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Definition
Verona and Williams (1992) based on 750 mostly male skulls:no left or right side predominance (in Peru)
primarily frontal and upper parietal, and associated with fractures and blows to the head |
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| modern vs ancient trephination |
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Definition
| today to relieve pressure, remove bone fragments, and evacuate bleedings, ancient- unknown, probably releasing demons |
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| edwin smith papyrus- definition |
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Definition
Egyptian. Oldest surgical treatise known, it is a copy of a text originally 3000-2500 years old.
It presents 48 cases, of which 27 concern head injuries. Trephination is not mentioned. It is the first time the word “brain” is referred to. |
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| edwin smith papyrus- significance |
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Definition
| first descriptions of the cranial sutures, the meninges, the external surface of the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the intracranial pulsations. It also contains the first accounts of surgical stitching and of various types of dressings. Brain injuries are noticed to be associated with changes in the function of other parts of the body |
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| Postulated that the brain was the center of human reasoning. |
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Brain controls all senses and movement
Emotions arise in the brain
Provided early description of epilepsy, including the “aura” |
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The heart, not the brain, controls mental processes because:
the heart is warm, the brain is not;
humans have larger brains to act as radiators to cool the blood from the heart;
when excited, the heart responds while the brain does not.
cardiocentric hypothesis |
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Definition
Worked with gladiators before becoming leading physician in Rome
Refuted Aristotle, pointing out that nerves from the sense organs go to the brain, not the heart. Did experiments to show pressure on the brain led to cessation of movement; pressure on the heart led to pain only. All physical function depends on balance of the four humors (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm or mucus) |
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| Originated with the Alexandrian school in Egypt around 300 AD (see Benton, 2000). fluid in the ventricles, not brain tissue, is responsible for mental processes anterior ventricles control sensation and perception third ventricles control intelligence and reason the fourth ventricle controls memory |
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| disector and neuroanatomist in renaissance |
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Proposed that mind and body are separate, but interact in the pineal gland.
Mechanistic view of functioning based on mechanical statues at the Royal Gardens at St. Germain.
Developed early concept of the reflex.
Crticized by Damasio for mind / body distinction, and “Cogito, ergo sum |
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Definition
Monists: mind and body are the same thing - either both material or both non-material
Dualists: Mind and body are different.
The mind/body problem: How can a non-material mind produce movements in a material body? |
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Definition
| The mind acts through the pineal gland. Eyes send information to the brain, where it is examined by the soul and which takes action by tilting the pineal gland (like a joystick) to divert pressurized fluid through the nerves to move the appropriate muscles. |
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| English anatomist who provided detailed drawings of the circulatory system of the brain. The Circle of Willis is named after him. |
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Theory originated with “observation” that students with prominent eyes had good memory.
Cranial prominences (bumps in skull) reflected well-developed areas of underlying cerebrum.
Posited 27 mental faculties, thought to be innate and fixed.
Studied murderers and sadists to find consistent “bumps”; tended to look for confirmatory evidence.
Forced by imperial edict to leave in 1805; settled in Paris in 1807. Published important neuroanatomical work in 1810 with his assistant and later colleague, Johan
Spurtzheim, who coined the term phrenology. |
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Definition
| coined the term phrenology under Franz Gall |
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Definition
Empirical attempt to correlate variation in faculties (defined in terms of everyday activities) with objective observation of variation in brain structure.
Located language in the ventrolateral frontal lobe, but also “amativeness” in the cerebellum (based on single patient, “The Passionate Widow”).
Phrenology became highly popular; a book by the English MD and phrenologist George Coombs was one of the four best sellers of the 18th century (together with the Bible, Pilgrim’s Progress, and Gulliver’s Travels). |
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| criticized Gall. Preliminary statement, later elaborated by Lashley, that cortical tissue is equipotential, or able to take over the function of tissue that gets damaged. Used ablation method to “prove” that damage to the cerebellum (Gall’s center of amativeness) did not affect sexual behavior in chickens and pigeons. Distinguished motor control from motor coordination (which he located in the cerebellum). |
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| Why Flourens was a shitty scientist |
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Definition
| experiments using ablation were crude, his animals often failed to survive. Thus they were often still in post-traumatic shock and their brains swollen with edema when tested. did not address personality or higher cognitive functions. |
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| Flourens faculty psychology |
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Definition
| distinguished sensation from perception, with sensory-motor functions localized to sub-cortical structures, but with perception, volition, and intellect operating together in unison and spread throughout the cerebrum. |
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| physician and founding member of a phrenological society, read a paper to the Royal Academy of Medicine in France in 1825, based on 8 cases, argued in support of Gall that the left hemisphere controls the right hand for writing, fencing, and drawing, so why not also language and speech movements? |
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| read paper in 1836 in Montpellier presenting cases of speech disorders associated with left hemisphere lesions. Published by his son in 1865. |
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| (son-in-law of Bouillaud) presented in 1861 to the Anthropology Society (established by Broca) two cases of speech disorder which he argued were due to pressure to /softening of the frontal lobes. Challenged others to find a single case of speech loss without a frontal lesion. |
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| Attended lecture by Auburtin, took up his challenge when a hemiplegic patient on his ward (Leborgne), who could only say “Tan”, died the next week. On autopsy Broca found a lesion in the posterior third convolution of the left frontal lobe. He published his findings within a week (later confirmed with a second subject) in the Bulletins de la societe anatomique de Paris in 1861. |
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| anterior speech region plus the brain of Leborgne showed more posterior lesions, Broca theorized that these occurred after the onset of Leborgne’s aphasia and not being relevant for his speech disturbances. post mortem functional imaging of Leborgne’s brain, large parts of the subcortical white matter, as well as parts of the middle frontal convolution, the insula and the temporal pole of the left hemisphere, were lesioned. The lesion even reached the parietal lobe (Signoret et al., 1984). During the following years, Leborgne’s brain was supplemented by other brains of patients, e.g. that of Lelong, which [sic] lost speech after a more focused brain lesion (Broca, 1863).” |
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Definition
Detailed anatomist, specialized in auditory cortex (temporal lobe), and teacher of Wernicke (among others)
First to actually describe case of language comprehension deficit and localize it with autopsy case to the superior temporal gyrus |
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Definition
Formulated theory to reconcile discrete localized cortical centers (Gall/Broca) on the one hand, and homogeneous distribution of mental functions, on the other, with connectionist theory (precursor to network theory).
