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Infamous for its brutality, Leopold II had felt that Belgium required colonies, being a small country, organized a private business, the Congo Company to explore and develop the Congo in the late 1870s
Appealing place for colonization thought Leopold because of the profusion of raw materials, era of the bicycle (rubber, ivory, Belgians could corner these markets) huge tracts of land became diamond mines or plantations |
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Why were these countries scrambling for Africa?
Imperialism was a consequence of capitalism, wealthy financiers had persuaded European statesmen to do their bidding, what they needed were new markets and investment opportunities
Working classes end up fighting these wars in imperial armies
What's needed here is more democracy so that the industrial classes had a voice, if you want to stop imperialism you have to pay workers higher wages, impose higher taxes on wealth, ensure that other countries can develop on their own
Offers an interpretation of imperialism that is a direct consequence of capitalism, critiques of globalization that are being made now, arguments taken up by Lenin |
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| Vladimir Lenin (imperialism) |
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agreed with Hobson, imperialism had to be an economic phenomenon, disagreed with Hobson in one way:
Imperialism is a necessary accompaniment to capitalism, at a certain stage in capitalist development, markets become saturated. People have bought as much stuff as they're going to buy so capitalists have to go and look outward for places to sell their things
You can't hope to end imperialism without destroying capitalism |
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| established 1882, pressured the government constantly to pursue colonies and they do this by holding all sorts of rallies an organization of about 100,000 incredibly active, produce booklets so you can see what's happening and feel like part of it. Not just that colonization is going to further the interests of Germany but it also going to unite Germans as a country |
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French analog to the British miss ionizing and patriotic impulse, bringing progress and civilization to colonial lands
Expanding the boundaries of the French nation, Bonaparte-ism
Reinforced prestige of the French and their international position, required in some places significant infrastructural advancements, town of San Louis in Senegal bringing modernity and new French ideas to benighted subjects, not citizens -> imposition, often failed because they cost the state too much and mass amounts of labor could not have been extracted like they wanted it to be |
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Lenin, the situation seems awesome, radicalizing people even the peasants in the countryside
What are these peasants doing? Tearing up arrangements, burning manorial estate roles and records
Group led by Lenin. Why should russia follow the bourgeois reolvtuion, go directly to the proletariat |
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| Socialist Revolutionaries (Populists) |
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Why should Marxist ideas apply to Russia at all? What they need is a democratic revolution of the countryside
All of the peasants one step removed from serfdom should get land, nationalized confiscated and redistributed
In a sense going one step further than Bolsheviks, revolution focused on the peasantry |
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where the peasants get to keep 75% of what they produce, creating a market economy
Kind of argument against a direct line from Leninism to Stalinism, allowed local autonomy
Demonstrates pragmatism on how to manage the economy by allowing private enterprise |
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1928-1933, 1933-1937
Intensive drives to industrialization, in this period this town of Magnitogorsk built incredibly rapidly, all industry is nationalized
Nothing is in private hands, all agriculture is nationalized. Stores are government owned and operated or collectivized
GDP went 1959 to 2nd place behind the US |
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The Great Purge 1936-1938, product of Stalin's own paranoid and vicious style of governance as well as ideological citification like in the Terror, consumes its own, old Bolshevik leadership is killed in this period
Orgies of denunciation and spy hysteria to punish the enemies of the state 7 million Russians died
Estimated that 20 million more were imprisioned |
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going to provide a world government
- Set with an impossible task, negotiate between power, maintain some control over an unstable world system, work out principal of self-determination
- Figure out a way to govern in the face of four great empires that have fallen |
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combines Wilson's ideas with the power politics of the European powers in the 1920s: huge amount of utopian rhetoric
- French are eager to punish the Germans, army be held down to 100,000 men that was 5-6 million, Germany couldn't manufacture weapons, Germans were forced to pay heavy reparations of $33 billion, highest amount asked in the world
- Curious mixture between pragmatic political maneuvers and utopian thought, yielding troubles being recognized as a legitimate peace, creates League of Nations |
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anti-revoltuionary soldiers mobilized by the heads of the old Kaiser's army, job was to fight the Bolsheviks on the eastern front and to fight the communists at home, steeped in brutality of the war, 30,000 fighters
anti-worker,women, communist, socialist, etc.
