Term
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Definition
| He was a horse who seemed to be able to do math and more, but in reality, he was conditioned to follow his owner/trainer's movement or the reactions of the audience |
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Term
| Who was Wilheim von Olsten? |
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Definition
| owner of Clever Hans, a mathematician who wanted to show that Darwin was right that animals and humans had similar mental processes |
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Term
| In what year did the behaviorists declare war on older points of view in psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the new movement in psychology, started in 1913, called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What concept did Watson reject? |
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Definition
| Consciousness, he believed that mental processes were in a "black box" |
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Term
| What earlier forms of psychology did Watson bring together for behavioral psychology? |
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Definition
| Animal psychology, functionalism, objectivism, and mechanism |
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Term
| Given that Watson was not the first to initiate objectivism, what were other influences? |
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Definition
| Descartes, and his belief in the mechanistic operation of the body, was one of the first to take steps toward objective science |
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Term
| Who was the French philosopher who was very important in the history of objectivism and positivism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Comte believe was private individual consciousness that could not be objectively observed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did positivism emphasize? |
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Definition
| Objective, observable facts |
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Term
| What was the most important antecedent to Watson's behavioral program (coming from evolutionary theory)? |
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Definition
| Animal behaviorism or animal psychology |
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Term
| Who developed the concept of tropism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an involuntary forced movement meaning that an animal's reaction to stimuli was direct and automatic (like instincts) |
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Term
| What is associative memory? |
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Definition
| An association between stimulus and response; taken to indicate evidence of consciousness in animals |
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Term
| When did the rat maze become the tool for studying animal learning and who invented it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is Margaret Floyd Washburn? |
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Definition
| She published, "The Animal Mind," which continued to attribute consciousness to animals. It was the last book to infer animal mental states from behavior |
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Term
| What is anthropomorphism? |
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Definition
| This is the practice of assigning human characteristics and mental processes to animals |
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Term
| Were animal psychologists or psychologists who used animals in their research readily received? |
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Definition
| No, many thought their work was a waste of time and resources, so Yerkes and Watson struggled in their research |
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Term
| What else is animal psychology called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was able to demonstrate that Clever Hans was just picking up on cues from people and not a math genius? |
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Definition
| Carl Pfungst, but no one paid attention to his research, because Hans new owner made money from his "tricks" |
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Term
| Who was Edward Thorndike? |
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Definition
| He was one of the most influential animal psychologists in history, totally believed in studying behavior not conscious experiences |
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Term
| When Thorndike couldn't study children, what did he study instead? |
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Definition
| Chicks running through mazes |
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Term
| What did Thorndike call his experimental approach to the study of association? |
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Definition
| Connectionism which was an approach to learning based on connections between situations and responses |
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Term
| What did Thorndike argue? |
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Definition
| Behavior must be reduced to its most simple elements which are stimulus-response units |
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Term
| Who created the Puzzle Box to test animal learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Thorndike prefer to call trial-and-error learning (which is learning based on repetition of responses that lead to success? |
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Definition
| Trial-and-accidental success |
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Term
| What are conditioned reflexes (associated with Pavlov)? |
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Definition
| Reflexes that are conditional or dependent on the formation of an association or connection between stimulus and response |
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Term
| What did Pavlov do with this dogs? |
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Definition
| He conditioned the dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell after repeatedly presenting food alongside the bell |
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Term
| What is necessary for learning to take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was Priscilla the Fastidious Pig and Bird Brain? |
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Definition
| Two of the performers at the IQ Zoo who could perform many human-like tricks |
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Term
| Who were Keller and Marian Breland? |
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Definition
| Psychologists who formed the Animal Behavior Enterprise where they used Skinner's behavior techniques to train over 6000 animals of 150 species |
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Term
| What were the 3 stages of behaviorism? |
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Definition
1st) Watson's behaviorism (1913-1930)
2nd) Neobehaviorism-Tolman, Hull, Skinner (1930-1960)
3rd) Sociobehaviorism or Neo-neobehavioralism--Bandura & Rotter (1960-1990) |
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Term
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Definition
| The doctrine that a physical concept can be defined in precise terms related to a set of operations or procedures by which it is determined |
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Term
| What did Bridgman insist on? |
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Definition
| He wanted to discard all pseudo-probelms which are questions that defy answer by any known objective test. For example, "What is the soul?" would no longer be a question for psychology. Science also would stop trying to study individual or private conscious experience |
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Term
