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| Li Zicheng's Rebellion (1606-1645?) |
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Definition
| late Ming economic crisis brought about social unrest. Demobilized soldiers/government employees rallied to form rebellious groups. Li Zicheng would prove to be a natural leader among violent men from Shaanxi province.Overthrew Ming dynasty. Defeated by the combined forces of Wu Sangui and Manchurians. |
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| The Revolt of the Three Feudatories |
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Definition
| Rebellion in the Qing dynasty during the reign of Kangxi Emperor. Revolt led by three lords against the Qing Central government. Qing gov. implemented a system to let Han govern the Han Chinese. 1655 - Wu Sangui granted Pingxi Prince title to govern the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou. |
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| 8 banners administrative divisions under the Qing dynasty into which all manchu families were placed. Provided the basic framework for the Manchu military organization. Established by Nurhaci in 17th century. 3 principal ethnic components: Manchu, Han and Mongols. Hierarchical structure of banner system allows for Qing empire takeover of China proper in the 17th century. |
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| Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661-1722) |
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Definition
| 4th emperor of Qing Dynasty. First born on Chinese soil south of Beijing. Long reigning emperor in Chinese history. Suppressed the revolts of the Three feudatories, expanded the empire northwest. Moral Ruler, accepted by the Chinese elite because he was an interpreter of the Confucian classics. |
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| Yongzheng Emperor (1723-1736) |
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Definition
| Father was the Kangxi Emperor. Continued an era of peace and prosperity, reformed the financial administration. Formulation of the Grand Council. Reasserting imperial control. Fiscal reforms. Expansion of the bureaucratic system. Literary inquisition. |
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| Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736-1796) |
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Definition
| 6th Emperor of Qing Empire. Saw the beginnings of trouble in the empire in the later years of his reign. |
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| Met emperor Qianlong (1793). Irish-born British statesman, colonial administrator, appointed the first envoy of Britain to China. Significant because envoy marked a missed opportunity by the Chinese to move toward some kind of accommodation with the west. |
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| Constantly supplied by the British government opium manufacture in India, Opium trade not given up until 1917. International crime of modern times - provided life-blood of early British invasion of China. Southern port of Canton. |
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| Hakka Chinese who led Taiping Rebellion against the Qing dynasty. Named himself as the "Heavenly king" and self-proclaimed himself the brother of Jesus. Failed the imperial exams (took 4 times but never passed) |
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Term
| The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) |
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Definition
| Civil war in southern China against Manchu-ruling Qing dynasty. Led by Hong Xiuquan. 20 million people died, mainly civilians. Hong established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom at Nanjin. Rebel agenda included social reforms such as common property, equality for women, use of Christianity. Qing government crushed the rebellion with the aid of French and British troops. |
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| Suppressed the Taiping Rebels with Hunan Army he raised himself. Contributed greatly to restoring order and stability in 1860s and early 1870s. Han Chinese official, military general, devout Confucian. |
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Definition
| Worked against the Taiping Rebellion. Worked with Russians to stop Japanese expansion in the First Sino-Japanese War. |
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| Guild of Chinese merchants, operated the import-export monopoly in Canton during the Qing Dynasty. During the century prior to the First Opium war, trade relations between China and Europe were exclusively conducted via the Cohong, formalized by imperial edict in 1760 by Qianglong Emperor. |
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Definition
| imperial army in late 19th century China. Fought for the Qing dynasty against the rebels of the Taiping Rebellion. Consisted of Chinese soldiers trained and led by European officer corps. Instrumental in putting down the Taiping Rebellion. First Chinese army trained in European techniques. Became a model for late Chinese armies. |
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Term
| The First Opium War (1839-1842) |
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Definition
| Fought between GB and China over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade and administration of justice for foreign nationals. 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, granted an indemnity to British, opening 5 treaty ports, cession of Hong Kong island, and ended the trade of the Canton System. Failure of this treaty led to the Second Opium War. |
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Definition
| Chinese scholar and official of the Qing. Upright Chinese official who launched a moral crusade against "opium" which led to the outbreak of the First Opium War (1839-1842) |
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| The Second Opium War (1856-1860) |
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Definition
| Qing officials borded the arrow, a registered ship from Hong Kong, suspected of piracy and smuggling. British insisted that the Arrow had been flying a British ensign and that Qing soldiers had insulted the flag. Used this as precept for war. Wanted to legalize opium trade, expand the coolie trade, and permanent residence in Peking for a British Ambassador. |
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Definition
| Signed on August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War. First unequal treaty against the Chinese because Britain had no obligations in return. Granted an indemnity to Britain, opening of 5 treaty ports, cession of Hong Kong, ended Canton system. Failure of treaty led to Second Opium War. "Most Favoured nation Treatment" |