- Meld conservative ideas with radicalization of the fighter, protect your country |
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- 1923, Germany couldn't pay reparations that Allies were demanding, when they failed to deliver wood to the French, soldiers moved in to occupy the industrial area of German, and the workers stopped working
- They still had to pay these people so the government kept printing money
- Dramatically worsens the lot of people who live off fixed incomes, professionals, people paid monthly, pensioners, stocks and bonds, inflations creates enormous social divides, money paid daily keeps up with inflation
- Creates an antagonized group of middle class people, portrays the government as incompetent |
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| leveling or bringing into line, making all organizations consolidated into one, trade unions were disbanded, begins in 1933, all parties except for the Nazi party were illegal, takeover of all elements of civil society between the individual and the state, there are no organizations left except for Nazi organizations |
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the community of the people, fascism is promising an end to all kinds of social divisions prevalent in previous decades, trying to transcend class and political parties, to make all people as one
Significance = you can reunify the nation, make people overcome divisions
Nationalists saw it as a way of rebuilding national greatness (Italy, Germany, Austria, France)
Young men and women who had come through WWI saw it as a way of rebuilding the world anew |
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| 1935: deprive Jews of citizenship, forbade them to marry non-Jews |
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What was it? Key Moments: the attempt of the Allied powers (especially British) to give Germans chunks of territory in exchange for not starting a war, by giving territory away that belonged to other nations (Czechoslovakia) and create a peace that would be relatively manageable, policy condemned by people of that time
Had the allies struck at Hitler instead of giving him territory, they might have been able to prevent WWII |
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Nazi-Soviet Pact: 1939 August, the world was shocked when the Nazis and Soviets announced a pact, Germans were going to invade Poland, provided that each side would remain neutral in the event of a war involving the other
Secret protocol, provided that the Nazis and Soviets would carve up eastern Europe into areas of influence |
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September 1938, joined with Germany, (Czechoslovakia had a ton of minorities as well as ethnic Germans)…how does this happen?
A lot of ethnic agitation on the part of the ethnic Germans, they should be able to rule themselves, Hitler and Nazis fanned flames of ethnic discontent to acquire this territory
Neville Chamberlain takes his first airplane flight to negotiate with Hitler to try to appease the Nazi authorities by giving them pieces of Czechoslovakia, take the Sudetenland in exchange for Hitler's promise for peace |
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| March 12 1938, German tanks and troops went into Austrian territory, process by which Germany absorbed the Austrian nation, Hitler had claimed that he wanted to unify German and Austria, great German nation, most Austrians welcomed Hitler into their country, Allies could have done something then |
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| Anti-fascist resistance French guerrilla fighters for the resistance, scrubby brush, ramped up in 1943 when Germans began to force the french to provide factory workers for German factories, active in south, maquisard controlled some areas of southern france |
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| Pro-fascists: Vichy France, collaborationist regime, north occupied by German troops, authoritarian government sympathetic with Nazi regime, abolished parliament and trade unions, leveling happened, passed anti-semitic legislation, cooperated with Nazis in rounding up French Jews.Italians dragged their heels a lot more |
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| Polish village occupied by Soviets, retaken by Germans, Polish villagers summer 1941 killed all of the town's Jewish inhabitants, 1600 people, neighbor's recounts violence and humiliation of the affair, neighbors came to kill each other. What? Other towns Radzwil, talking about Hitler's intentions doesn't explain why the Holocaust happened, why did ordinary people participate? |
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April 1943, Nazis enter the Warsaw Ghetto to round up Jews to ship them to concentration camps and they encounter armed resistance, people who were trying to mount a resistance had 10 rifles, mounted an armed uprising
- SS men was sent in with orders to dynamite the ghetto block by block, 700 SS casualties, 50,000 Jews were killed
- The only mass uprising that Jews stage against the enemy against which they are unequipped, utter failure |
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| Intervention squads are going to go into villages, round up Jews and political opponents known as partisans, two strategies, this is one: just gonna kill people and shoot them,(1943, 2.2 million Jews) |
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April 1949
With Canada US Australia Western Europe
Significance: cemented blocks and divisions West Germany is being reintegrated, Don't mess with us or else
Consequences: American pressure for decolonization, American economic dominance replaces gold standard, at US won't permit economic turmoil, American dominated reconstruction |
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June 1947 – offered devastated European economies aid if they use the dollar in specific ways
No price control, balanced budgets, left-leaning politicians barred from holding political office
Throwing down the gauntlet
Checks, Ontarians, Polish wanted to do it
Have to get supplies from United States provides spur to reconstruction tells American prosperity antagonizes Soviets makes the world economy rotate around the US |
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Stalin thought it would affect East Berlin's economy, blockaded, leaving West Berlin without supplies
Berlin airlift summer 1948 to 1949: 300+ days, hundreds of playing today, Soviets gave up the blockade was
Line in the sand, Americans weren't going to allow it to be anything other than a capitalist economy
Crystallized division of Germany into two countries |
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July 1945 – Stalin, Truman and attlee
Truman informed in first atomic bomb explosion, didn't need Soviets help anymore
Germany should be de-Nazified, agree
Should get confiscated property, people being occupied self-determination - disagree |
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1945 – US France Britain, Soviets were in Berlin, territorial dispensation of Europe
Big three, genuine affection between Churchill Stalin FDR
Three years later it had altered dramatically
Germany had to surrender unconditionally and going to be occupied
Germany should pay reparations not extreme $20 billion
Poland Czechoslovakia and hungary what to do?
