Relative Age

The age of rock compared to other rocks.

Absolute Age

The number of years since a rock formed.

Intrusion

Magma cools and hardens

into Igneous Rock in the earth.

Extrusion

Lava cools and hardens

into Igneous Rock on the Earth's surface.

Igneous Rock

Rock made from hardened magma/lava

Sedimentary Rock

Rock made from pieces of sediment (other rocks)

Fault

A crack or break in the Earth's crust

Law of Superposition

States: in horizontal, sedimentary rock layers,

 the oldest layer is always on the bottom (youngest on top)

Erosion

The moving of Earth's surface by water or wind

Deposition

Taking what was eroded and placing that material somewhere else

Unconformity

When newer sedimentary layers touch a much older layer.  Shows where rock layers have been lost due to erosion.

Index Fossil

An organism that lived all over the world for a short amount of time.

They help match rock layers and give relative ages.

Examples: Ammonite and Trilobite

Fossils

The preserved remains or traces of once living things

Mold Fossil

A hollow area buried in sediment

 (from the hard part of an organism)

Cast Fossil

A solid copy of the shape of an organism

(copy of a mold)

Trace Fossils

Provides evidence of an ancient organism's activities.

Tells: size, behavior, shape, loner or in a pack, etc..

Example: footprint, trail, burrow

Carbon Films

A thin coating of carbon on rock.

Preserves delicate parts such as leaves and wings

Preserved Fossils

The preserved remains of an organism with little to no change

Examples: Tar, Amber, ice

Petrified Fossil

When an organism turns to stone.

Minerals replace cells of trees and plants

Unconformities 

What layers is the oldest?

[image]

Layer D because it is on the bottom

What layer is the youngest?

[image]

Layer A because it is on the top

Continental Drift

Continents move apart, towards and past one another

Sea Floor Spreading

The ocean floor spreads apart at divergent boundaries

What kind of plate boundary does this picture show?

[image]

Convergent boundary

What kind of plate boundary does this picture show?

[image]

Divergent boundary

What kind of plate boundary is this?

[image]

Transverse boundary

What is the name of the divergent boundary that wraps around the world on the ocean floor?

Mid-Ocean Ridge

Why is the rock at the ocean floor the youngest on the planet?

New ocean floor is constantly being made while older ocean floor is constantly being melted back into the mantle

Survival of the Fittest

When the fastest, smartest, strongest organism survives to reproduce

Natural Selection

When an organism has a favorable trait (like fur color) that helps them survive to reproduce

When there is a climate change, an organism must ____________ or die.

Adapt

Ice Cores

Drilled ice that shows past;

atmosphere, temperature, ash, gases

Ash in the atmosphere will...

Block out the sun and cool the Earth

Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide...

Trap sunlight warming Earth

Weathering

The breaking down of rock both mechanically (physically) and chemically

Vestigial Structures

Provide clues to evolutionary history.

Are remnants of the structures from ancestors.

example: appendix

Analogous Structures

Structures similar in appearance and function but do not show link to ancestors

example; bird and insect wing