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| Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy theory, which rested on the idea that economic and political freedom went hand in hand, and encouraged American intervention abroad in order to secure these freedoms globally. |
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| Philippine War American military campaign that suppressed the movement for Philippine independence after the Spanish-American War; America’s death toll was over 4,000 and the Philippines’ was far higher. |
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| The demand in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay, in hopes of protecting the Chinese market for U.S. exports, that Chinese trade be open to all nations. |
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| 1901 amendment to the Cuban constitution that reserved the United States’ right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island. |
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| Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years. |
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| Naval officer and author (The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1890) that argued that no nation could prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a powerful navy operating from overseas bases. |
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| Starting in 1870 a reemergence of countries owning and dominating other areas/colonies |
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| Industrial Workers of the World |
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| Radical union organized in Chicago in 1905 and nicknamed the Wobblies; its opposition to World War I led to its destruction by the federal government under the Espionage Act. |
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| Political party demanding public ownership of major economic enterprises in the United States as well as reforms like recognition of labor unions and women’s suffrage; reached peak of influence in 1912 when presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs received over 900,000 votes. |
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| Writing that exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the twentieth century; included popular books and magazine articles that spurred public interest in reform. |
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| International movement. In the early twentieth century, cities throughout the world experienced similar social strains arising from rapid industrialization and urban growth. |
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| Unrestricted minting of silver money, 1896 - supported by democrats and populists - coined by William Jennings Bryan |
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| A march on Washington organized by Jacob Coxey, an Ohio member of the People’s Party. Coxey believed in abandoning the gold standard and printing enough legal tender to reinvigorate the economy. The marchers demanded that Congress create jobs and pay workers in paper currency not backed by gold. |
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| Tom Watson, Georgia's leading populist, insisted that black and white farmers shared common grievances and could unite for common goals. |
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| People's Party or Populism |
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| Founded in 1892, a group that advocated a variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators. |
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| 1882 law that halted Chinese immigration to the United States. |
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| Those that immigrated from southern and eastern Europe starting in 1890 and peaked between 1901 and the outbreak of WWI |
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| Last incident of the Indian Wars; it took place in 1890 in the Dakota Territory, where the U.S. Cavalry killed over 200 Sioux men, women, and children. |
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| Law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians; broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers. |
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| Also known as Black Tuesday, a stock market panic in 1929 that resulted in the loss of more than $10 billion in market value (worth approximately ten times more today). One among many causes of the Great Depression. |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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| Organized in 1886. Its president was Samuel Gompers, who served until 1925. During Gompers' presidency, the AFL rose to more than 4 million members by 1920, after which its membership declined until 1933. |
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| Ideals preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization. |
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| Knights of Labor Founded in 1869, the first national union; lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s; supplanted by the American Federation of Labor. |
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| A series of demonstrations, some violent, held nationwide in support of striking railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, who refused to work due to wage cuts. |
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| a free person may enter into agreements with another free person as they both see fit. The principle also dictated that neither other persons nor the State should interfere with the agreements. |
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| Application of Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to society; used the concept of the “survival of the fittest” to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty. |
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| a corporation formed by an inner ring of Union Pacific Railroad stockholders to oversee the line’s government-assisted construction. Essentially, it enabled the participants to sign contracts with themselves, at an exorbitant profit, to build the new line. The arrangement was protected by the distribution of stock to influential politicians, including Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax, who was elected vice president in 1868. Example of corruption |
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| National Recovery Administration |
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| An administration that would work with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions. Thus, “cutthroat” competition (in which companies took losses to drive competitors out of business) would be ended. |
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| robber barons or captains of industry |
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| Also known as “captains of industry”; Gilded-Age industrial figures who inspired both admiration, for their economic leadership and innovation, and hostility and fear, due to their unscrupulous business methods, repressive labor practices, and unprecedented economic control over entire industries. |
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| The popular but derogatory name for the period from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century, after the title of the 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner. |
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| The small strip of land on either side of the Panama Canal. The Canal Zone was under U.S. control from 1903 to 1979 as a result of Theodore Roosevelt’s assistance in engineering a coup in Colombia that established Panama’s independence. |
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| 1904 Announcement by President Theodore Roosevelt, essentially a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, that the US could intervene militarily to prevent interference from European Powers in the Western Hemisphere. |
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| A foreign policy initiative under President William Howard Taft that promoted the spread of American influence through loans and economic investments from American banks. |
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| The Wilsonian belief that US foreign policy should be guided by morality, and should teach other peoples about democracy. William used this belief to both repudiate Dollar Diplomacy and justify frequent military interventions in Latin America. |
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1-Economic Interests
2-German Atrocities in Belgium
3-Germans sank the Lusitania
4-Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
5-Zimmermann Telegram |
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| What are the reasons for american intervention in WWI? |
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| President Woodrow Wilson's 1918 plan for peace after WWI; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty. |
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| Board run by financier Bernard Baruch that planned production and allocation of war materiel, supervised purchasing, and fixed prices, 1917–1919. |
