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| Daughter of Louis VII of France from first wife Elanor of aquitaine. She was regent for Champagne when Henry 1st was on Crusade. She was an writer/troubadour who is credited with spreading Romance to England. |
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| New type of poetry written in 1100s in latin. Called Goliardic Versus because Golias was the hero of the poems. They are satirical attacks on the feudal system & catholicism. Written by young college church grads. |
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| Was theologian who went to spain in 900s to study for 2yrs. He brought back arabic numerals to france/europe and the works of Aristotle. |
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| Started under the rule of Charlemagne which were schools in major cities which taught future clergy how to read/write. Eventually rich nobles who wanted their sons to receive an education enrolled even though they were not pursuing a career in the church. |
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| Was a student of Peter Abelard's. They developed a relationship together but her Uncle cut his nuts off when he found out they were together. She was very well know in Europe for her smarts. |
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Peter Abelard
(1079-1142) |
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| Was a theologian teacher who taught at the catherdral school of Notre-dame. He was brilliant/whitty/irrelevant. He got in trouble at his cathedral school and was kicked out. After he was kicked out he started the Univ. of Paris. This area was called the Latin corridor because he only taught in Latin. |
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| Was the latin word for guild. |
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| Was an education permitted to free people. Liberal meaning free. There was 7 types of liberal arts: grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy/astrology,and music. |
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| After studying liberal arts for 4-5 years one could go on to extend their study for another 2 years in which they would be called a master of the arts. |
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| As a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher, one of the greatest Torah scholars of the Middle Ages. he promoted and developed the philosophical tradition of Aristotle. He was from Spain. |
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| Scholasticism was not a philosophy or theology in itself, but rather a tool or method for learning that places emphasis on dialectical reasoning. The primary purpose of scholasticism was to find the answer to questions and resolve contradictions. You would state a argument for something, then against it and then determine which one was right. |
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Ontological Argument
1033-1109. |
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| To exist is more perfect than to not exist, therefor god exists. If you imagine the most perfect being, if they didnt exist than it was not perfect. Anselm of Bec who was the arch duke of Canterbury created this argument. |
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| Was a Italian theologian who re-wrote the works of Aristotle to coincide with the theologian teaching of the catholic church. His conclusions on theology were called Thomism. This set the stage for the scientific revolution. |
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| Oldest university in the world. Revieved a charter from HRE Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158. The university is historicallynotable for its teaching of canon and civil law. |
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| was a FrenchRomanesque sculptor, whose decoration (about 1120-1135) of the Cathedral of Saint Lazare at Autun, France - consisting of numerous doorways, tympanums, and capitals - represents some of the most original work of the period.His influence can be traced to other French church sculpture, and his techniques helped pave the way for the Gothic style. |
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| The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side. This put the force of the building going outward. This occured during the romanesque period of architecture. |
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| The intersection of two or three barrel vaults. The new use of rib vaults demonstrates the skill of the masons and the grandeur of the new ideas circulating at the introduction of Gothic architecture in the end of the eleventh century. |
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Suger of St. Denis
(1081-1151) |
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| Was one of the last Frankish abbot-statesmen, a historian, and the influential first patron of Gothic architecture. Suger became the foremost historian of his time. He wrote a panegyric on Louis VI. |
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| Southwest of Paris, is considered one of the finest examples in all France of the Gothic style of architecture. The current cathedral is one of at least four that have occupied the site. Built in 1100s. |
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| The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. They also pioneered the process of selective breeding in their monasteries. They did not believe in the practices of cluniac monks. |
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Bernard of Clairvaux
(1100s) |
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| As a Frankish abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order. In the year 1128, Bernard assisted at the Council of Troyes, at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar. Following the Christian defeat at the Siege of Edessa, the Pope commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade. |
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| Was a religious order which depend directly on the charity of the people for their livelihood. In principle, they do not own property, either individually or collectively, believing that this was the most pure way of life to copy followed by Jesus Christ, in order that all their time and energy could be expended on religious work. |
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Albigensian Crusade
(1209-1229)
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| Was a french military campaign initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in southern france. |
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| Was theconviction of heretics under canon law. Some of the heretics included: Cathars, and people of the Dominican Order. They judged heresy alone, using the local authorities to establish a tribunal and to prosecute heretics. After the end of the twelfth century, a Grand Inquisitor headed each Inquisition. |
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| Was a Battle that was important to the early development of both the French state by confirming the French crown' sovereignty over the Normanblands of Brittany and Normandy and also in forcing the English king,John of England to sign the Great Charter or Magna Carta. The French forces Otto of Germany's forces and Ferrand of Flanders. |
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| During the late Middle Ages Flanders' trading towns (notably Ghent, Bruges and Ypres) made it one of the richest and most urbanized parts of Europe, weaving thewool of neighbouring lands into cloth for both domestic use and export. As a consequence, a very sophisticated culture developed, with impressive achievements in the arts and architecture, rivaling those of Northern Italy. |
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| Said that even the king had to obey the law. This helped set the stage for english common law. After the defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, King John of England was forced to sign the document in 1215. |
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| Was the last Catholic strong hold in the holy land before being taken by the Mamluks in 1291 offically ending the crusader presence in the middle east. |
