-early 1800s

-had an affair with his slave

-from Virginia

-condemned “race-mixing”

-anti-federalist (states should have more power in order to avoid tyranny)

-supported colonization of Africa

-reduced size of supreme court and fired all but one judge (b/c afraid the Feds had too much power)

-Louisiana Purchase (believed in an “empire of liberty”/expansion)

-American liberty depends on the prosperity of agriculture

-1803

-Chief Justice: John Marshall

-supreme court ruled that Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority by writing the Judiciary Act of 1789

-important step in establishing judicial review (check constitutionality of acts of Congress and executive)

-early 1800s

-served as chief justice for 34 years

-only member of supreme court to remain after the Judiciary Act of 1801

-Marbury vs. Madison

-extreme Federalist

-1803

-Jefferson

-Louisiana territory belonged to France (under Napoleon, who was a strong military power and a threat to Jefferson)

-Jefferson was afraid the US could be stuck btwn Britain and France

-worried about New Orleans (only outlet for farmers along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers)

-Jefferson wanted to bargain for part of Louisiana, but Napoleon sold him the whole thing b/c he wanted to focus on war in Europe

-early 1800s

-Jefferson sent them to trace the Missouri River to its source and go all the way to the Pacific

-Jefferson told them to focus on collecting scientific knowledge

-led to better maps and increasing interest in the West

-prez beginning 1808

-Republican (aka not Federalist)

-American liberty depends on the prosperity of agriculture (and therefore trade)

-tried to restrict trade with British and French to get them to submit to the US, but it didn’t work

-called for a new national bank

-early 1800s

-when Harrison (governor of the Indiana territory) took Indian lands in the Treaty of Fort Wayne

-Tecumseh tried to build up a coalition of several tribes to stop white expansion onto Indian lands

-became recognized as a leader among the western tribes

-decided that an alliance with the British was the only way to stop American expansion

-Madison was convinced that Britain was out to destroy American trade and eliminate the US as a trading rival

-British allied with the Indians

-fought in Canada           

-Britain tried to split the northern states from the south

-negotiated peace: Treaty of Ghent (restored everything back to how it was before the war)

-eliminated Federalists as a political party

-Republicans began to embrace some Federalist ideas

-1814

-Federalist

-proposed a series of constitutional amendments:

                -abolish the 3/5 clause

                -require a 2/3 vote in Congress to declare war and admit new states to the union

                -limit prez to a single term

                -prohibit the election of 2 consecutive presidents from the same state

                -bar embargoes lasting more than 60 days

-no popular support

-early 1800s

-prez after the war of 1812

-not brilliant, polished, or wealthy like Jefferson and Madison

-wanted to heal America’s political divisions

-his presidency = “era of good feelings”

-Monroe doctrine

-1823

-Monroe’s message to Congress

1. US will avoid European wars unless American interests are involved

2. America not subject to European colonization

3. any attempt at colonization will be viewed as an “unfriendly act”

-1830-1850

-under Andrew Jackson (an Indian fighter)

-removed remaining tribes in the east and relocate them in the west

-1830: Indian Removal Act

-used forced treaties and US Army action to move 100,000 Indians living on the Miss river to what is now Oklahoma

-US never paid the Indians the 5 million they promised

-late 1700s

-Feds were reluctant to encourage western settlement, but eager to sell land in order to raise revenue for the gov’t

-made minimum purchase at 640 acres for $2 an acre

-few small farmers could buy this

(-the Republicans later dropped the minimum purchase and price)

-banking crisis that caused financial panic

-due to state banks’ loose practices

-less foreign demand for US crops

-to pay debts, state banks demanded that farmers and land speculators repay their loans in specie

-land values collapsed b/c they couldn’t pay their loans

-as a result, people were bitter towards banks (Bank of the United States was blamed)

-after 1820 attention shifted to the development of waterways

-1807: first steamboat

-steamboats had a vital role along the Miss and Ohio rivers

-steamboats became more luxurious also

-Erie Canal

-canals could connect the Miss-Ohio river system with the Great Lakes

-shipping costs via canal were much lower than via road

-beginning 1825

-competed with canals and then overtook them

                -faster, cheaper to build, and able to reach more places

-1850: linked east coast to Lake Erie

-beginning in the early 1800s

-transportation revolution accelerated the growth of cities

-particularly fast in the west (where all major cities were river ports)

Beginning early 1800s

+first cotton mill

-little in the south, lots in New England (made more uneven)

+former luxury goods became cheaper

-undermined skilled artisans

-factories over farms (so people couldn’t work at their own pace, control their own hours, etc)

