evidence humans have been around in middle east and asia before 3500 BCE and 2000 BCE. Four river in Middle east, india, and china.

Tigris and euphrates rivers (mesopotamia) , nile river, indus river, yellow river.

Polis (city-states)

Athens

as greek civilization decline Rome arose in the mediterranean region. struggles began: Republic started to fail and concern came from having one ruler (dictatorship). Julius ceasar most famous romar ruler followed by the first true dictator Augustus.In 380 CE, christianity was made the official religion by the emperor Constatine.  Roman Empire lasted from 31 BCE until 476 CE. (bc of corruption in govt., decay in values an morals, etc). 

began in 200 BCE.

• first emperorto unify the nation is Qin (Ch'in), name china may have come from him. Great wall was completed in this dynasty.
• Han dynasty was the stronges, properous, and lasted longer. Silk road caravan trade was open due to westward expansion.
• The sui, tang, and song dynasties followed. Tang's dynasty was Chinas high point in the golden age.
• Rebels destroyed the final dynasty in 906 BCE, it was made into independent states, until Genghis and Kublai Khan in the 1200's emerged it into a single nation.

Islam

Arabic phrase (to submit to god)

• This new faith emerged in the 600s BCE in the Middle east.
• Founded by Mohammed, who spent his life delivering this holy vision message.
• Belives in one single deity (god).
• Followers are calledmuslims (servants of god) followed the teaching in the Koran (sacred book).

• After the fall of the Roman empire, europe expreience a fall beween 500-1500 BCE.
• Medieval Period (middle ages) is known as the Dark ages (476-1000).
• known as "dark" few wrtten accounts survive to let us know about these years.

• no centralized government system
• wealthy landowners gave protection to peasant, in return these serfs (agricultural laborer) had to give a lot of their products to the owners.

• 1095-1270 eight crusades occured by europeans (christian kings and popes) trying to recover the hholy land from the muslims.
• to fain salvation, overpopulation in areas of europe, riches, desire to see military action.
• knights templar were priests who fought in the war.

• England citizens were tired of the king who was unjust.
• the magna carta provided first checks on the power of the king.
• considered to be the forerunner of our bill of rights and constitutional law.

• believed to be the first europeans to have traveled on the silk road in china.
• may have lived for many years in china in the 1200s under Khan.
• returned to dictate of the many wonders he saw and experienced.
• his maps encouraged other voyages and discoveries like that of christopher columbus.

Renaissance

1300-1600

• towards the end of middle ages, a revival of culture and ideas began in southern europe, especially on the italian peninsula. known as the renaissance (rebirth).
• artists and inventors led the way to new knowledge; leaonardo da vincci, copernicus (astronomy), newton (laws of motion).

Protestant Reformation

(1517)

• a monk, Martin Luther, protested against the catholic church. he was excluded from the church which is when he founded the new Lutheran church (first protestant religious group).

Ethnic conflict or Ethnic War

(war between ethnic groups)

• Belgium, had tension beteen the Flemish speakers (north) and the French-speaking (south) minority. power sharing has allowed it to survive for more than 170 years. Canada another struggle between ethnicities but no war occur within both countries.
• but for Rwanda and Kosovo in 1994, the Hutu genocide (deliberately removed by killing) the Tutsi killing thousands.

• prior to british conquest in 1775 they consisted of smaller kingdoms.
• Ireland did not like the british rule so the british subdued by depriving them of their land and giving it to the british (kinown as policy of plantation).
• the catholics began a crusade against the english king which was unscucessful.
• Home rule movement began the norhtern ireland resistment.
• 1921 ireland was divided into two.

• First europeans to set foot in north america (canada) in 1000 C.E were Leif Ericsson and a group of vikings.
• Colombus argued his case to king Ferdinand and Queen isabella to find riches and spread catholicism. went on his voyage in 1492 with his three ships, Nina, pinta, and santa maria. landed in San Salvador he tought this was india so he named the natives indians.
• Europeans explored and settled, with the spaniards landing first with their comander Christopher Columbus, in 1565 they settled at St. augustine (in florida).
• America named after Amerigo Vespucci (spaniard), it's said he voyaged with columbus and mapped the voyages.
• Ponce de leon first european to set foot in 1513 on the continental of U.S (Florida).
• Hernan Cortes (spaniard) conquered the Aztecs in Mexico in 1519.
• Francisco Pizzaro (spaniard) conquered the Incas in Peru between 1531-1533.
• in 1527 Cabeza de Vaca  (spaniard) with african slave, esteban, were the first to land in Texas.
• Giovannia de Verrazano and Jacques Cartier (french) explored in 1524 in the upper North he found Native american indians which began a trade.
• Sir Fancis drake (englishman) first to circumnavigate the globe in 1580.
• Sir Walter Raleigh establish first english colony in 1587 on Roanoke Island in Virgina.
• Spain was the most powerful country in europe they sent a huge Armada of ships against England. which they were defeated by queen elizabeths navy and horric weather in 1588. this allowed England and France to gain the power.
• 1756 to 1763 the british colonist faced the French and indian war, because of the french trying to take over land from the natives. the British got natives in their "army" and defeated the french.

