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Literally, rebirth.
That period in history from appoximately 1300 to 1600 marked by the rediscovery of Greek classics, a new interest in mathematics, expandng geographic knowledge, and wider epistemology. |
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| "The metaphor of the Rebirth suggests that freedom had been born and had flourished during th etime of the Greeks, that it has subsequwntly died, and that it was now being reborn" |
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Inventer of the printing press
(the internet of it's day)
around 1440 |
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| Copernius, Nicolaus (1473-1543) |
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| Polish astronomer, physician, and minister remembered as the founder of a scientific revoution marked by the belief that athe sun, rather than the earth, is the center of the solar system |
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| The study of theories of the nature of the universe including the relation of earth to the rest of the solar system. |
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| Broad ranging Renaissance acholar who was an artistic genius, engineer, sculptor, and architect. He is also remembered for his careful studies of human anatomy and his artistic skill in capturing human emotions. |
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| Literally, earth centered. Generally refers to the ancient view of Ptolemy that the earth is the center of the solar system |
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| Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642) |
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| Italian astronomer and physicist remembered for improving the telescope and using it systematically in the observation of the solar system |
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| Literally, sun centered. Typically refers to the work of Nicolaus Copenicus who taught that the sun is the center of the solar system. |
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| Huarte, Juan (c.1530-c.1592) |
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| One of the first to write on the subjects of individual differences, aptitude, and temperament. |
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| Generally refers to books forbidden by the Catholic church because they were regarded as dangerous to faith and morality. Though censorship was practiced from the early days of the church, the Index started in the sixteenth century and continued until 1966. |
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| Refers to various means of raising money practiced by the Catholic church prior to the Reformation. Generally involved payment of money in exchange for spirtual favor. |
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| Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630) |
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| German astronomer and mathematician who discoverd the elliptical or oval-shaped motions of the planets. |
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| Luther, Martin (1483-1546) |
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| The founder of the Reformation and leader of the Protestant movement. Arguably, Luther contributed to the growth of the empirical spirit by advancing the doctrine of the individual priesthood of the believer, in which people have the right to read and interpret sciptures for themselves. |
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| Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469-1527) |
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| Founder of modern political science and modern military science. One of the first to emphasize the importance of socialization and the techniques for molding public opinion. He advocated the utility of a descriptive social science. |
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| Refers to the application of the principles set forth by Niccolò Machiavelli. Sometimes implies amoral, manipulative attitudes, but, strictly speaking, such an implication is corruption of the teachings of Machiavelli. |
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| Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592) |
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| Late Renaissance scholar who launched a powerful and influential attace on human knowledge. His skepticism ws to have a strong influence on Francis Bacon and René Descartes. Montaigne also speculated on a number of psychological topics such as how to rear children, education, motivation, and emotion. |
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| Radical Renaissance epistemologist who argued that observational studies shoud replace old scholastic techniques and blind allegiance to authority. |
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| Petrarch, Francesco (1304-1374) |
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| Italian poet, scholar, and moralist who was a founder of Renaissance humanism |
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| Egyptian astronomer, geographer, and mathematician known for an early geocentric cosmology that was widely accepted for over 1,400 years. |
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| A sixteenth-century religious movement founded by Martin Luther and motivated by an attempt to reform the Catholic church. Luther's failure to bring about the changes he desired ultimately led to a major split in the church and the beginnings of Protestantism. |
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| Refers to a new interest in juman affairs. It was manifested in art as the subject shifted from theological figures to human figures and in music as the subject shifted from the sacred to the secular. In science there was a new interest in physiological and anatomical studies and a general new focus on topics of human concern. |
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| Sabuco, Oliva (1562-1590) |
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| Late Reniassance writer who emphasized the wisdome of moderation. Sabuco was among the first to understand the role of emotions in physical and psychological health. |
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| Vesalius, Andreas (1514-1564) |
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| Physician and anatomist known for his empirical approach to anatomy based on actual dissections. He revolutionized the study of the human body much as Renaissance explores such as Columus and Magellan revolutionized knowledge of geography. |
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| Systematic emphasis on the idea that human knowledge is not innate but grows inevitably out of the gradual buildup of associations from sensory data. |
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| Bacon, Francis (1561-1626) |
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| Early modern philosopher of science who called for a close examination of the problem of knowledge adn increased sensitivity to sources of error. A powerful advocate of a critical empirical-inductive method |
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| Bain, Alexander (1818-1903) |
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| Founded Mind,the first journal devoted extensively to psychological topics. Also the author of some of the first psychological texts. |
