Term
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Definition
-14 European nations met at this conference
-tried to lay down rules for the division of Africa
-they agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by
notifying other nations of their claims and showing they could control
the area
-the European nations divided the rest of the continent with little
thought to how African ethnic of linguistic groups were distributed
-no African ruler attended these meetings, yet the conference sealed
Africa’s fate
-by 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from European
control |
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Term
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Definition
-the Dutch first came to the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to establish a
way station for their ships sailing between the Dutch East Indies and
home
-Boers are Dutch farmers
-took over native Africans’ land and established large farms
-when the British took over the Cape Colony in the 1800s, the 2 groups
of settlers clashed over British policy regarding land and slaves
-several thousand Boers began to move north
-this movement has become known as the Great Trek |
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Term
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Definition
-a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the
British fought for control of territory in South Africa
-was the first modern “total” war
-the Boers launched commando raids and used guerrilla tactics against
the British
-the British countered by burning Boer farms and imprisoning women
and children in disease-ridden concentration camps
-Britain won the war
-in 1902, the Boer republics were joined into a self-governing Union of
South Africa, controlled by the British
-the Europeans made efforts to change the political, social, and
economic lives of the peoples they conquered |
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Term
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Definition
-the belief that one race is superior to others
-the Europeans believed in this |
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Term
| Inadequate food supplies in Africa |
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Definition
-businesses eventually developed cash-crop plantations to grow peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber
-these products displaced the food crops grown by farmers to feed their
families |
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Term
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Definition
-the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation—that is, to
the people with whom they share a culture and history—rather than to
a king or emperor |
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Term
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Definition
-the takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the
intent of dominating the political, economical, and social life of the
people of that nation |
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Term
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Definition
-a Zulu chief who used highly disciplined warriors and good
military organization to create a large centralized state
-his successors were unable to keep the kingdom intact against the
superior arms of the British invaders
-the Zulu land became a part of British-controlled land in 1887 |
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Term
Forms of Imperialism:
~Colony
~Protectorate
~Sphere of Influence
~Economic Imperialism |
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Definition
~Colony-a country of a region governed internally by a foreign power
~Protectorate-a country of territory within its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
~Sphere of Influence-an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment of trading privileges
~Economic Imperialism-independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments |
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Term
| Direct and Indirect Control |
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Definition
-Direct Control
-foreign officials are brought in to rule
-the goal is assimilation
-government institutions are based only on European styles
-Indirect Control
-local government officials are used
-limited self-rule
-the goal is to develop future leaders
-government institutions are based on European styles but may have
local rules |
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Term
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Definition
-a policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing
for their needs but not giving them rights
-Europeans governed people in a fatherly way
-they brought in their own bureaucrats |
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Term
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Definition
| -was the only African nation to successfully resist the Europeans |
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Term
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Definition
-made the successful
-successfully played the Italians, the French, and the British against
each other, all of whom are striving to bring Ethiopia into their spheres
of influence
-built up a large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and
Russia
-declared war
-Ethiopia beat the Italians |
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Term
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Definition
-the Ottomans sent him to Egypt but he soon broke away from Ottoman
control
-fought a series of battles in which he gained control of Syria and
Arabia
-began a series of reforms in the military and in the economy
-brought Egypt into the international marketplace
-peasants were forced to grow cash crops in place of food crops |
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Term
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Definition
-an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products
-played an important role in the fate of the Ottoman Empire |
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Term
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Definition
