Bernard of Gui

-          inquisitor in the middle ages

-          tried about 400 heretics, only burned like 22, not that bad

Mendaeans

-          followers of john the Baptist

-          had a dualistic world view

Dominicans

-          religious order, mostly inquisitors in the middle ages

-          popes used their help a lot

Franciscans

-          also sometimes served as inquisitors

Inquisitiro

-          inquisition

-          started as a teaching method

-          got bad in the 14^th/15^th centuries with corporal punishment

catharism

-          one of the main heretical groups

-          begins in 11^th century

-          dual heresy – two gods

-          started killing clergy, then crusade was declared  (Albigensian Crusade)

al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushd

-          Islamic philosophers

-          exiled by other Muslims

-  during 12th cent renaissance 

Peter Abelard

-          prominent Christian scholar in middle ages, popular lecturer

Cathedral Schools

-          eventually became universities

-          used Aristotle’s ideals

Santiago de Compostela

-          sacred site in spain

-          where St. James washed up

Forta Sacra, Patrick Geary

-          book by Patrick Geary

-          book about sacred relic stealing

2^nd Crusade

-          1147-1149

-          led by Louis of France, foiled by the Templar Knights

-          not endorsed by Christians in the Holy Land

3^rd Crusade

-          1189-1193

-          after tip of balance from Nur-ad-Din to Saladin, Christians are nervous

-          Saladin wants Jerusalem in his control

-          under Innocent III

-          was the Kings Crusade: Richard, Frederick, and Philip Augustus

Spanish Reconquista

-          reconquering of Spain from the Muslims

-          750: al-Andalus breaks away from the Islamic Caliphate

-          slowly, Christian leaders push into Islamic spain

-          is a frontier-like movement

Northern Crusades

-          happen in the Baltics

-          Germans oversaw these battles – push to the east mottos

-          perpetual fighting

-          set up monasteries and moved on

Teutonic Knights

-          established in Northern crusades, German order

-          formed in Acre

King Henry II

-          of England

-          wanted to decrease church rights

-          wanted to tax clergy and try them for secular crimes

-          eventually flogged after killing of Becket

Thomas Becket

-          Henry II’s friend

-          was appointed archbishop of Cantebury

-          had Christian conversion, fought for church rights

-          killed by one of Henry’s knights

Nur-ad-Din

-          Islamic ruler in the holy land

-          wanted Damascus

-          killed ruler of Egypt

-          succeeded by Saladin

Templar knights

-          founded after 1^st crusade

-          protected pilgrims

Damascus

-          becomes capital of Islamic empire under Umayyad dynasty

-          Nur-ad-Din really wanted Damascus for Islamic empire in his reign

Ascalon

-          coastal city near Egypt

-          when Crusaders capture it, NaD is nervous and conquers Egypt

-  right before 3rd crusade 

Saladin

-          ruler after Nur-ad-Din

-          ethnically a curd

-          Sunni, persecutes Shiites

Battle of Hattin

-          battle during the 3^rd Crusade

-          Saladin wins handily

parliaments

-          become popular in Europe in 13^th cent

-          france, England, germany have bicameral legislatures

-          comes from the rise of city building inside fiefs by monarchs

Song of Roland

-          tale of one of Charlemagne’s knights

-          held off the muslims at the Pyrenees

-          being a knight = killing lots of bad guys

Coat of Arms

-          established to be recognized in battle

-          in the 12^th and 13 centuries, became a status symbol

Richard the Lionheart

-          king of England, but lived in France mainly

-          one of the leaders of the 3^rd Crusade

Philip Augustus

-          French king, helped lead 3^rd Crusade

-          left crusade to help with German emperor transition

Frederick Barbarossa

-          German emperor, in 3^rd crusade

Kings Crusade

-          term for 3^rd crusade

Usamah ibn Munqidh

-          Muslim writer, writes about Saladin and 3^rd crusade

-          doesn’t write that much about Franks in comparison to rest of works

4^th crusade

-          1202-1204

-          whole problem with Venice

-          too many mercenaries show up

-          army conquers zara, gets excommunicated

-          then approached by Alexius, conquers Constantinople, gets excommunicated again

plentiudo potestatis

-          “fullness of power”

-          became doctrine under Innocent III

-          pope had say in all aspects of life, not just religious

Innocent III

-          pope who oversaw fourth crusade

-          very powerful

servicia et operas

-          “service and labor”

-          how merchants got around Innocent’s ban of Christian slaves

De Contemptu Mundi

-          written by Innocent III

-          contempt for the world, for physical stuff

-          puts religion over material goods

Venetian Doge

-          played a part in the Fourth Crusade

-          agreed to pay Crusader debt and pay for way to Jerusalem if they took Zara

-          backed out of promise

Zara

-          formerly Venetian city that Crusaders sacked

-          then Alexius showed up there

Alexius

-          emperor of Constantinople, eastern empire

-          shows up in Zara, gets crusaders to take back Constantinople in exchange for church unification

-          takes back promise

Acre

-          fell in 1192?

