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Prejudice against foreign-born peoples
Part of a rising fear of immigrants and communists in America after World War I |
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Non-involvement in international affairs
Part of a rising fear of internationalism and communism in America after World War I |
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Response to the red scare
Hunt down those who opposed the government
Many civil rights were violated in the process |
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Italian immigrants and anarchists who were convicted in a prejudiced and unfair trial of committing robbery and murder
Sentenced to death and ultimately executed after many appeals |
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Rises in popularity after World War I
Follows the slogan “100% Americanism”
Anti-communist and anti–minorities
By 1924, there were 4.5 million members |
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| Emergency Quota Act of 1921 |
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Definition
Attempted to halt the drastic influx in immigration by setting a maximum number of people that could come from each country
The quota was generally 2% of the population of people from that country already living in the United States
No Japanese were allowed whatsoever, angering the Japanese government
The act didn’t apply to nations of the Western Hemisphere, Canada, or Mexico |
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From 1919-1921, immigration increased by 600%
In response, Congress instituted immigration quotas |
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Bostonian police offers hadn’t been given a raise since the beginning of World War I, so they decide to strike
Governor Coolidge calls in the National Guard
Strike ends, and the majority of the policemen are fired, with new officers replacing them
Coolidge is praised for saving Boston from anarchy |
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Steel mill workers across the nation wanted shorter working hours and improved wages
US Steel refused to meet with the workers and negotiate, so 300,000 workers decided to strike
US Steel hires scabs to qualm the strike, but also uses force at times, such as encouraging federal troops and police to beat the striking workers
Linked strikers to communists
By 1923, steel workers are given a shorter workday, but are not allowed to unionize |
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• More successful than steel mill workers at unionizing
In 1919, the United Mine Workers union promotes a new leader named John Lewis, who calls for a strike
Attorney General Palmer orders the workers to return to work, but the strike goes on for another month
President Wilson orders arbitration
Coal miners receive a 27% wage increase |
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Elected on a campaign promise that we “return to normalcy”
Wanted to avoid international politics
Was highly troubled by the multiple scandals that affected his tenure |
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| Washington Naval Conference of 1921 |
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Secretary of State Charles Hughes convinces the five major naval powers (US, Britain, France, Italy, Japan) to scrap many of their ships
Many celebrate |
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| Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 |
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Definition
Fifteen countries renounce war
Ineffective due to a lack of enforcement |
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| Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 |
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Raises taxes on foreign imports by 60%
Supposed to protect American businesses, but angers France and Germany |
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Post-war hyperinflation in order to repay debts
Their money loses all value, so they still fail at repaying
French troops advance on Germany |
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Grants Germany substantial American loans
Germans guarantee eventual repayment |
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Industry flourishes under Coolidge
Believed that American society resolved around business
Wanted to keep taxes down, profits up, and to provide credit for expansion |
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Has some qualified people in his cabinet, but also has poker-playing cronies from his home serving as well
These friends used their power for graft
Charles Forbes of the Veterans Bureau was caught selling hospital supplies to private organizations
Tom Miller was caught taking a bribe |
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Government set aside oil land at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, as well as in California, specifically for the Navy
Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall, a close friend of oil executives, gets the land transferred from Navy control to property of the Department of the Interior
Fall then secretly leases the land to two private companies
Suddenly, he becomes $400,000 richer
Becomes the first cabinet member to be accused (and convicted) of a felony (bribery) |
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| A shift in black culture and music |
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| Invention of the Automobile |
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Definition
Roads are paved, such as Route 66 from Chicago to LA
Liberates isolated farmers, who could now go to cities for entertainment or in order to purchase supplies
Allows people to work farther from their homes, creating what is known as urban sprawl
Affluence and identity were associated with owning car
By the late 1920s, 80% of Americans owned a car |
