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| 17th century proposed the idea of fossils. Helped in the arguement of plate tectonics |
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| (1635-1703)developed tools to inspect smaller things. |
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| Principle of superposition |
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| older layers at bottom younger layers on top. Except if inverted or overturned |
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| Principle of original horizontality |
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| Originally layers are laid down horizontally. If tilted some action caused a disturbance or sediment for hill |
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| Principle of original lateral continuity |
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| laterally consistent through a space rivers cause breakdowns. |
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18th century, linnaen taxation, classification
Kingdom-phyla-families-genus-species |
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| 19th century, Biostratigraphic and published firsted geologic map showing a cross section |
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| 16th century census on Earths age. |
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| Light foot , using book of genesis, he determined mathmatically that the universe was created in the year 4004 bc on October 23 @ 9:00 am |
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| First hypothesus of the Earth: |
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1) Earth started hot
2) cooled and formed crust
3) water &atmosphere segregated according to density
4) Fiery core with concentric layers of solid material |
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| Buffon aka Georges -louis Leclerc compte de Burron |
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1707-1788 Histoire naturelle Earth's cooling time
IMPORTANT: world generates heat from radioactivity of Potassium Feldspar. |
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| Heated basalt controversy. Basalts form crystalize out of the ocean water. |
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| 1726-1797. old dynamic Earth, nothing primitive, basalt, granite and mineral veins upheaval |
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laws of nature do not change with time.
Radical idea proposed by Hutton & lyell
-Past events could be expained by modern processes
ex) Rain fell from the sky now and in the past
contrary:
to biblical accounts present is key to the past |
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opposes uniformitarianism processes in past were fundamentally in the past are not happening today.
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| Processes the same rate different |
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| processes are very different from the past. |
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| 1797-1875 First text principles of geology takes hutton's ideas popularized |
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Evolution: extinction before Darwin
origin of the species (1859) "Survival of the fittest"
Used Lamrks idea (1744-1829) inheritance of acquired characteristics
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| (1823-1913) Evolution theory same time as Darwin. |
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| (1806) vertical progression of facies will be the sames as corresponding lateral facies changes. |
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(1913-1996) Eustasy= Global sea level
A uniform worldwide change in sea level caused especially by fluctuations in the amount of water taken up by continental and polar icecaps, or by a change in the capacity of ocean basins. |
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| Prior to the Taconic orogeny, the "east" coast of what is now the United States was located near the Hudson River valley, Philadelphia, Washington, DC and extended to western South Carolina. The Taconic Orogeny added land to Proto North America that is now the western portions of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces. This collision added land and raised mountains southward through northern New Jersey, south-eastern Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina. The orogeny ended about 445 million years ago. |
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| Dark Green Non Actualistic process rare rock impossible to make today because it is not hot enough. |
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| Snowball Earth and Slushball earth |
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| It is theorized that the Earth's primitive atmosphere had little or no free oxygen. In addition, Proterozoic rocks exposed at the surface had a high level of iron, which was released at the surface upon weathering. Since there wasn't any oxygen to combine with it at the surface (like happens now in our oxygen-rich atmosphere), the iron entered the ocean as iron ions. At the same time, primitive photosynthetic blue/green algae was beginning to proliferate in the near surface waters. As the algae would produce O2 as a waste product of photosynthesis, the free oxygen would combine with the iron ions to form magnetite (Fe3O4), an iron oxide. This cleansed the algae's environment. As the biomass expanded beyond the capacity for the available iron to neutralize the waste O2 the oxygen content of the sea water rose to toxic levels. This eventually resulted in large-scale extinction of the algae population, and led to the accumulation of an iron poor layer of silica on the sea floor. As time passed and algae populations re-established themselves, a new iron-rich layer began to accumulate. Unfortunately, the algae were of relatively low intelligence and were unable to learn from their past excesses (this was also before the EPA), so they would again proliferate beyond the capacity of the iron ions to clean up their waste products, and the cycle would repeat. This went on for approximately 800,000,000 years! |
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| First Mass Extinction Event |
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The Ordovician mass extinction has been theorized by paleontologists to be the result of a single event; the glaciation of the continent Gondwana at the end of the period. Evidence for this glaciation event is provided by glacial deposits discovered by geologists in the Saharan Desert. By integrating rock magnetism evidence and the glacial deposit data, paleontologists have proposed a cause for this glaciation. When Gondwana passed over the north pole in the Ordovician, global climatic cooling occured to such a degree that there was global large-scale continental resulting in widespread glaciation. This glaciation event also caused a lowering of sea level worldwide as large amounts of water became tied up in ice sheets. A combination of this lowering of sea-level, reducing ecospace on continental shelves, in conjunction with the cooling caused by the glaciation itself are likely driving agents for the Ordovician mass extinction.
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| 374 ma Thought behind extinction is meteors. |
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