-          Saladin defeated it after Hattin

-          last Christian outpost

Albigensian Crusade

-          1209-1229

-          after 4^th crusade

-          famous of the heretic crusades

-          focused in Albi, France

-          against the Cathars

-          French leaders are happy to get rid of annoying principalities

-          afterwords in 1220, French unification is almost complete

Nicene Creed

-          established in 4^th century

-          does not allow heretics

imitation Christi

-          imitation of Christ

-          wanted to be true Christians

-          adopted by many heretics

vita apostalica

-          apostolic life

-          adapted by many heretics, had no want for material goods

-          evangelical poverty

Simon de Montfort

-          first military leader of the Albigensian Crusade

-          French Nobleman

-          after his death at siege of Toulouse, kings led the crusade

Frederick II

-          son of Constance and Henry VI of germany

-          ruled over Germany and Sicily – surrounded papal state

-          excommunicated four times by like 3 popes

-          declared the anti-christ by the church

-          wore exotic garments, traveled with animals, very arab-like

-          went to Jerusalem, became ruler there

-          German princes lead a crusade against him and the Hohenstaufen family

Constance of Sicily

Henry VI

-          Frederick II’s mother

-          of Germany, Frederick II’s mother

Hohenstaufen

-          family name of Frederick II

-          crusade was carried against them

al-Andalus

-          part of Spain ruled by Muslims

-          broke free from the Caliphate in 750

-          slowly, Christians took parts of it

-          last outpost was Grenada in 1492

Grenada

-          last Muslim outpost in Iberian peninsula until 1492

convivencia

-          “living together”

-          putting up with one another, not really getting along

-          Muslims and Christians in Spain

-          Jews also lived there, served as intermediaries

Mozarabs

-          “half-Arabs”

-          within 100 years of conquest, Christians in Spain are Arabized

-          Arabic dressing and speaking

-          reconquista is partially against this Arabization

Taifa

-          territories al-Andalus breaks up into

-          in about 1000 AD

-          easier to conquer once they are all devided

Crown of Aragon

-          made up of Kingdom of Aragon and County of Catalonia

-          Northeast corner of spain

Maghrib

-          Western half o North Africa

-          Muslim reform movements begin in the 11^th and 12^th centuries here

Almoravids & Almohads

-          almoaravids are first

-          Muslim reform movements, reinstate the Jihad

-  11th and 12th centuries 

Song of El Cid

-          story of knight

-          fought for both sides, whichever leader he agreed with

-          leads some battles against Muslims in Valencia

-          also fights against Christian kings

-          different kind of knight than Roland

Fueros

-          rules established to deal with multicultural atmosphere in Spain

-          they varied from town to town

-          necessary as the Christian/Muslim border moved south

Arnau de Vilanova

-          from Barcelona, Crown of Aragon

-          studied medicine with Jews, Greeks and Arabs

-          top doctor in Europe, treated many Popes

-          also a well-known heretic

Balkans

-          Serbia, Macedonia, Latvia etc

-          Northern crusades fought here

-          last outpost of Pagans

-          their conversion was fought over by Latin and Eastern Christians

-          Northern crusades are evangelical in nature

Teutonic Knights

-          established in Northern crusades by Germans

-          fought a perpetual crusade

-          were given rights by the church to decide when to fight

Drang nach Osten

-          German phrase: Push to the East

-          applied to Northern crusades against Pagans

-          Muslims at this point are no longer number one problem

Eric Christansen

-          wrote book “Northern Crusades”

Opus Tripartitum

-          written by Humbert of Romans

-          supplemental book for priests preaching crusades

-          gave answers to tricky questions

-          “book in three parts”

Humbert of Romans

-          wrote Opus Tripartitum

Waldensians

-          one of the strongest heretic groups

-          started by Peter Waldo

-          preached a life of poverty

-          preaching was not allowed by church, so he was excommunicated

-          traveling Waldensian preacher was a barba

-          Inquisition sought Waldensian leaders, who defied church’s authority

Spiritual Franciscans

-          preached against possessions

-          declared a heresy in 1323

-          based theories on poverty of christ

1798

to defend island of Malta from Napoleon

no one showed up