Conflicts could still be overcome, US was fearful of alienating the Soviet Union |
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1956 delivers secret speech denounces Stalinism (purges, gulags, deportation) get back to Marxist-Leninism, consolidated power didn’t try to kill opposers initiated thaw through Society Union and satellite states
supported publication of book, root out evil
how far to allow satellite states to express autonomy |
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| August 1961, known as anti-fascist protection Rampart Eastern people are flooding the west and crossing the border what could we do? All the people were leaving |
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each family had its own bedroom but everything else was shared, no bourgeois luxuries is much more common post World War II
Lennon = excellent way to break down bourgeois family values
Aim to create a new sort of people, comrades eschewing luxuries, have a mutual responsibility, participate in eradication of personal privacy, surveillance and social control
Newspaper = toilet paper, Hoarding TP, mixture of repression and everyday conviction, belief in the system |
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State police, more ubiquitous than the Gestapo, had a longer time founded 1950, informants in every plant
Stasi -> 1 in every 13 citizens, proves repression but also significant collaboration because they were believers in the East German regime, complex situation |
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| (1898-1976): crop yields research, Agronomist state– And post-famine, idea-> acquired characteristics could be inherited(goes against Western science) like Sinco = Director of genetics, ideological conformity, cripple Soviet genetics for two generations |
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origins of neoliberalism: return to 19th-century economic policies–small states, limited government intervention, strict monetary control to limit inflation, reduction of the welfare state
–gain strength and 1960s Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher and Helmut Kohl
–two paradoxical developments that caused it
Student movement against status quo and consensus from post 1945
Economic crisis and early 1970s and radiates out |
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gained power, socialism with human face, wanted communism to reform itself -> more debate, less censorship, more artistic freedom
–people like this idea, take the ideas seriously |
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| liberalism, speaking their minds August 1968 Soviet troops and tanks, would not countenance dissent, checks received them with passive resistance, purge of journalists |
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stagnation high unemployment and higher inflation at the same time acutely in Western Europe, high energy costs drove up prices
Nobody knew what to do
Neoliberal economic policy = tighten monetary supply, cut government spending trying to create a smaller state |
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nineteen eighty in Poland, Lech Walesa, illegal union, Demand worker control over factories (workers and intellectuals)
First autonomous union in the Eastern Bloc |
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law student, influenced by Krushchev’s anti-Stalin speech, set of reforms in the Soviet system wanted to make a better Soviet system
Glasnost = openness perestroika = economic reconstruction and restructuring |
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| key to a peaceful Europe, 2002, European Union, common currency in seventeen member states of it and of EU institutions, political ties through European parliament as well as long-standing common economic, legal, and business mechanisms |
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| Indian resistance to outside dominance, founded in 1885 by Indian elite, discriminated against but educated, accepted British liberalism in economic and social policy, welcoming opportunities for trade, education and social advancement...Congress developed into a mass movement |
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| A system (developed by both sides during the cold war) comprising government-sponsored social programs to provide health care, family allowances, disability insurance, and pensions for veterans and retired workers |
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| Trying to stop anti-British Hindu leader B.G. Tilak, Britain supported a rival nationalist group, the Muslim League to divide Muslims from Hindus...Britain eventually conceded to Indians' representation in ruling councils and their right to vote |
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| leader for Indian independence, trained in England as a Western-style lawyer, he advocated Hindu self-denial and rejected love of material wealth. Advocated civil disobedience, jailed repeatedly and Britain tried to split independence movement but commitment to independence grew |
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Nostalgia for aspects of life in East Germany. for aspects of regular daily life and culture in the former GDR, which disappeared after reunification.[1]
Inspired by the absence of unemployment and poverty in the GDR. Possible longingfor the social system and the sense of community of the GDR. |
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| a series of wars fought in Yugoslavia in the 1990s between the republics that sought sovereignty on one side and the government in Belgrade on the other side that wanted to either prevent their independence or keep large parts of that territory under its control. The wars were complex: characterized by bitter ethnic conflicts among the peoples of the former Yugoslavia. The wars ended in various stages and mostly resulted in full international recognition of new sovereign territories, but with massive economic disruption to the successor states. |
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Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula for a united India, leading all parties to agree to separate independence for a predominately Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state, to be called Pakistan.
As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from the new nation of India to Pakistan after the partition, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. |
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The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire[1] which led to the creation, on August 14, 1947 and August 15, 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan and People's Republic of Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later Republic of India).
It resulted in large scale communal violence on both sides, with an estimated death toll of between 500,000 to a million people, and 10 million people displaced. |
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| is the socio-political organization of a society by major interest groups, or corporate groups, such as agricultural, business, ethnic, labour, military, patronage, or scientific affiliations, on the basis of common interests. |
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