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| Cities begin to spread out in all different directions |
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Everyday use of electricity transforms the nation
Alternating electrical current allows for electricity to travel farther distances in a more stable fashion
By the end of the 1920s, people had refrigerators, cooking appliances, and other electrical appliances to make life easier |
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Caused by the growth of consumer goods
No longer purely about informing consumers, but also now about influencing them
Use of psychology increases
Growth of ‘brand name’ items
Businessmen are now seen as the builders/doers of great things |
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Factory workers see a 50% increase in their wages by end of 1920s
National income increases by more than $23 billion in eight years
Chain stores such as Sears begin to expand
Income gap between managers and workers rises
Overproduction leads to lower prices, especially agriculturally |
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Method of luring consumers into consuming more goods
“A dollar down and a dollar forever”
Consumers would buy goods over extended periods of time in what was known as an installment plan
Some economists become concerned that consumers are being provided a false sense of security |
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Small towns were seen as conservative, outdated areas
Cities represented change, progress, and opportunity to many
More competition and intelligence in the cities
Fast-paced, constant entertainment
Difficult to navigate, especially for immigrants
Unlike in the cities, they knew everyone in their small town |
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Alcohol banned by the 18th Amendment in 1920
Manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol prohibited
Supported by rural areas, especially in the south and in the west, who viewed alcohol as a cause of corruption and crime
Highly difficult and expensive to enforce |
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Bars that resisted prohibition and admitted customers who knew the secret password
Customers had to speak softly (“easy”) in order to avoid being overheard by the police and arrested |
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| People who sold homemade alcohol hidden in boots (or elsewhere) |
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A bootlegger who made $60 million a year
Ran a network of 10,000 speakeasies
Destroyed his competition and became a ‘celebrity’
Arrested on tax evasion
By the mid 1920s, only 19% of the country supported prohibition, and, in 1933, it was repealed |
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Literal interpretation of religious texts
Sparks a rise in creationism, a rejection of the theory of evolution
Laws are passed in order to outlaw the teaching of evolution |
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Tennessee passes a law prohibiting the teaching of evolution
ACLU fights the law
John Scopes, a biology teacher, is arrested for doing it anyway
Lawyer Clarence Darrow defends Scopes against William Jennings Bryan
Gets Bryan to admit to not being a complete fundamentalist who interprets the Bible literally
Scopes is arrested and fined but his punishments are eventually overturned |
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Forced out of their jobs as men returned home from WWI
Forced into ‘women’s professions’ such as nursing, teaching
By 1930, ten million women were earning wages; few were managers, however, and almost none of them were making as much as men
Birthrate begins to decline after activists such as Margaret Sanger promote birth control
Advances in technology facilitated household chores and lessened responsibilities, creating more free time
Greater equality in marriage
Teenagers began to spend more time with their peers as opposed to their families, leading to the growth of the common rebellion of the youth |
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A phrase used to describe the new ideals of women
Independent, fashionable, assertive, etc.
Drink, smoke, and discuss sex in public
Still, a double standard existed in the 1920s wherein men had greater sexual freedom than women |
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More education leads to higher literacy and thus more media
In 1922, Time and Reader’s Digest begin the first mass–production and –circulation of news magazines
The radio was the most powerful communication device in the 1920s
Thus began an instantaneous, nationally-shared news experience through the idea of the ‘airwaves’
Sports such as baseball and swimming are popularized by Babe Ruth and Gertrude Ederle, respectively
New realism was added to plays, scripts and paintings, as popularized by Georgia O’Keeffe
George Gershwin combined concert music with jazz, creating a new, ‘American’ sound |
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Charles Lindbergh succeeds in performing the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927
Leaves New York City and arrives in Paris 33.5 hours later
Parades, visits the White House upon returning to the United States
Represented the honesty and innocence that seemed to be lost in the United States at the time |
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Sinclair Lewis becomes the first American to win the Nobel Prize in literature
F. Scott Fitzgerald reveals the negative sides of the “jazz age” (1920s)
Edna St. Vincent Millay celebrated independence and freedom lost in earlier years
Ernest Hemingway and other disillusioned expatriate writers formed the “Lost Generation” and wrote stories criticizing an American society that had been “stripped of humanity” |
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