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| Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832) |
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| Founder of utilitarianism. Argued against intuitive approaches to jurisprudence that resulted in punishments that do not fit the crime and argued for a rational system of punishments and rewards and the need to maximize pleasure for the greatest possible number of people. |
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| Berkeley, George (1685-1753) |
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| British philosopjer who argued that the real world is not the world of matter but the world of experience. His dictum esse est percipi (to be is to be percieved) marks hims as one of the most radical of the early empiricists. Advanced an early empirical approach to depth perception, attemptimg to demonstrate that we learn to see in depth. |
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| Condillac, étienne Bonnot de (1715-1780) |
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| French radical empiricist who attempted to show specifically how all knowledge could derive from associations that start with simple senses. |
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| A philosophical position that emphasizes the importance of experience, observation, and learning in the acquistion of knowledge. |
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| Belief in the possibility of discerning the fundamental character or intrinsic nature of something |
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| An early concept that emphasized the beneficail role of self-imposed hardships (e.g., sleeping on an uncomfortable bed, exposure to cold weather) as means of preparing for subsequent tasks. Hardening is not quite the same as conditioning in that it involved practices that were more likely to be damaging. |
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| Hartley, David (1705-1757) |
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| Founder of modern associationism and one of the first to establish a clssification system of pleasures and pains. |
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| Helvétius, Claude-Adrien (1715-1771) |
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| French materialsit who argued that human actions can be explained on the basis of rewards and punishments. His views were considered radical in his day and he was forced to recant his position. |
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| British empiricist who advanced the view that causality is not a property of objects, and therefore, there are no necessary connections. Causality is thus reduced t a psychological problem and is based on consistent conjunction and our ways of making sense of the successive events in the world. |
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| A term employed by Francis Bacon referring to "phantoms of the mind." Idols are sources of error, such as excessive reliance on authority, that blind us to our quest for truth. |
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| Local prejudices or strongly preferred hypotheses or theories that interfere with objective responses to data. |
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| The temptation to take words too seriously so that naming is confused with explaining. To guard against the Idols of the Marketplace, once must constantly reexamine definitions and understand the deceptive dimensions of language. |
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| Errors fo thought based on the easy accepttance of authority or the naïve acceptance of a popular pardigm. |
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| Errors of thought resulting from inherent human limitations such as sensory distortions and the tendency to overgeneralize. |
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| One of the greatest philosophers of English speech who insisted that the mind at birth is like a blank slate devoid of characters or ideas. His emphasis on the centrality of experience and learning elevated the importance of universal education. |
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| British philosopher who advanced an uncompromising mechanistic appoache to association. Argued strongly for the education of the masses. |
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| Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873) |
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| One of the great philosophers of English speech who envisioned a science of human nature based on probabilistic notions. Also one of the first to deplore the subjugation of women |
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| Qualities such as figure, extension, and solidity that are presumed to inhere in objects. |
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| Belief that human beings seek in all things to gain pleasure and avoid pain. |
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| Powers of objects that contribute to specific sensations such as colors, tastes, and sounds. |
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| A subjective philosophical position that makes the claim that the only possible knowledges is self-knowledge |
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| Taylor, Harriet (1807-1858) |
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| Wife of John Stuart Mill. Collaborated with Mill and likely influenced his thoughts on feminism. |
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| A philosophy advanced by Jeremy Bentham emphasizing the idea that the moral basis of action should be the greatest good for the greatest number |
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| Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet de (1694-1778) |
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| French philosopher who advanced the cause of new philosophes based on observation and experiment. His sharp attacks on untestable theories and theological dogma continually placed him at risk. |
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| Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759-1797) |
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| The most visible early pioneer in the battle for the rights of women. Author of A Vindication fo the Rights of Women. |
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| Refers to intelligent, self-organizing properties of mental processes. Contrasts with the "blank slate" hypothesis encountered in empirical philosophies. |
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| Refers to formal truths in which a predicated completely unpacks the subject. A statement such as All bachelors are unmarried. |
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| Historically a term with many meanings, but it commonly refers to mental processes that are more complex than those involved in perception. It implies a high level of awareness and activity of the mind so that relationships are clearly understood. Contrasts with mere passive awareness. |
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A term employed by Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841)