| According to the operationist viewpoint, what has no place in scientific psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What field of science also practice operationism? |
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Definition
| Physics, but soon psychology would use operationism even more than they did |
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Term
| What is purposive behaviorism and who invented it? |
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Definition
| Tolman's system combining objective study of behavior with the consideration of purposiveness or goal orientation in behavior |
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Term
| What did Tolman say about behavior? |
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Definition
| He said it reeked of purpose, in other words, all behavior is oriented toward achieving a goal or learning the means to an end |
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Term
| What did Tolman insist needed to be capable of objective observation and operational definition? |
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Definition
| The initiating causes of behavior and the final resulting behavior |
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Term
| What are intervening variables? |
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Definition
| Unobserved and inferred factors within the organism that are the actual determinants of behavior |
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Term
| What are the 5 independent variables are expressed in a mathematical equation and that Tolman said cause behavior? |
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Definition
1. environmental stimuli
2. physiological drives
3. heredity
4. previous training
5. age |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a founding psychologist of Gestalt who studied animals in their natural behavior. Believed animals were more intelligent than thought |
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Term
| How did Nueva the ape show that animals could have goal-oriented, purposeful, and deliberate behavior? |
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Definition
| She used a stick to reach for food beyond her cage |
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Term
| What were the obvious differences between Gestalt and behaviorism? |
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Definition
| Gestalt psychologists accepted the value of consciousness, and criticized attempts to reduce consciousness to mere atoms |
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Term
| What did Gestalt psychologists call Wundt's approach? |
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Definition
| Brick-and-mortar psychology: the bricks were "elements" and mortar was "associations" |
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Term
| What are Gestalt psychologists most famous for? |
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Definition
| Believing that the sum of the parts is greater than the whole (single music notes are not the same as a whole song); people who can't see the forest for the trees |
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Term
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Definition
| A doctrine based on an unbiased description of immediate experience just as it occurs |
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Term
| What is the phi phenomenon? |
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Definition
| The illusion that two stationary flashing lights are moving from one place to another...its the realization that the perception of motion can happen without any actual movement |
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Term
| What is perceptual consistency? |
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Definition
| A quality of wholeness or completeness in perceptual experience that does not vary even when the sensory elements change (ex. table) |
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Term
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Definition
| The doctrine that there is a correspondence between psychological or conscious experience and the underlying brain experience (ex. a map) |
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Term
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Definition
| A founder of social psychology, a father of group dynamics. He wanted to know how groups affected the behavior of individuals |
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Term
| What is the Zeigarnik effect? |
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Definition
| The tendency to recall uncompleted tasks more easily than completed tasks |
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Term
.Watson's application to advertising?
+
John B. Watson's view towards children and childern rearing. |
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Definition
| He believed that people were like a machines and could be predicted and controlled. |
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Term
Watson's view towards children and rearing them.
John B. Watson's view towards childern and child rearing. |
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Definition
| In 1928 watson plublished Psychological Care of the Infant and Child in this book he critized parents, said they were incompetent. Watson didn't believe you should show any affection to them, you should shake hands with them, pat them on the head for a job well done. |
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Term
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Definition
| The doctrine that a physical concept can be defined in precise3 terms related to the set of operations of procedures by which it is determined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combining the objective stuy of purposiveness of goal orientaion in behavior. |
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Term
| Hull's Hypothetico-deductive method. |
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Definition
| Hulls method for establising postulates from which experimentally testable conclusions can be deduced. |
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Term
| Hull's reduction of satisfacton of a drive? |
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Definition
| Is the sole basis fo reinforcement. |
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Term
| What does Hull's primary drive include? |
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Definition
| Food, water, air, temperature regulation, defecation,urination,sleep,activity,sexual intercourse, and pain relief, but however, reconized that organisms maybe motivated by forces other than primary drives, he proposed the learned or secondary drives, which relates to situationsor environmental stimuli associated with the reduction of primary drives and so many became drivesa them. themselves thus, previously neutral stimuli may aquire the characteristics of a a drive because they are capable of elicting responses simular to the stimuli aroused by the primary drive or original need state. |
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Term
| Law of primary reinforcement. |
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Definition
| When a stimulus-respondce relationship is followed gy a reduction in a bodly need,the pdrobability increase that on subsequent occasions the same stimullus will evoke the same response. |
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Term
| Bandura's vicarious reinforcement. |
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Definition
| The notion thaat learning can occur by observing other people and the consequences of their behavior, rather than by always experiencing reinforcement personally. |
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Term
| Rotter's Locus of control. |
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Definition
| Is dthe belief that reinforcement depends on one's odwn behavior, external Locus of condtrol is the abelief that reinforcment depends on outside control forces such as luck, fate and other people. |
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