-between the Russians and the Ottomans
-the war was called so after a peninsula in the Black Sea where
most of the war was fought
-Britain and France wanted to prevent the Russians from gaining
control of additional Ottoman lands
-they entered the war of the side of the Ottoman Empire
-the combined forces of the Ottomans, Britain, and France
defeated Russia
-was the first war in which women, led by Florence Nightingale,
established their position as army nurses
-was also the first war to be covered by newspaper correspondents
-revealed the Ottoman Empire’s military weakness
-the Ottoman Empire continued to lose lands |
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Term
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Definition
-Britain and France wanted to prevent the Russians from gaining
control of additional Ottoman lands
-they entered the war of the side of the Ottoman Empire
-the combined forces of the Ottomans, Britain, and France
defeated Russia
-was the first war in which women, led by Florence Nightingale,
established their position as army nurses
-was also the first war to be covered by newspaper correspondents |
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Term
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Definition
-Isma’il supported the construction
-was a manmade waterway that cut through the Isthmus of Suez
-connected the Rd Sea to the Mediterranean
-was built mainly with French money and Egyptian labor
-was opened in 1869 with a huge international celebration |
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Term
| Persia and sphere of influence |
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Definition
-Russia and Britain competed to exploit Persia commercially and
to bring that country under their own spheres of influence
-Russia was interested in gaining access to the Persian Gulf and the
Indian Ocean
-twice Persia gave up territories to Russia after military defeats in
1813 and 1828
-Britain was interested in using Afghanistan as a buffer between
India and Russia
-in 1857, Persia resisted British demands but was forced to give up
all claims to Afghanistan
-Britain’s interest increased greatly after the discovery of oil in
1908
-Persia lacked the capital to develop its own resources to raise
money and to gain economic prestige, the Persian ruler began
granting concessions to Western businesses
-they bought the right to operate in a certain area or develop a
certain product
-tension arose between the often corrupt rulers and the people
-the people were ofter backed by religious leaders
-Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani helped set up a tobacco boycott by
the heavy-smoking Persians
-the tobacco boycott worked
-the government was unable to control the situation
-in 1906, a group of revolutionaries forced the ruler to establish a
constitution
-in 1907, Russia and Britain took over the country and divided it
into spheres of influence |
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Term
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Definition
-Indian soldiers serving under British command
-was referred to as “a delicate and dangerous machine, which a
little mismanagement may easily turn against us” |
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Term
“jewel in the crown”
What? Why? |
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Definition
| -the British considered India the brightest one of these-the most valuable of all of Britain’s colonies |
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Term
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Definition
-an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in
India
-in 1857, gossip spread among the sepoys, the Indian soldiers, that the
cartridges of their new Enfield rifles were sealed with beef and pork fat
-to use the cartridges, soldiers had to bite off the seal
-both Hindus, who consider the cow sacred, and Muslims, who do not
eat pork, were outraged by the news
-85 of the 90 sepoys refused to accept the cartridges
-the British handled the crisis badly
-the soldiers who had disobeyed were jailed
-on May 10, 1857, the sepoys rebelled
-they marched to Delhi, where they were joined by Indian soldiers
stationed there
-they captured the city of Delhi
-from Delhi, the rebellion spread to northern and central India |
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Term
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Definition
-the part of India that was under direct British rule was called this
-this term referred to British rule over India from 1757 to 1947
-India was divided into 11 provinces and some 250 districts |
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Term
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Definition
-a modern-thinking, well-educated India
-began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices and
ideas
-sometimes called the “father of Modern India”
-called for an end to widow suicide, which he believed was a
murderous act
-he saw child marriages and the rigid caste separation as parts of
religious life that needed to be changed to bring India into a more
modern frame of mind
-believed that if the practices were not changed, India would continue
to by controlled by foreigners
-his writings inspired other Indian reformers to call for adoption of
Western ways
-he also founded a social reform movement that worked for change in
India |
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Term
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Definition
-Europeans competed to carve up the lands of Southeast Asia
-The Pacific Rim were the countries that border the Pacific Ocean
-western nations desired the Pacific Rim lands for their strategic
location along the sea route to China
-westerners also recognized the value of the Pacific colonies as sources
of tropical agriculture, minerals, and oil |
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Term
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Definition
-the British sought a trading base that would serve as a stop for its ships
that traveled the India-China sea routes
-they found the ideal location--a large, sheltered harbor—on Singapore,
an island just off the tip of the Malay Peninsula
-the opening of the Suez Canal and the increased demand for tin and