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| In 1295, Edward 1st had representatives from cities,towns, and Shires to decided on national political issues. This established a system which is still used today in england. |
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Blanche of Castile
(1200s) |
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| Was the wife of Louis 8th found by Elanor of Aquitaine. She served as regent for Louis 9th (her son) until he was old enough to rule. She also helped to suppress a large rebellion and proved to be a very capable ruler. |
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| He was a member of the House of Capet, the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. He worked with the Parlement of Paris in order to improve the professionalism of his administration in regards to legal actions. He also went on crusade in North Africa against the muslims but was captured and ransomed for a very high price. |
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| Made up of 3 branches: Clergy, Nobility, and Commoners. Was only called in emergencies. Each house had only 1 vote, and in order to pass a vote there must have been a 2/3 consensus. Far less successful than English parliament. |
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| Was HRE, he was excommunicated twice by pope gregory 7th , parton of science and arts, spoke 6 languages, |
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Rudolf of Habsburg
(1200s) |
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| Was king of Germany and HRE. Is election to king ended the Holenstaufen dynasty, and started the Habsburg dynasty. To gain support of Pope Gregory X he renounced his rights/claims over Italy. |
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| Was a group of religous knights who were highly trained/skilled. They held the city of Acre until it finally fell. |
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| Mongols appointed him ruler of Russia which was first step in unifying nation. He allowed mongols to conduct census and helped them collect taxes. Also in the 1200s his army of foot soldiers repelled the swedes cavalry attack and was the first time foot soldiers did this. |
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| Said donation of Constantine was a fake made by the church in the 8th century. |
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| as one of the most influentialhumanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism who was in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day, and the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin |
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| was a set of philosophical and religious beliefs based primarily upon the Hellenistic Egyptian pseudepigraphical writings |
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| Was when popes would elect relatives of their family to high church positions is order to carry on the family Papal dynasty. |
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Cesare Borgia
Late 1400s-Early 1500s |
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| Was son of Pope Alexander 6th, and was elected governor of papal states by his father. He was the model for Machiavelli's "Prince" |
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| Was known as the warrior pope, as he led an army against the territories controlled by Borgia as he hated his family. He commissioned Michael Angelo to paint Sistine Chapel. |
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| He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance. |
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| He is, in part, known for his work in basso rilievo, a form of shallow relief sculpture that, in Donatello's case, incorporated significant 15th-century developments in perspectival illusionism.He is also know for his work with bronze, most notably "david" which was the first free standing statue of the Renaissance. |
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New St. Peters
(1500-1600s) |
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| Was commissioned by Julius II. Took over 120yrs to build. Was very expensive, and was designed by Bramante. |
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Raphael
(late 1400s - early 1500s) |
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| was an Italianpainter and architect of the High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings. Together withMichelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period |
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Ludovico Sforza
(1452-1508) |
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| Was duke of Milan. When Pope Alexander VI and King of Naples allied to attack Milan he allied himself with Charles VIII which led to the first french invasion of Italy. |
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| Was an early type of musket developed in the 1500s |
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| Was a bunch of different "states" which were some what united after 1315 when they all rose together to defeat the Duke of Austria. Their main weapons were the pike and halberd. They would serve as mercenaries for some time and would remain undefeated in from 1315-1515. |
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| His invasion of Italy initiated the long series of Franco-Italian wars which characterized the first half of the 16th century. He was given title King of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII, which led him to want to invade Italy. His army is considered the first modern army, and had a large artillery battery for its time. |
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Battle of Marignano
(1515) |
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| French defeated swiss for the first time since 1315. The swiss retreated to the alps and would never again leave Switzerland to wage war as a country. This led to their neutrality. The treaty they signed said France had first call of their mercenaries. |
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Concordat of Bologna
(1515) |
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| After battle of Marignano, Pope Leo 10th was terrified French army would march on Rome so he rushed north to sign treaty. The treaty gave the right for the French king to elect bishops. |
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| Written by Machiavelli helped to establish the rules as to how to rule. It says ruler must be amoral as opposed to immoral. Also said that church should be removed form history and not have any political influence. |
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Abu al-Zahrawi
(936-1013) |
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Was muslim surgeon and considered father of modern surgery. His comprehensive medical texts shaped both Islamic and European surgical procedures up until the Renaissance. His greatest contribution to history is the Kitab al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices on how to do certain medical things.
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| Written by Ptolemy in Egypt during the 2nd century. Was a text describing motion of stars and planets. Said the universe was a geocentric one. |
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| Created a text given to Pope Clement V which was essentially a manual for how to identify a true crusader, and told a person how to go on crusade. He really wanted to revive the crusading spirit. A copy was given to King of France. |
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| Was bacteria responsible for black plague with fucked shit up in Europe in the 1300s |
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| Is when one army pretends to retreat and when the other side breaks formation to attack they turn around and attack. This was a common tactic used by Muslims against the crusaders, and was also used by William of Normandy to Break King Harolds army. |
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