How did a desire for freedom influence daily life and government in early Ameria?

• Jamestown in 1607 in virgina. 104 men died because of terrible conditions but the leadership of the colony John smith kept it from collapsing. he was captured and almost killed but pocahonatas daughter of the chief of the natives saved him.(she did not marry him). in 1612 John Rolfe discovered tobacco which was the first major cash cropof the world. this led to the first slaves (which were not slaves back then they were indentured servants (were asked to work for them which they agreed for a passage to the americas)). he and pocahontas did marry.
• The desire for religious freedom brought pilgrims, catholics, and quakers. 
• 1620 a group of pilgrims with their leader founded Plymoth colony  in Massachusetts. they rode on the boat called the Mayflower here is where the document "Mayflower was drafted" governing rules of self government an majority rule those men aboard signed it. the first Thanksgiving was celebrated here with the pilgrims and the native americas (wampanoag tribe) who were very friendly to them.
• In 1629 the puritans led by John Winthrop they formed a company called massachusetts bay company carefully organized their journey and settled in Massachusetts Bay Colony. which allowed purtian dissenters to break away and form new colonies.
• King philips war in 1675 one of the most costly war between England colonist and Native American Tribes.
• Iroquois Confederacy was an alliance of five, later six, American Indian tribes-the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora-located in modern-day New York state. believed to be the oldest living participatory democracy in the world.
• The Salem Witch trial began in 1692 puritans were scared of these girls accused which resulted in 20 executions.
•  The 13 Colonies:

Virginia, massachusetts, New Hanpshire, New jersey, New York Maryland, Rhode Island Connecticut, Delaware, Norh Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvaniam, Georgia.

• After the French and Indian War, they were in debt so England decided to tax the colonies. The first taxes were the Stamp act of 1765, taxes were places on paper goods. There was protester such as the sons of liberty being led by Samuel Adams. They were successful with the stamp act getting taken off. This resulted in the Townsend Acts in 1766, which now was taxes on all imported goods; tea, glass, paint, and paper. Again, there were protest which imposed on British soldiers being placed in the colonies. This led to the Crispus Attucks where an African American was killed in the dispute between the colonist in Boston and the soldiers. In this feud 5 colonists died this was known as the Boston Massacre (1773). They took all taxes away except on that of tea, this angered colonist because it would confirm that the British could tax them.  In 1773 the Boston tea party followed, a group of colonists and sons of liberty they dressed up as Mohawk Indians. They boarded the cargo ships opened the chests full of tea a dumped them into the harbor hence the name Boston tea Party.
• The Intolerable Acts came from the rebellions. In 1774 the first continental congress came in response to these acts. Initially the British paid little attention to the continental congress, but soon started arresting the leaders of the rebellion. Ordered to try and destroy the colonial arms but minutemen were waiting for the British at Lexington that is when a shot was fired “shot heard round the world” the beginning of Revolutionary war.
• Declaration of independence july 4 1776 written by thomas jefferson.
• Battle of Yorktown in 1781 last major battle of the revolutionary war, won by the continental army with the help of the french.
• Liberty Bell a powerfull symbol of the american independence.
• after the war the treaty of paris in 1783 was signed and the colonies became independent states and the articles of confideration was drafted.

• Monroe Doctrine, in 1823 president Monroe made it clear america was not to permit European countries. "america for Americans".
• Manifest Destiny, 1845 belief that the expansion of the U.S. throughout the American continents (atlantic oceand to the pacific) was both justified and inevitable.
• Transcontinental Railroad,was built to move resources and people across the nation, tied the nation together. this was pivotal to the economic of the U.S.
• Indian Removal Act,1830 ortrail of tears, forced native americans out of their homes in the southeastern part of the U.S.
• Slavery, first african slaves came to virginia in 1619 to work on plantations. in 1862 Lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation granting freedom. 13th amendment abolishing slavery.

• Because slavery was a continuos issue dividing the south and the north, the civil war started. Texas was unsure about entering the war, but did end up providing troop an was essential to the westward expanision.