to refer to the goal of education to produce not only knowledge of facts but also a higher level of awareness of relationships. |
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| A term employed by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) that refers to self-government or the ability to act in a moral and responsible manner, not to please an authority but because the individual recognizes the inherent or intrinsic worth of certain actions. |
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| categories of understanding |
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| An expression employed by Kant to refer to inherent ordering principles of the mind that contribute to knowledge. For example, Kant believed that human beings have intuituve understandings of causality and temporal and spatial relationships. |
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| A term referring to the philosophical orientation of philosophers such as Thomas Reid (1710-1796) and his followers. The expression refers to a deeply held opposition to beliefs that are counter intuitive or that do violence to our experience of the world. |
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| Any argument in which the conclusion is claimed to follow necessarily from the premises. A deductive argument is valid if, and only if, it is not possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. Otherwise the argument is invalid. |
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| Descartes, René (1596-1650) |
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| French philosopher who is often regarded as the founder of modern philosophy. Descartes made extensive original contributions in a great variety of areas. He helped elaborate early scientific methodology, provided rich and often testable hypotheses about the relationships between behavior and physiology, and is regarded as one of the key figures in modern rationalism. |
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| Herbart, Johann Freidrich (1776-1841) |
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| German Mathematician, philosopher, and psychologist. Herbart was among the first to attempt to quantify mental functions. He was also interested in the role of unconscious processes in human life and in the application of psychological studies to clinical and educational problems. |
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| A term emplyed by Kant to refer to the varieties of forces outside the organism (e.g., rewards, punishments, authority) that often regulate behavior |
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| Any argument in which the conclusion is claimed to be more probable than not given the truth of the premises. Inductive arguments are said to be strong or weak, depending on whether the conslusion is or is not made probable according to the truth of the premise. |
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| Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) |
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| One of the great German philosophers, remembered for his attempts to reconcile empirical and rational approached to knowledge. Kant believed that knowledge begins with experience, but in his view, there are meaningful connectins in experience itself. Kant also advanced an early theory of moral development and was interested in problems associated with nationalism. |
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| Lebniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) |
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| German rational philosopher and mathematiciain who sought ways to reconcile the legitimate claims or monoism and pluralism. Leibniz advocated a universal language and a world united by reason and international governement. Leibniz and Issace Newton independently discovered differential calculus. |
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| A term employed by Leibniz to refer to a principle of existence. Leibniz believed that the world consisted of many independent monads,, but all monads are harmonious with all other monads. Thus, for him, there is a real mental world and that world is completly harmonious wi th a real physical or physiological world. Hence, mind and body are both real but completly harmonious and independent. |
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| In Kant's philosophy, the term noumenal regers to a "thing in itself," an object or event independent of experience or perception. |
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| French term meaning small perceptions used by Leibniz to refer to small perceptions below the level of awareness. Leibniz believed that small perceptions in concert form the basis of perception. His concept of petites perceptions represents an early condept of unconscious processes. |
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| The term phenomenon is similar to the term appearance. In Kant's philosophythe term phenomenal refers to the world as it appears in experience. |
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| A concept emplyed by leibniz to account for the congruence or harmony of different orders of reality. He believed, for example, that mind and body do not influence each other but they are always congruent. Leibniz believed that God had ordered the world in such a fashion as t pereit the simultaneous and harmonious operation of many independent principles of existence. |
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| A philosophical orientation deriving from the Lation ratio, meaning to reason or think. Rationaist philosophers typcally emphasize a priori knowledge, deduction, and the concept of an active mind that selectively organizes sensory data. |
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| Leader of Scottish commonsence philosophy that sought to reconcle claims fo empiricism and rationalism. |
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| Spinoza, Baruch (Benedict)(1631-1677) |
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| A key figure in the rationalist tradition, Spinoza sought to demonstrate the artificiality of many of the dualisms introduced by Descartes. For Spinoza, there is no gulf between God and the world or mind and body. He believed that most dualities result from problems of language, bit diffferent language systems may simply represent different ways of looking at the same reality. |
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| According to Kant, a synthtic a priori truth is known intuitively and is informative about the world. Descartes's statement, "I think therefore I am" amy be regarded as a synthetic a priori truth. The truth of the statement is not a mere tautology; rather, it is informative about the world. |
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| The belief that evolutionary changes on earht occur gradually over vast stretches of time |
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| Wolff, Christian von (1679-1754) |
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| German philosopher and author or early books titled Empirical Psychology (1732) and Rational Psychology (1734). Wolff believed in both empirical and rational approaches to psychology, but argued rational approaches would be more fruitful and lead to the discovery of principles by which the mind operates. |
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