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| Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia. First Crusade |
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| This Chronicle is one of the few contemporary accounts of the First Crusade and its immediate aftermath from the Muslim perspective, making it not only a valuable source for modern historians, but also for later 12th-century chronicles, including Ibn al-Athir. |
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| was a Greek princess, of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos of Byzantium . She wrote the Alexiad, an account of her father’s reign, which is unique in that it was written by a princess about her father |
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| is an account of the First Crusade of 1096 written soon thereafter by an anonymous Jewish author. it has a definite Jewish point of view and fictionalizes anecdotes occasionally to make a point |
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| Just War, Augustine asserted that Christians should not be pacifists as a personal, philosophical stance.[69] Nonetheless, he asserted, peacefulness in the face of a grave wrong that could only be stopped by violence would be a sin. Defense of one's self or others could be a necessity, especially when authorized by a legitimate authority |
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| Upon the death of Baldwin I in 1118, the crown was offered to the king's elder brother Eustace III, but Joscelin of Courtenay insisted that the crown pass to Baldwin of Bourcq, despite Count Baldwin having exiled Joscelin from Edessa in 1113. Baldwin of Edessa accepted and was crowned |
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| The County of Edessa was the first of the crusader states to be established during and after the First Crusade.?????? |
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| The pope commissioned Bernard to preach a Second Crusade and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade |
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| was one of the leaders of the First Crusade. The Crusade had no outright military leader, but instead was ruled by a committee of nobles. Bohemond was one of the most important of these leaders.[2] |
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| Conrad heard Bernard of Clairvaux preach the Second Crusade at Speyer, and he agreed to join Louis VII in a great expedition to the Holy Land. Before leaving, he had the nobles elect and crown his son Henry Berengar king. died in siege of damascus |
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| Eleanor of Aquitaine took up the Second Crusade formally during a sermon preached by Bernard of Clairvaux. However she had been corresponding with her uncle Raymond, king and holder of family properties in Antioch who was seeking further protection from the French crown. |
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| - In Mainz, between 1014 and 1,200 Jews were murdered. (Ahituv, Shmuel, The Jewish People: An Illustrated History, Continuum, 2006, p. 251) The slaughter was conducted by armed knights under Emmicho (or Emich), rather than by an unruly mob. |
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| The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other European nobles. |
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| Most notable about Fulcher of Chartes is his account of Pope Urban II's speech at the Council of Clermont in November 1095 to launch the First Crusade |
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| Fulk and Melisende became joint rulers of Jerusalem in 1131 with Baldwin II's death. -second crusade |
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| - Godfrey of Bouillon (c. 1060 – 18 July 1100) was a medieval Frankish knight who was one of the leaders of the First Crusade from 1096 until his death. first ruler of jerusalem |
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| While he had nothing to do with the First Crusade, as he had died in 1085. Gregory's influence had a lot to do with the mindset of the Crusaders. It was Gregory that introduced the concept of 'Holy War', where it was right to kill in God's name. Without this concept, one wonders if the Crusades would ever of happened. |
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| After the Crusaders had successfully made their way across Seljuk territory and, in 1098, captured Antioch, Hugh was sent back to Constantinople to appeal for reinforcements from Alexius. Alexius was uninterested,[4] however, and Hugh, instead of returning to Antioch to help plan the siege of Jerusalem, went back to France. There he was scorned for not having fulfilled his vow as a Crusader to complete a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and Pope Paschal II threatened to excommunicate him. He joined the minor Crusade of 1101, but was wounded in battle with the Turks in September, and died of his wounds in October in Tarsus |
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| He was a Turk who owed his success to his military talent.[2] In 1098, when he heard that the Crusaders had besieged Antioch, he gathered his troops and marched to relieve the city. By the time he arrived, around June 5-9, the Crusaders had been in possession of the city since 3 June. They were not able to restock the city before Kerbogha, in turn, was besieging the Crusaders in the city. |
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| He ruled the Sultanate during the time of the First Crusade and thus faced the brunt of the entire attack.[1] He also re-established the Sultanate of Rum after the death of Malik Shah I of Great Seljuq and soundly defeated the Crusaders in three separate battles during the Crusade of 1101 which arose as a well-managed response to the First Crusade...????? |
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| leader of seond crusae, But Louis VII's interest lay in Jerusalem, and so he slipped out of Antioch in secret. He united with Conrad III of Germany and King Baldwin III of Jerusalem to lay siege to Damascus; this ended in disaster and the project was abandoned. Louis VII decided to leave the Holy Land |
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| Upon his death the Seljuq dynasty fell into chaos, as rival successors and regional governors carved up their empire and waged war against each other. The situation within the Seljuq lands was further complicated by the arrival of the first crusade, which detached larged portions of Syria and Palestine from Muslim control in 1098 and 1099. The success of the first crusade is at least in part attributable to the political confusion which resulted from Malikshah's death |
