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| an ancient people that lived in what is now Yemen - believed to live in the Biblical land of Sheba. They were large in the trade of frankincense and myrrh; also created an alternative Silk Route. |
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| A strong persian empire tha twas in control most of Arabia in its prime. Destroyed by Alexander the Great. Xerxes the Great was a ruler. |
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| Monotheistic religion created by Zoroaster. Supreme deity: Ahura Mazda |
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| the capital of the Achaemenid Dynasty |
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| Achaemenid Ruler - passed the Charter of Rights, which advocated tolerance. |
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| Take credit for Persia's revival after the fall of the Achaemenid Dynasty. In contrast to Byzantines, they were a tolerant kingdom. |
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| Also known as Constantinople, or the Second Roman Empire. Huge source of trade, controlled 2 of the ends of the Silk Road. Constantine. |
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| Embodied the Arab code of virtue, the muruwwa. |
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| Last prophet of God in Islamic belief |
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| In this period, Muhammad's revelations focused on basic beliefs. |
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| the emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina-- he was invited to negotiate disputes |
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| during this period, Muhammad focused on politics, lifestyle, and moral law of Muslims. |
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| Muhammad's uncle, took him in and raised him to be a trader. |
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| the community of early Muslim converts |
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| an electoral committee that consisted of six Meccan associates of Muhammad, all caravan traders who belonged to the Quraysh tribe |
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| The four leaders following Muhammad's death, they were related to Muhammad by marriage and chosen by his companions |
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| the first rightly guided caliph. step-father of Muhammad. Used generals to force people to rejoin Umma after Muhammad's death. |
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| second Rightly-Guided Caliph. Redirected combative energies to expand the Umma's lands to the north. |
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| third Rightly-Guided Caliph, chosen by Shura appointed by Umar. Still used military tactics, but his personality wasn't as forceful. Combined all the different Qurans into one, and burned all other copies. Send 4 copies to 4 corners of the empire. Assassinated. |
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| Governor of Damascus and cousin of Uthman. Was a member of the Umayyad clan. Took caliphate after Ali's death. |
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| son of Abu Talib, 4th Rightly Guided Caliph. Nephew of Muhammad. Supported by Shiats, not supported by Sunni. Never looked into predecessors death - suspected of assassinating him. Was killed by Kharijites, who were angry because he did not fight at the Battle of Siffin. |
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| First Islamic Civil War (fitna); Mu'awiyah challenges Ali. Mu'awiyah's forces stuck pages of the Quran on the tips of their spears. Ali and Mu'awiyah did not actually fifght, settled the conflict. |
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| Founded by Mu'awiya. Viewed as lax Muslims. Under this Dynasty, the great Arab empre was built. |
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| non-muslim subject governed in accordance with Islamic law in the Umayyad dynasty |
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| a per capita tax enforced on non-Muslims in the Umayyad dynasty |
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| son of Mu'awiya, inherited Umayyad Dynasty; faced problems from those who wanted the caliphate restored to the Hashimite clan. Opposed by prophet's grandson, Husayn in B. of Karbala - left Husayn's son alive. |
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| 5th Umayyad Caliph, began the high caliphate, making empire more organized. Implemented Arab currency. Built the Dome of the Rock. Also builds Mosque in Damascus. |
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| the battle that stopped Arab expansion north. Stopped by Francs, the Umayyad dynasty was pushed back toward Spain. |
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| fled from the Abbasid revolt, being one of the sole survivors of the Umayyad line. Established the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, in Andalusia. |
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| "Court of the Lions", build in Granada in the 14th century under the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba. |
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| emir of Cordoba. Declared himself as Caliph in 929, breaking ties with the Fatimids and Abbasids. |
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| Constantine "The African" |
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| Tunisian doctor, who moved to Italy where he compiled his vast medical opus |
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| medieval Jewish philosopher, considered one of the greatest Torah scholars. Compiled Mishna Torah commentaries. Was also a Rabbi, physician, and philosopher |
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| Emerged in the Khorasan region. Took over the Umayyad Dynasty, often considered as the Persians taking over the Arabs, even though this dynasty consisted of both Persians and Arabs. |
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| Persian province, source of revolution to support Abbasids |
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| The Abbasid revolt made it here in 749, where the overthrew the Umayyads and took claim to the caliphate. |
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| one of the most famouse Abbasid caliphs; the central administration grew more complex under his rule- bore the title vizier (high ranking official). Many fictitious stories about him and his court in the 1,001 Nights. |
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| earliest and most famous Muslim historian |
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| founded by Al Ma'mun, a major intellectual center focused on translating works from Latin and Greek into Arabic |
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| Son of Harun al Rashid. This fighting between him and his brother, Amin, for the caliphate destroyed most of Baghdad and left much of Iraq in anarchy. Was troubled by the paradoxes and contradictions in orthodox Muslim belief. He espoused doctrines, knowns as the Mu'tazila, which stressed free will over divine predestination. Founded the House of Wisdom |
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| Collection of Middle Eastern folk tales that centers on the frame tale of King Shariyar and his wife Shahrazad |
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| Mosque created under Abbasid rule, completed in 861, located in Samara Iraq. |
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| group of Isma'ili supporters overthrew arabs tied to the Abbasid caliphate, an dseixed their North African empire in 909, by allying with the Berber nomads who embraced their form of Shi'ism. Tolerant, and inclusive. |
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| the capital of the Fatimid dynasty |
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| Intellectual center/mosque-university in Cairo |
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| Exception to religious tolerance in Fatimid reign, persecuted Christians; proclaimed himself to be divine. |
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| Captured baghdad and the Abbasids, but allowed the Abbasids to retain the caliphate. Founded by three brothers. The Viziers still governed. They were twelve-imam shiites. |
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| Muslim border warriors, mainly hired as whole Turkic tribes. |
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| Among two Turkic tribes that grew into an empire. Not very organized. Restored Sunni rule to middle east. |
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| the battle that lead to the defeat of the Byzantines by the Seljuks, and capture of most of Anatolia |
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| Sultan at the height of Seljuk power. |
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| Responded to plea for help by Byzantine emperor by sending Christians into a war to regain Jerusalem's Holy Sepulcher from "the wicked race". |
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| The most successful of crusades, joined up with Byzantines. Sacked Nicaea (Seljuk capital), afterwards the Byzantines left the crusades. Then they sacked Jerusalem and brutally murdered thousands of innocent Jews, Muslims, and Christians. |
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| 15,000 Crusaders reached the walls of this city in June 1099 and murdered thousands of Jews, Muslims and Christians. |
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| Began the Ayyubid dynasty after the death of the last Fatimid caliph. Was able to fend of Crusader invasion of Egypt. |
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| Salah al-Din killed the vast majority of the crusaders forces in this battle, and took Jerusalem. |
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| Led by King Philip and Richard the Lionheart who took Acre from Salah al-Din. The most famous crusade. |
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| Dynasty created by Salah al-Din, united Egypt and Syria. Used turkic slave-soldiers, the Mamluks. |
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| Genghis Khan's grandson, who renewed the attack on the Abbasids and destroyed Baghdad in 1258. |
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| Seized Egypt from the Ayyubids in 1250. Received threat to Cairo from the Mongols, but Hulegu Khan returned home before he could take Cairo due to his brother's death. They then murdered his envoys and defeated the Mongols in 1260. Because of this, the Muslim world survived. |
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