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| 1917 Law that prohibited spying and interfering with the draft as well as making "false statements" that hurt the war effort. |
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| Agricultural Adjustment Act |
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| New Deal legislation passed in 1933 that established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to improve agricultural prices by limiting market supplies; declared unconstitutional in the United States v. Butler (1936). |
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| Public Works Administration |
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| A New Deal agency that contracted with private construction companies to build roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. |
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| An early 20th-century term describing the economic system pioneered by Ford Motor Company based on high wages and mass consumption. |
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| American standard of living |
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| The Progressive-era idea that American workers were entitled to a wage high enough to allow them full participation in the nation's mass consumption economy. |
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| A new aspect of the women’s rights movement that arose in the early part of the twentieth century. New feminism added a focus on individual and sexual freedom to the movement and introduced the word “feminism” into American life. |
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| An offshoot of the early 20th Century feminist movement that saw access to birth control and "voluntary motherhood" as essential to women's freedom. The birth control movement was led by Margaret Sanger |
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| Progressive-era reforms that sought to encourage women's child-bearing and -rearing abilities and to promote their economic independence. |
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| A case held during the 1920s in which two Italian-American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime. |
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| Civilian Conservation Corps |
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| 1933 New Deal public work relief program that provided outdoor manual work for unemployed men, rebuilding infrastructure and implementing conservation programs. The program cut the unemployment rate, particularly among young men. |
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| Anti-modernist Protestant movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible; the name came from The Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders. |
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| 1925 trial of John Scopes, TN teacher accused of violating a state law prohibiting the teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties. |
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| a federal law that prevented immigration from Asia, set quotas on the number of immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and provided funding and an enforcement mechanism to carry out the longstanding ban on other immigrants. |
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| Federal Housing Administration |
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| A government agency created during the New Deal to guarantee mortgages, allowing lenders to offer long-term (usually thirty-year) loans with low down payments (usually 10% of the asking price). The FHA seldom underwrote loans in racially mixed or minority neighborhoods. |
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| Congress of Industrial Organizations |
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| The umbrella organization of semi-skilled industrial unions, formed in 1935 as the Committee for Industrial Organization and renamed in 1938. |
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| He offered the Share Our Wealth movement Program as an alternative to the New Deal. The program proposed to confiscate large personal fortunes, which would be used to guarantee every poor family a cash grant of $5,000 and every worker an annual income of $2,500. It also promised to provide pensions, reduce working hours, and pay veterans’ bonuses and ensured a college education to every qualified student. |
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| Father Charles E. Coughlin |
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| He attracted millions of listeners with weekly broadcasts attacking Wall Street bankers and greedy capitalists, and calling for government ownership of key industries as a way of combating the Depression. Initially a strong supporter of FDR, |
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| Launched in 1925 by Roosevelt, the second was economic security—a guarantee that Americans would be protected against unemployment and poverty. |
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| Social Security Act 1935 law that created the Social Security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare) |
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| A period during the mid-1930s when the Communist Party sought to ally itself with socialists and New Dealers in movements for social change, urging reform of the capitalist system rather than revolution |
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| House Un-American Activities Committee |
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| House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Committee formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. Abolished in 1975. |
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| Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear, as described by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during his January 6, 1941, State of the Union Address. |
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| The desire to avoid foreign entanglements that dominated the U.S. Congress in the 1930s; beginning in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents’ ships and the sale of arms to countries at war. |
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| Series of laws passed between 1935 and 1939 to keep the United States from becoming involved in the war by prohibiting American trade and travel to warring nations. |
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| 941 law that permitted the United States to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying an increasing likelihood of American involvement in World War II. |
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| On December 7, 1941, Japanese planes, launched from aircraft carriers, bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the first attack by a foreign power on American soil since the War of 1812. |
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| In World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan. |
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| June 6, 1944, when an Allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold in Europe, leading to the liberation of France from German occupation |
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| The 1944 legislation that provided money for education and other benefits to military personnel returning from WWII. |
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| World War II created a vast melting pot, especially for European immigrants and their children. Millions of Americans moved out of urban ethnic neighborhoods and isolated rural enclaves into the army and industrial plants where they came into contact with people of very different backgrounds. |
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| System agreed to by Mexican and American governments in 1942 under which tens of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States to work temporarily in agricultural jobs in the Southwest; lasted until 1964 and inhibited labor organization among farm workers since braceros could be deported at any time. |
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| 1943 riots in which sailors on leave attacked Mexican-American youths. |
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| Japanese-American internment |
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| The policy adopted by the Roosevelt administration in 1942 under which 110,000 persons of Japanese descent, most of them American citizens, were removed from the West Coast and forced to spend most of WWII in internment camps; it was the largest violation of American civil liberties in the 20th century. |
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| Lead by The Pittsburgh Courier, the movement that passed for victory over fascism abroad and over racism at home. It argued that since African-Americans were risking their lives abroad, they should receive full civil rights at home. |
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| Manhattan Project Secret American program during World War II to develop an atomic bomb; J. Robert Oppenheimer led the team of physicists at Los Alamos, New Mexico. |
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| Organization of nations to maintain world peace, established in 1945 and headquartered in NY. |
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