rubber combined to make Singapore one of the world’s busiest ports |
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Term
| Euro Countries & Pacific Rim colonies |
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Definition
the Dutch East India Company actively sought lands in Southeast Asia-it seized Melaka from the Portuguese and fought the British and
Javanese for control of Java
-the discovery of oil and tin on the islands and the desire for more
rubber plantations prompted the Dutch to gradually expand their
control over Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali
-the company ruled the whole island chain of Indonesia, then called the
Dutch East Indies
-in contrast to the British, the Dutch thought of Indonesia as their home
-they created a rigid social class system
-the Dutch were on top, wealthy and educated Indonesians came next,
and plantation workers resided at the bottom
-the British sought a trading base that would serve as a stop for its ships
that traveled the India-China sea routes
-they found the ideal location--a large, sheltered harbor—on Singapore,
an island just off the tip of the Malay Peninsula
-they had been active in Southeast Asia since the turn of the century
-they helped the Nguyen dynasty rise to power in Vietnam
-in the 1840s, during the rule of an anti-Christian Vietnamese emperor,
seven French missionaries were killed
-church leaders and capitalists demanded military intervention
-emperor Napoleon III ordered the French army to invade southern
Vietnam
-later, the French added Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam to the
territory
-the combined states would eventually be called the French Indochina
-the French colonists tried to impose their culture on the Indochinese
-using direct colonial management, the French themselves filled all
important positions in the government bureaucracy
-they did not encourage local industry
-rice became a major export crop
-four times as much land was devoted to rice production
-the peasants’ comsumption of rice decreased because rice was shipped
out of the region |
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Term
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Definition
-a leader of the Filipino nationalists
-claimed that the U.S. had promised immediate independence after the
Spanish-American War ended
-the nationalists declared independence and the establishment of the
Philippine Republic |
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Term
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Definition
-the McKinley Act eliminated the tariffs on all sugar entering the US
-sugar from Hawaii was no longer cheaper than sugar produced
elsewhere
-cut into the sugar producers’ profits
-Some US business leaders pushed for the annexation of Hawaii, or the
adding of the territory to the United States
-this meant that Hawaiian sugar could be sold for greater profits
because American producers got an extra two cents a pound from the
US government |
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Term
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Definition
-Queen Liliuokalani was the new Hawaiian ruler of the time
-in 1893, she called for a new constitution that would increase her
power
-it would also restore the political power of Hawaiians at the expense of
wealthy planters
-a group of American businessmen hatched a plot to overthrow the
Hawaiian monarchy
-in 1893, Queen Liliuokalani was removed from power
-Sanford B. Dole, a wealthy plantation owner, was named president of
the new Republic of Hawaii |
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Term
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Definition
-Siam modernized itself under the guidance of King Mongkut and his
son Chulalongkorn
-they started schools, reformed the legal system, reorganized the
government, built its own railroads and telegraph systems and ended
slavery |
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Term
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Definition
-later, the French added Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam to the
territory
-the combined states would eventually be called the French Indochina
-the French colonists tried to impose their culture on the Indochinese
-using direct colonial management, the French themselves filled all
important positions in the government bureaucracy
-they did not encourage local industry
-rice became a major export crop
-four times as much land was devoted to rice production
-the peasants’ comsumption of rice decreased because rice was shipped
out of the region
-anger over the reduction set the stage for Vietnamese resistance
against the French |
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Term
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Definition
-the Philippines had self-rule
-the U.S. acquired the Philippine Islands as a result of the Spanish-
American War in 1898
-gaining the Philippines touched off a debate in the U.S. over
Imperialism
-Pres. McKinley
-he told a group of Methodist ministers that he had concluded “that
there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all (the Philippine
Islands), and to educate Filipinos and uplift and Christianize them |
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Term
| What happened to the Ottomans in 1914? |
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Definition
-by the beginning of World War 1, the Otooman Empire was reduced to a small portion of its former size
-see map on pg. 317
-was the fall of the Ottoman Empire |
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Term
| U.S. Pacific Rim Colonies |
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Definition
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Term
| Why the Western countries were interested in the Pacific Rim colonies? |
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Definition
-Geopolitics-an interest in or taking of land for its stategic location or products-played an important role in the fate of the Ottoman Empire
-World powers were attracted to its stategic location
-the Ottomans controlled access to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic sea trade |
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