+cotton gin

-early 1800s

-men moved westward, so women were left to do cheap industrial labor

-bad conditions, low wages

-women went on strike to protest

-early 1800s

-created trade unions to protect their business

-joined forces with unskilled workers

-joined in the first general strike in the US

-emergence of organizes worker protests

-first half of 1800s

-splendid residences and social clubs set the rich apart

-pretty much impossible to go from “rags to riches”

-poorest white immigrants were from Ireland

-slavery pretty much gone by 1820

-discriminatory laws remained

-voting rights restricted

-segregated public transportation, schools, hospitals

-forced into unskilled, low-paying jobs

-established their own churches

-prez 1824-28

-popular in New England when he was elected

-his presidency was controversial b/c he did not win the popular vote

-angered southerners by proposing to send delegates to a conference of newly independent Latin American nations (would imply recognition of Haiti, where a slave revolt took over)

-alienated his supporters by appointing his opponents to high office

-mudslinging campaign

-National Republicans (nominated Adams) attacked Jackson as a murderer, drunken gambler, and adulterer

-Democrats (nominated Jackson) said Jackson better represented the common man, and Adams was an aristocrat (a man who could write but not fight)

-prez 1828, won again 1832

-Democrat (vs. National Republican)

-national hero b/c won the Battle of New Orleans over the British

-southerners liked him b/c he was a slaveholder

-advocate of Indian removal

-removed officeholders of the rival party

-against federal support for internal improvements (like most southerners)

-Indian Removal Act enhanced his popularity in the south

(of tariffs)

-1820s-30s

-VP Calhoun wanted to nullify the 1828 “Tariff of Abominations” (high protective tariff favorable to western agriculture and New England manufacturing—raised price of manufactured goods) and prez Jackson didn’t

-Compromise Tariff of 1833 (created by Henry Clay, who was dubbed “The Great Compromiser”): gradual but significant lowering of tariff duties

-VP 1828 (of Jackson), but wanted really badly to be prez

-Democrat

-state’s rights sectionalist

-tension with Jackson over nullification (Calhoun was pro-nullification, which would help out the south)

-1820s and 30s

-the growing cotton economy made slavery more attractive to southerners (slave pop soared)

-many white abolitionists were still racists—wanted only legal equality (not racial or social equality), preferred light-skinned blacks, and hesitated to admit African-Americans to antislavery societies

-mobs often attacked abolitionists

-women often became very involved

-1820s and 30s

-abolitionists

-spoke to audiences of men and women

                -controversial, b/c women weren’t supposed to address male audiences

                                -this criticism caused the sisters to turn to the issue of women’s rights

-1830s

-couldn’t vote, own property (if married), or keep their own wages (if married)

-activists: Grimke Sisters, Lucretia Mott

-argued that the difference btwn race and gender were unimportant

-rode on the coattails of the abolitionist movement

-Seneca Falls Convention

-had less immediate impact than other reforms (not as much commotion as antislavery)

-1848

-written at the Seneca Falls Convention

-modeled after the Declaration of Independence: “all men and all women are created equal

-mid 1800s

-most white southerners were non-slaveholders, but were not anti-slavery

-most southerners just accepted racial assumptions

-so, not much conflict btwn slaveholders and nonslaveholders

-no one knew where freed slaves would go or what they would do

-believed that without colonization, emancipation would lead to a race war

-1830-1860

-southerners argued that slavery was a positive good rather than a necessary evil

-southerners burned abolitionist literature from the mail

-most southern churches were now proslavery (justification for being proslavery)

-argued that it is an ancient and classical institution

-open discussions of slavery were suppressed in the south

-mid 1800s

-violence was part of everyday life

-poor southern whites gouged out each other’s eyes

-murder rate of 10x higher than the north

-mid 1800s

-no longer made an effort to reach out to women, blacks, and the poor

-women now expected to remain silent in church

-urban blacks increasingly formed their own churches

-changed in the mid 1800s

-now slaves were just as likely female as male, born in America, spoke English, and worked with many other slaves on a plantation

-men and women worked together in the fields

-mid 1800s

-masters encourage slave marriages (b/c new slaves were born and kept them from running away)

-conditions on small farms and new plantations discouraged the formation of families

-the law did not recognize or protect the slave family

-more likely to get married b/c masters had bigger groups of slaves

-slave children of white masters sometimes became targets for the wrath of white mistresses

-mid 1800s

-Nat Turner’s revolt was the only one that caused white deaths

-most slave rebellions were conspiracies that never materialized

-this was because…

                -slaves were never a large majority

                -plantation owners had armed force and were willing to use it

                -families made them reluctant to risk death

                -runaways had no allies

-b/c they couldn’t rebel, many tried to flee to the north

                -but abolitionists didn’t help them much

-Virginia 1831

-led a group of slaves in a revolt

-many blacks and whites were killed

-used biblical passages against slavery

-as a result, southerners feared slaves and tightened their hold on their slaves

-beginning in the colonial period

-simplified form of English that African-born slaves in the colonial period used to communicate

