Congress authorized the creation of a road from Cumberland, Maryland to the Old Northwest.  By 1818 it reached Wheeling on the Ohio River. By 1838 it extended to Illinois

 a 363 mile canal across New York allowed goods to flow from the Great Lakes to New York. Governor DeWitt Clinton. Canal attracted English farmers and created the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. Caused other states to build over 3,000 canals and greatly reduced transportation costs

(1819) Spain sold Florida to the US negotiated by John Quincy Adams

1.       the early industrial revolution that focused on the production of cotton through water-powered spinning and weaving machinery

-          Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin (1793)

-          Slave trading became an organized business within the US (since it was illegal to trade through the Atlantic due to the Constitution)

-          Broke up family ties between slaves and their chances of freedom

1.       factories gathered large groups of people and replaced hand tools wih power-driven machinery

-          Samuel Slater created the first factory in 1790 in Rhode Island

-          American System of Manufacturers: relied on mass production of interchangeable parts that could be assembled into finished products

-          Hostility between immigrants from Europe

-          The Alien Act of 1798: fear of immigrants with political views

-          Those who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life

-          (1819)corporate charters are contracts, which lawmakers could not alter

-          (1824) struck down a monopoly of steamboat navigation provided by a New York Legislature

1.       : US was divinely allowed to occupy all of North America with westward expansion 

-          Freedom was a process of self-realization

-          Ralph Emerson (1830)

-          Individual judgement over existing social traditions and institutions

-          Henry Thoreau: modern society stifled the individual and was destroying nature too 

1.       Second Great Awakening preacher who talked about the self (improvement, reliance, and determination)

-          Warned of hell but promised salvation to those who turned away from sinful life

-          Christianity blossomed as a national religion

-          : (1820’s) a farmer in New York who claimed to have religious visions that led to gold plates with writing on them that he published into the Book of Mormon

-          Mormonism emerged during the Second Great Awakening 

-          successor after Smith was murdered, led 2,000 Mormon followers across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains to Utah 

-          Lived in the poorest cities like New York, Philadelphia and Cincinnati

-          Excluded from mew economic opportunities and constructed their own institutional lives and church (African Methodist Episcopal Church)

-          Lowest ranks of the labor market

-          Couldn’t take advantage of western expansion

-          Some moved with the opportunities provided by the market revolution

-          Women’s place was at home where she provided an environment safe from market stresses

-          Had more power in the home but no power outside it

-          after abolishment in the North slavery was an institution unique to Southern Society

-          line drawn between Maryland and Pennsylvanian which divided the country between slaves and freedom

-          Only “large” city in the Southern Cotton Kingdom and 6^th largest in all of US

-          World’s leading exporter of slave grown crops

-          Northerners viewed slavery as the reason the US didn’t grow, this city proved them wrong 

1.       planters followed a hierarchical agrarian society in which slaveholders took care for the physical and moral well-being of their wives, children, and slaves

-          Became more important after the closing of the African Slave Trade in 1808

1.       writers began to question liberty, equality and democracy that was universal in all other parts of the US

-          Spreading the defense of slavery by saying that slavery entitles white equality 

-          Slaves were property

-          No voice in the governments that ruled over them (couldn’t testify in court, sign contracts or gain property, own guns, hold meetings, or leave their farm/plantation) 

1.       born in 1820, she escaped slavery and continuously went back and forth to help other slaves escape 

-          A large group of slaves took control over the Amistad boat which was taking them from Cuba to another port

-           An American vessel took control of the boat and favored returning the slaves to Cuba.

-          Abolitionist argued against it and brought the case to John Quincy Adams.

-          He viewed that the slaves were brought illegally and gave them their freedom. 

-          (1822) a slave purchased his freedom through lottery  and believed that the bible says freedom is to both blacks and whites

-          : (August 22, 1831) he led an uprising through a message by God and attacked many white families with several other fellow slaves

-          Militia had to break apart the uprising

1.       communities arose from religious conviction or from desires to counteract the social and economic changed from the market revolution

Hoped to restore social harmony 

1.       promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa

-          Henry Clay, John Marshall, Daniel Webster, Jackson

-          Believed racism was deeply rooted and that free slaves could never live here safely, so return them to Africa

-          Some left willingly, but the majority felt they were entitles to American rights

-          , a free black who wrote that blacks need to unite, with force if needed, in the fight for freedom and abolishment

-          Warned whites that the nation would face divine punishment

1.       in order to gain abolishment and freedom to black they used non-aggressive means in public surroundings to get the message across

-          Awaken the moral evil of slavery 

1.       (1848) group of women who fought for freedom of slaves and the end of slavery (brought up the issue of women’s suffrage)

1.       American Anti-Slavery Society sparked a competitive group called the FOREIGN Anti-Slavery Society which believed that women shouldn’t hold any position in anti-slave business

-          Determined to make abolitionism a political movement

-          James G. Birney as president

-          Mexico prohibited emigration to US

-          Farmers and ranchers enjoyed the economic boom that emigrants and trading offered

-          Mexico’s ruler sent an army of 1835 to prevent American’s brining slaves with them 

1.       ability to move to western areas offered the only alternative to permanent economic dependence for American workers

-          Preventing slavery from all western territories

-          Federal government had to provide free homesteads to settlers in the new territories

-          The slave trade, but not slavery, would be abolished

-          Southerners could reclaim runaway slaves

-          Status of all other territories would be decided by the people (white inhabitants of the area)

1.       status of slavery would be up to the voters (Douglas)

1.       hostility towards immigrants, especially Catholics, became a movement in 1854

1.       believed that opposed expansion of slavery based on the idea of “free labor” in which people worked to attain independence essential to freedom. 

1.       a sporadic civil war broke out over the ability for people to vote for or against slavery which discredited the idea of popular sovereignty

-          If slavery continued then the “love of liberty” would be extinguished

-          Blacks could better their condition due to natural rights, even if they aren’t equal to whites in every way 

1.       southern nationalists who wanted to split the party and the country to form an independent Southern Confederacy

-          Lincoln, republican

-          Breckinridge, Southern Democrat

-          Bell, Constitutional Union

-          Douglas, Northern Democrat