• fought in 1863, most disastrous event more than 50,000 soldiers died. fallen soldiers were recognizes in the famous speech given by Lincoln "Gettysburg Address". confederate army (south) surrender to the union forces.

• Rebel states were not automatically granted admission into the Union. this era was characterized by hatred and violence. After the war in 1865 Lincoln was assassinated and the leadership fell to Andrew Johnson, hated by both sides (south and North). he was impeached.
• Black Codes,restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
• but the congress required southern states to ratify the 14th amendment, give citizenship to African americans.
• Reconstruction in TX,caused a lot of tension the union sent troops to ensure the rules were being followed. TX finally accepted the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. but this enraged people andthe development of KKK came. This secret society continued the implementation of the black codes as well as terrorize african americans.
• Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

• After the reunification the focus was now on economic development. inventions and development of railroad helped with economic recovery.
• Urbanization,Migration to urban areas caused the cities to grow.

• the first 10 amendments are known as the bill of rights, after the civil war 3 more were added 13th, 14th, 15th (granted black men the right to vote). but even so they were still being discriminated.
• in 1896 plessy v. ferguson legalized segregation "seperate but equal facilities".

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Case,1954 supreme court ruled that segregation in public schools was illegal.
• Montgomery Bus boycott in 1955, with Rosa Parks.
• Martin Luther king jr. became the most prominent figure of civil rights movement. his work resulted in the civil rights act in 1964. was assassinated in 1968.
• John F. kennedy proposed new civil rights laws as a result he was assassinated in 1963.

• 1960s mexican-americans struggle for human rights. they embraced four goals: restoration of land, farm workers' rights , education, and political rights.

• Womens suffrage movments was a long fight of determination which began in the 1860s.
• even though the 19th amendments allowed women to vote they were still being discriminated.
• the equal pay act of 1963 and civil rights act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on gender.
• the equal rights amendment of 1972 guarantees women's equal rights.

• was to prohibit alcohol consumption in the U.S in 1830s by 1855 13 states had enacted the legislation. this was the 18th amendmnet but in 1933 this amendments was repealed by the 21st amendment.

• Spanish-American War of 1898,  war between Spain and the US in the Caribbean and the Philippines. This was made U.S. a world power.
• WWI, first global war between the Allies and Central Powers. U.S was neutral at first while trading with the Allies, but were soon force when Germany were sinking their merchant ships and killed 128 americans. thanks to this the Allies won in 1918. the Treaty of Vesailles ended the war making the Central Powers to pay for the war.
• The bolshevik Revolution in Russia 1917, it overthrew the czar and brought the Bolsheviks, a Communist party led by Lenin, to power. The revolution was encouraged by Russian setbacks in World War I.
• The Great Depression,in 1929 the stock market crashed and millions of people lost thier capital and thier jobs.
• WWII, A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers-Germany, Italy, and Japan-and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States.
• D-Day, 1944 in World War II on which Allied forces invaded northern France and launched one of the largest offensives against german occupying forces. hitler and the Axis forces were defeated.
   
   
• Yalta Conference,The allies met to discuss the terms of the treaty to end the ay. agreed to divide Germany into 4 sections where each part would be controlled by an Allied coutry and for German to pay the russians war reparations.
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki, President Harry Truman ordered two atomic bombs two be dropped on these two cities in japan. this caused japan to surrender in 1945 which ended the WWII.
• Marshall Plan,a program to rebuild the economic infrastructure in Europe.
• The holocaust and creation of israel,during WWII hitler wantd to exterminate the Jewish population.
• Truman Doctrine,a proclamation warning communist countries that U.S would help any nation in danger.
• Cold War, the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990.
• War on Terrorism,9/11 led the U.S into the Iraq War.

1. Coahuilteca, Rio grande, food gatherers/hunters, lived in family groups.
2. Karankawa (southeastern tx) fishing and food gathering, lived as nomads (travel) and used caoes for fishing.
3. Caddo (east tx, piney woods) farming, built villages and lived in groups.
4. Apache (central and western TX) farming and hunting, lived as nomad built portable housing called teepes, domesticated horses, and hunted bison.
5. comanche, hunters, lived as nomad and built portable housing; also domesticated teh horse and hunted the bufalo.
6. Jumano (West TX) farming and hunting, mostly sedentary and built homes of adobe.

• Spain (1519-1821)
• France (1685-1690)
• Mexico (1821-1836)
• Republic of TX (1836-1845)
• U.S (1845-1861)
• Texas in Confederacy (1861-1865)
• Back to the Amerian Union (1870-present)