Psychophysics

The Study of the relationships between stimuli and the psychological impressions of those stimuli

Threshold

The maximum or  minimal stimuli intensity that is detected 50% of the time

Difference Threshold

The minimal stimulus difference that is detectable 50% of the time

Aesthesiometer

Used to measure tactile sensitivity. Two points can be stimulated simultaneously. Participants report whether they feel both points or only one.

Ernst Heinrich Weber

Studied the sense of touch.

Demonstrated that different locations on the body have different two-point threshold.

Depended too on how the points of the aesthesionmeter points were placed on the skin.

Ernst Heinrich Weber

"Weber’s Illusion"

Sensitive area: Seeming point convergence

Insensitive area: Seeming point divergence

Gustav Theodor Fechner

Struggled with the mind-brain problem.

Wrestled with: Day/Night view: Wrote under the pseudonym of “Dr. Mises”. 

Developed new methodologies in psychophysics.

Method of limits (low – high or high - low)
Method of Constant Stimuli (Sounds presented at random intensity)
Method of Average Error a.k.a Method of adjustment (Control own stimuli - Least accurate)

Night View

Extreme materialism

Day View

 Panpsychism

The view that all matter has a mental aspect, or alternatively, all objects have a unified center of experience or point of view

Rudolph Hermann Lotze

Wrote the first book in psychological psychology

Pioneered work in the perception of space and depth

Hermann Von Helmholtz

An innovator in physics, physiology and psychology.

Rejected vitalism and argued the psychological phenomena and physical in nature.

Created the Opthalmoscope and stereoscope

Argued infants learn about the world through extensive experience and unconscious inferences.

Contributed to the trichromatic theory of color vision.

Pioneered research into auditory perception.

Opthaloscope

An instrument for viewing the interior of the eye, especially the retina

Stereoscope

An instrument that produces a three-dimensional effect by simultaneously presenting slighty different two-dimensional view to left and right eyes

Wundt:

Element

Simple sensation

Wundt:

Sensation

A Combination (aka compund) of outwards impressions

Wundt:

Idea/Perception

A combination (aka compound) arising from memory, early associations and other sources

Wundt:

Association

The passive combination of elements

Wundt:

Apperception

The active combination of elements

Emil Kraepelin

Advanced a theory of schizophrenia

Work wuld eventually lead to Alzheimer's research

Argued against psychoanalysis

- Psychopathology has organic causality

Lightmer Witmer

Applied Wundt's ideas to pain and to the special learning problem of children with mental disorders

Opened the first clinic run by psychologist

Was the first too see scientific psychology as the basis for a helping confession

- Considered to be the founder of clinical psychology