-mid 1800s

-remnants of African American religion remained b/c before the 1790s whites made few attempts to convert slaves to Christianity

-converted slaves played significant roles in rebellions, so people began to think that a Christian slave was a rebellious slave

-protestant missionaries intensified their efforts among slaves

-urban blacks often had their own churches

-rural blacks attended the same churches as whites (but sat it segregated sections

-in 1860 there was no German nation

-German immigrants were of all classes and occupations (but most were farmers)

-common language bound them together—lived in the same neighborhoods and never really went outside their neighborhoods

-1845-50 (third wave)

-due to potato famine

-very poor and Catholic

-Irish men dug streets/canals/railroads and women worked as maids and textile workers

-a few struggled up the social ladder

-competed with equally poor free blacks (so there was Irish hostility towards blacks and abolitionists)

-mid 1800s

-hostility towards Irish immigrants often took the form of anti-Catholicism among Protestants

                -formed anti-immigration societies

-mid 1800s

-beginning of strikes in the US, esp among immigrants and labor unions

-mid 1800s

-many immigrants became politically active

-discovered that urban political organizations could help them find housing and jobs in return for votes

-the Irish and Germans identified with the Democratic party (which seemed more sympathetic to the common people than the Whigs)

-1830s

-Mexico invaded Texas under Santa Anna

-Austin wanted independence

-200 rebels retreated into the Alamo (an abandoned mission)

-Texas declared its independence and the people at the Alamo were killed by Mexican troops

-Mexican troops also massacred Goliad

-Houston (a military leader) was chosen as Texas’s first prez

                -Battle of San Jacinto: his army surprised the Mexican forces and killed half of them, shouting    “Remember the Alamo”

-1840s

-before 1840, people weren’t too interested, but then Americans streamed into the Sacramento Valley

-Oregon was appealing b/c of its abundant farmland

-treaty w/ Britain divided OR at the 49th parallel

-1840s

-4 month trip across unknown land depicted as an Indian killing ground

-to CA and OR

-CA’s Hispanic population

-felt little allegiance to Mexico

-in the 1840s they had to face a growing number of American settlers

-Harrison (a Whig) won

-Whig majorities in Congress

-prez 1840

-Whig

-died after a month in office, his successor was Tyler

-in 1843 Tyler tried to annex Texas, but the treaty didn’t pass in the Senate

-issue of slavery—will Texas make free or slave states?

-1845: part of Texas annexed

-Clay (Whig) vs. Polk (Democrat)

-Polk convinced many northerners that the annexation of Texas would benefit them

-Clay was anti-annexation, so many northerners switched to another party

-many Catholic immigrants voted for Polk

-Polk won

-prez 1844

-convinced many northerners that the annexation of Texas would benefit them

-1840s

-John O’Sullivan came up with the phrase

-advocates used lofty language and invoked God and nature to justify expansion

-most who favored this were Democrats

-northern Whigs thought it was just a mask for trying to spread slavery

-would provide farmers with land and access to foreign markets

-expansionists relied on the technology of industrialization (like telegraph)

-risked war with other nations

-Polk was pro-expansion

-surrounded by Mex and Brit--afraid they would get the land

-1840s

-New York Democratic journalist

-came up with the phrase Manifest (obvious) Destiny: “our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us”

-1840s

-Mexico crossed the Rio Grande and attacked the US

-Polk used this border incident as a pretext to begin a war to gain more slave territory

-the Whigs couldn’t afford to oppose the war b/c they couldn’t appear unpatriotic

-Mexico was too weak to negotiate, so it decided to fight

-Mexico’s advantages: army 4x bigger than US’s, fighting on home ground

-US’s advantages: superior artillery, logistics, and organization

-Americans, racist against Mexicans, thought they were too weak to fight

-the Mexicans did fight pretty well, but lost

-NM and CA (gained by Fremont) fell easily into American hands

-US took control of Mexico City

-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: Mexico ceded Texas with the Rio Grande border, NM, and CA; US paid Mexico $15 million

-balance of free and slave states got messed up

-US's goal was to get the trading coast (not to "civilize" the Mexicans)

-Mexicans who stayed in CA were discriminated against + lost their rights to own land

-1840s

-David Wilmot wanted Texas to be the last slave state

-amendment: slavery is prohibited in any territory acquired by negotiations

-beginning 1848

-people from all over the world flooded to California

-clashes btwn whites, Hispanics, and Chinese

-town of Yerba Buena turned into SF

-free blacks  came and slaves were brought

-whites hated the idea of competing with these groups, so there was violence