Connectionist, Distributed Processing Model
Separate motor and sensory regions
Arcuate fasciculus as connection pathway |
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Definition
| Brodman's 52 areas of brain that differ from neighbors (shape and presumably in function) |
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| Provided first detailed studies of the primary motor neurons in the pyramidal tract in 1874. |
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| Gustav Fritsch & Edward Hitzig |
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Definition
Provided definitive paper describing how electrical stimulation of the brain on one side led to specific movements in dogs on the other (contralateral) side (1870).
This
1) refuted the widespread notion that the brain was only involved in mental, but not motor or sensory, functions,
2) provided evidence for clear
localization of function, and
3) proved that the cortex could
be stimulated electrically. |
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Definition
Believed, as did Flourens in the preceding century, in equipotentiality rather than localization of function.
Re-analyzed brains of Broca’s patients
Made criticisms that Lelong had general non-specific atrophy (senility) and was non-aphasic. “Tan” had additional posterior damage, and Marie concluded that his failure to speak was due to intellectual decline rather than inability to speak per se. (See text for more info on p.17 – Leborgne was epileptic from early in life and became aphasic at age 30, followed by further symptoms later on and death at age 51.) |
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| integrating experimental and clinical neurology.characterization of epilepsies of different types (based initially on observations of his wife’s seizures). localizationist and functionalist approach to the brain as an organ of which the primary function is to enable the person to adapt, by allowing for motor responses to sensory input. |
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| dogs couldn't learn if removed cortex |
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Trained rats on mazes and other apparatus, lesioning the brain subsequently in search of “engram” (memory trace).
Formulated a theory of equipotentiality - loss in certain sensory areas is compensated for by other areas.
Mass action: behavioral effects are determined by size of lesion |
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| Theory of cell assemblies: learning occurs when cells or neurons are activated at the same time. Discovered that lesions in the frontal lobes do not decrease IQ on testing. |
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| founders and guiding spirits of contemporary neuropsychology Double dissociation of function (lesion in one place causes deficit, lesions elsewhere don’t)Corollary discharge (consequence on sensory system of motor action. Stressed the importance in research of a) control groups and b) human subjects review board. |
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Term
| example of double dissociation with language |
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Definition
| lesion in Broca’s area (Structure A) but not in Wernicke’s area (structure B) produces deficits in syntax and linguistic expression but not in speech comprehension (with minor exceptions relating to syntax); conversely, lesion in Wernicke’s area (Structure B) produces deficits in speech comprehension but not in syntactic expression (with exceptions relating to semantics). |
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Definition
| Single cell electrical stimulation in awake patient Mapped somataosensory homunculus in parietal cortex Found that “locations” may move a few millimeters on repeated trials (!) |
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| right hemisphere functiongs |
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Definition
(Zangwill) left handers are not always right hemisphere-dominant.
(Hecaen) demonstrated right hemisphere important for visuospatial and visuoconstructional processes. (Benton) developed tests to asses right hemisphere functioning |
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Definition
| 27 year-old with to-year history of bilateral temporal lobe seizures due to being knocked over by someone riding a bicycle at age 9. Surgery removed hippocampus, amygdala, and parts of multimodal association cortex of temporal lobe bilaterally. Result: inability to encode new information; can retrieve old information. |
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| modern physio developments |
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Definition
More focus on rehabilitation and diversity issues.
New imaging techniques (MRI, fMRI, fNIRS, PET, DTI, etc.) have revolutionized our ability to establish brain-behavior connections by enabling us to visualize in vivo how and where the brain activates.
New understanding of the various brain correlational networks is emerging.
Cognitive / neuropsychological phenotypes are being mapped onto genetic profiles. |
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