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| In 1144 the Crusader state of Edessa was besieged in a border war that threatened its survival. Queen Melisende responded by sending an army led by constable Manasses of Hierges, Philip of Milly, and Elinand of Bures. Raymond of Antioch ignored the call for help, as his army was already occupied against the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia. Despite Melisende's army, Edessa fell. |
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| However, Jerusalem was also extremely important for the Muslims as Muhammad, the founder of the Muslim faith, had been there and there was great joy in the Muslim world when Jerusalem was captured. A beautiful dome - called the Dome of the Rock - was built on the rock where Muhammad was said to have sat and prayed and it was so holy that no Muslim was allowed to tread on the rock or touch it when visiting the Dome. |
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| turkish king in syria defending against the second crusade. Louis VII and Conrad III arrived in Constantinople in 1147. The crusaders then attacked Damascus, a Muslim city that had been allied to the Christians until the attack. Upon the arrival of Nur al-Din (Nureddin) and his forces, the crusaders gave up their siege, ending the Second Crusade |
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| modern readers, however, he is most well known for his Kitab al-I'tibar ("Book of Learning by Example" or "Book of Contemplation"), which contains lengthy descriptions of the crusaders, whom he interacted with on many occasions, and some of whom he considered friends, although he generally saw them as ignorant foreigners. |
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| After Pope Urban II preacehs at the coucil of clermont, he goes around preaching. Followed crusader til just before battle. joined godrey of bouillion. was with them for the capture of jerusalem. ....Immediately after the council he began to preach in favor of a war against the Turks. With head and feet bare, and clothed in a long, coarse robe tied at the waist with a rope, he went through Italy from city to city, riding on a donkey. He preached in churches, on the streets, wherever he could secure an audience. When Peter had gone over Italy he crossed the Alps and preached to the people of France, Germany, and neighboring countries. Everywhere he kindled the zeal of the people, and multitudes enlisted as champions of the cross. |
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| was a chronicler of the First Crusade(1095-1096) as well as Raymond IV of Toulouse's priest. He later became Raymond IV of Toulouse's chaplain. He followed the Provençal army of crusaders, guided by count Raymond IV of Toulouse, to Jerusalem. As an eyewitness of the events of the First Crusade, he is one of the most important chroniclers of the crusade. Because he describes some visions and miracles of the crusaders—for example the discovering of the Holy Lance of Peter Bartholomew—at length, some modern historians do not take his work very seriously. However, his description of the capture of Antioch (from 1097–1098) may be the only authentic explanation of this event. |
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Therefore, Raymond visited Constantinople in 1145 to conciliate John’s successor, Manuel I.
In the spring of 1148, when Louis VII of France and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, who were participating in the Second Crusade, visited Antioch, Raymond wisely urged Louis to attack Aleppo, the northern Syrian base of the Muslim leader Nūr al-Dīn. For religious reasons, however, Louis decided to campaign closer to Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre. |
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| one of the leaders of the First Crusade,he was one of the first to take the cross. The oldest and the richest of the crusaders, The crusaders heard a rumour that Antioch had been deserted by the Seljuk Turks, so Raymond sent his army ahead to occupy it, offending Bohemond of Taranto who wanted the city for himself. The city was, however, still occupied, and was taken by the crusaders only after a difficult siege in June 1098. As Adhemar had died in Antioch, Raymond, along with the prestige given to him by the Holy Lance, became the new leader of the crusade |
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| he set out on pilgrimage to Jerusalem.[13] According to the Gesta Normannorum Ducum he travelled by way of Constantinople, reached Jerusalem, fell seriously ill and died |
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Robert the Monk was a chronicler of the First Crusade. He did not participate in the expedition, but rewrote the Gesta Francorum at the request of his abbot, who was appalled at the 'rustic' style of the Gesta.
His chronicle contains an account of Pope Urban II's speech at the Council of Clermont, which has had a great influence on how the Crusades have been portrayed over the centuries |
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| In 1096, Tancred joined his maternal uncle Bohemund on the First Crusade, and the two made their way to Constantinople. There, he was pressured to swear an oath to Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, promising to give back any conquered land to the Byzantine Empire,In 1100, Tancred became regent of Antioch when Bohemund was taken prisoner by the Danishmends at the Battle of Melitene. |
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| was the founder of the Seljuq Empire, and the first sultan of this empire from 1037 to 1063. minted coins? |
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| At the Council of Clermont held in November of the same year, Urban II's sermon proved highly effective, as he summoned the attending nobility and the people to wrest the Holy Land and the eastern churches generally from the control of the Seljuk Turks. |
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| In 1144 Zengi besieged the crusader County of Edessa (see Siege of Edessa). Edessa was the weakest and least Latinized crusader state, and Zengi captured it on December 24, 1144. This event led to the Second Crusade, and later Muslim chroniclers noted it as the start of the jihad against the Crusader states. |
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| Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre |
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| This was the leader of Jerusalem. Later the title was replaced by King with the election of Baldwin I. |
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