pessimistic ideas after the 2nd oil shock. Iran cut back production because of expulsion of the Shar of Iran. Gas stations were closing again, long lines, angry Americans. Carter scheduled to give another energy speech, but pulled together lots of smart guys to come up with this “Crisis of Confidence speech instead. Speech blames America, malaise pervasiveness-it’s everywhere. suggests that it might be permanent. It was time for a new era of limits. Pessimism never creates political winners-formula for political disaster...set up Reagan for a win! |
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Study of Greek Poetry-Tolstoy-
The Fox knows many things (Carter)
the Hedgehog knows one large, great thing that they then related to everything (Reagan).
Reagan knew what he wanted. |
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| Presides over peaceful dissolution, 1980’s man of the decade according to Time Magazine. |
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| Elite thought in the west. History was witnessing a coming together of two super-powers. Claim that America had exceptional virtue and was losing out. |
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The US should relax tensions with Soviet Union. Find areas to agree.
Democrats welcomed losing inordinate fear of Soviet Union |
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| Reagan denied Soviet’s any western technology. When they wanted to build a pipeline to plug into Western Europe, Reagan forbade American firms to participate. Ultimately did not work, but the flow of technology was slowed. |
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Soviet intelligence operation to buy or steal Western technology. |
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Francois Midera
Farewell agent |
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| Agent tht got access to the Soviet "Line X"intelligence shopping list. To sabotage the Soviets, faulty technology was introduced into their system. Huge explosion in the Soviet Union due to faulty western technology. Could be seen in space. Planted a huge seed of doubt. Eventually he was caught and executed. |
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| Moving from containment to more assertive attack on Soviets. A strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. While the doctrine lasted less than a decade, it was the centerpiece of United States foreign policy from the early 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Under the Reagan Doctrine, the U.S. provided overt and covert aid to right-wing guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "rollback" Soviet-backed left-wing governments in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The doctrine was designed to serve the dual purposes of diminishing Soviet influence in these regions, while also potentially opening the door for capitalism (and sometimes liberal democracy) in nations that were largely being governed by Soviet-supported socialist governments. |
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