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| The Peking Convention (1860) |
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Definition
| Culmination of Second Opium War. Treaty of Tianjin, opening of Tianjin as a trade port. Freedom of religion established in China. Coolie trade allowed. Indemnity to Britain and French. Legalization of Opium Trade. |
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| The First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) |
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Definition
| Qing dynasty, vs. Meiji Japan over control of Korea. Qing leadership sued for peace in 1895. Clear indication of the failure of the Qing dynasty'y attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty , especially compared with Japan's successful Meiji restoration. Regional dominance in Asia shifted from China to Japan for the first time. Humiliating result sparked public outcry. Defeat was a catalyst for a series of revolution and political changes led by Sun Yat-Sen and Kang Youwei. These trends would manifest in the 1911 Revolution. |
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Term
| Treaty of Shimonosheki (1895) |
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Definition
| Treaty signed between Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire ending the First Sino-Japanese War. Peace conference took place in 1895. Terms: China recognized independence of Korea, Cedes Japan the Penghu group, pay Japan was indemnity, opens trading ports to Japanese, grant Japanese favoured-nation treatment |
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| The Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) |
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Definition
| Period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats. First conscious stop toward modernization, industrialization, and westernization. To make peace with Western powers in China, Prince Gong made regent, head of Office of Foreign Affairs. Majority of the ruling elite still subscribed to conservative Confucian worldview but following defeats, several officials argued that in order to strengthen itself against the west, it had to adopt Western military technology and armaments. |
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| failed 104 day national cultural, political and educational reform movement in 1898. Undertaken by the Guangxu Emperor. Movement was short-lived ending in a coup d'etat by powerful conservative opponents led by Empress Dowager Cixi. |
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Definition
| Chinese scholar and prominent political thinker and reformer of the late Qing Dynasty. He led the movements to establish a constitutional monarchy and was an ardent Chinese nationalist. His ideas inspired a reformation movement that was supported by the Guangxu Emperor and opposed by Empress Cixi. Advocated for constitutional monarchy. |
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| Violent anti-foreign movement and anti-Christian movement which took place in China towards the end of the Qing dynasty between 1899 and 1901. It was initiated by the Righteous Harmony Society. The Great Powers intervened and defeated Chinese forces. |
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| Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) |
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Definition
| Manchu, controlled Manchu dynasty for 47 years. Her boy war the Tongzhi Emperor, she became the Empress Dowager. After death of her son she installed a new emperor Guangxu Emperor. Supported technological and military reforms of the Self-Strengthening movement. Rejected the Hundred Day's Reform, placed Guangxu Emperor under house arrest for supporting the reforms. Pressures led Cixi to effect institutional changes of just the sort she had resisted and to appoint reform-minded officials. |
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| Chinese revolutionary, first president and founding father of the Republic of China. Played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Founded the Provisional Republic of China in 1912. Later co-founded the KMT serving as its first leader. Did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. |
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| The Republican Revoltuion |
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| The Three Principles of the People |
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Definition
| Political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sent part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation. 3 principle summarized as nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people. |
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| Chinese uprising that served as the catalyst to the Xinhai Revolution ending the Qing dynasty ushering in the Republic of China. Bean with the dissatisfaction of the handling of railway crisis. The crisis then escalated to an uprising where the revolutionaries went up against Qing government officials. Then assisted by the New Ary in a coup against their own authorities in the city of Wuchang. Sun yat-sen played no direct part in the uprising. He was travelling in the USA |
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| Chinese general and politician. First President of the Republic of China, short-lived attempt to restore monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor |
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Warlord era as the period in the Republic of China from 1916-1928 when country was divided among military cliques in mainland China. Started with death of Yuan Shikai
Origins: 1911 Revolution brought widespread mutiny reacting to growing authoritariaism of Yuan Shikai |
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Term
| The Whampoa Military Academy |
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Definition
| military academy of the Republic of China, produced many prestigious commanders who fought in many of China's conflicts in the 20th century, notably the Northern Expedition , the Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. Academyn was opened in May 1924. |
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Definition
| anti-imperialist, cultural and political movement growing out of student demonstrations on May 4, 1919 in Beijing. Protested Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, allowing Japan to retain territories in Shandong which has been surrendered by Germany after Tsingtao. Sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism, shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities., a move towards populist base rather than intellectual elite. Political and social leaders of the next decades emerged at this time. "New Culture Movement" |
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