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| Formal empires establish direct political and/or military control over those they rule. It’s in the form of colonialism, annexation, and military occupation. |
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| The open door policy stated that all European nations, and the United States, could trade with China. It is a statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade |
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The term originated in Britain.
It is an extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy.
refers to the advocation of the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what they perceive as their country's national interests.
bias in judging one's own country as superior to others – an extreme type of nationalism.
intensified by the sinking of the battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor that led to the Spanish-American War of 1898.
In the United State the word was linked to Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy. |
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| The U.S. Navy’s ship had been sent to Havana, Cuba to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain. On the evening of 15 February 1898, she suddenly exploded, and swiftly sank, killing nearly three quarters of her crew. Though then, as now, the cause and responsibility for her sinking were unclear; popular opinion in the U.S. blamed Spain, and the sinking (popularized in the phrase Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!) was one of the precipitating events of the Spanish–American War. |
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| (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Founder of Hull House in Chicago, She was a reformer during Progressive Era and helped turn the nation to issues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health and world peace. She emphasized that women have a special responsibility to clean up their communities and make them better places to live, arguing they needed the vote to be effective. |
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| pre-World War I reform and exposé literature. The muckrakers provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidly industrializing United States. |
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| the first African-American to earn a doctorate at Harvard. Head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1910, he was founder and editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis. He was in opposition of Booker T. Washington's alleged ideas of accommodation with Jim Crow separation between whites and blacks campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights. |
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| a term that referred to President Theodore Roosevelt's policy of prosecuting monopolies, or "trusts," that violated federal antitrust law. Roosevelt's "trust-busting" policy marked a major departure from previous administrations' policies, which had generally failed to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, and added momentum to the progressive reform movements of the early 1900s. |
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| is a form of occupied fighting lines, consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are largely immune to the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. In World War I, both sides constructed elaborate trench and dugout systems opposing each other along a front, protected from assault by barbed wire. The area between opposing trench lines (known as "no man's land") was fully exposed to artillery fire from both sides. |
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| Wilson’s Fourteen Points: |
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| The Fourteen Points was a speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address offered a series of specific proposals for postwar boundaries, creating new countries out of the collapsed Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empries. Wilson called for a league of nations to help him. It became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. However Wilson’s Fourteen Points and idea of democracy for all and peace without indemnities doesn’t happen and the Treaty of Versailles is used instead. |
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| prohibits any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the amendment and first introduced it in 1878; it was forty-one years later, in 1919, when the Congress submitted the amendment to the states for ratification. A year later, it was ratified by the requisite number of states, with Tennessee's ratification being the final vote needed to add the amendment to the Constitution. |
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| The movement to eliminate alcohol from the American life. Advocates (especially women) saw drinking as the source of many of the worst problems faced by the working class including, family violence, unemployment, and poverty. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union became the single largest women’s organization in American history. The moral fever that accompanied America’s entry into the war helped fuel the cause. So many breweries bared German names and the movement benefited from the strong anti-German feelings of the war years. In 1917, the Congress pushed through a constitutional amendment nationally banning alcoholic drinks. The Eighteenth Amendment was ratified by the states in January 1919 and became the law of the land one year later. Prohibition created a stimulus growth for organized crime. |
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| is an establishment that illegally sells alcoholic beverages. Such establishments came into prominence in the United States during Prohibition. Allowed by genders to casually hang out together without causing a stir. |
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| Is the widespread interest in famous individuals, the celebration of fame and the widespread attraction to becoming famous. It became a prominent social phenomenon in late 20th century Western popular culture. |
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| The Jazz Singer is a 1927 American musical film. Called a “talkie” and contributed to the decline of the silent film era. The movie stars Al Jolson, who performs six songs and sings in black face. |
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| 1924, the National Origins Act in effect limited immigration to white Europeans eligible for immigration by country of origin (nationality) while it divided the rest of the world into five colored races black, mulatto, Chinese and Indian, who were ineligible for immigration. |
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| The New Deal is a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They were passed by the U.S. Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as President of the United States, which lasted from 1933 to 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": relief, recovery, and reform. That is, relief for the unemployed and poor; recovery of the economy to normal levels; and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. The "First New Deal" (1933) dealt with groups; from banking and railroads to industry and farming, all of which demanded help for economic recovery. A "Second New Deal" in 1934-36 included the Wagner Act to promote labor unions, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) relief program, the Social Security Act, and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers. The creation of the United States Housing Authority and Farm Security Administration, both in 1937, then the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers and the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. |
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| Public Works Administration: |
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| was part of the New Deal, and headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes during President Roosevelt's time in office. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It concentrated on the construction of large-scale public works such as dams and bridges, with the goal of providing employment, stabilizing purchasing power, and contributing to a revival of American industry. It was planned to help fix the Great Depression |
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| The Social Security Act was drafted during Roosevelt's first term by the President's Committee on Economic Security, under Frances Perkins, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal. The act was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children. By signing this act on August 14, 1935, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly |
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