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| Knowledge dependent on experience |
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| Knowledge independent of experience |
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| Something that is true in itself (a triangle having three sides) |
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| The "nirvana" of skepticism, the flourishing that comes from suspending beliefs we are not sure of |
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Spinoza, "that which the intellect perceives as constituting the essence of a substance."
Human beings can only perceive two attributes, thought and extension |
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| Descartes, in order for something to be true it must be clear and distinct on a fundamental level |
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| Locke, combining simple ideas to make a complex idea (combining a horn and a horse in one's mind to create a unicorn) |
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| Something that hinges on something else, all contingent things eventually need to be contingent on a necessary thing. |
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| Belief that God simply created the world and then left it, not involved in the world. |
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| Descartes, mind and body as two separate things. Body takes up space, mind is thought. |
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| We can't know anything apart from experience, only a posteriori |
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| Montaigne, one needs faith because reason cannot get you all the way to everything. |
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| Descartes' method for the meditations, building up from beliefs that can't be doubted. |
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| Locke, all thoughts are based on simple ideas |
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| Errors in thinking that arrive from an individual being isolated, one's biases will often lead to false beliefs (like someone stumbling alone in a dark cave) |
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| Errors arising from our use of language, ideas put into words don't always get exactly at what the speaker is trying to get across. Think of a lot of people in a marketplace trying to buy things with different currencies, not everyone will be able to agree. |
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| Errors arising from false knowledge, if learned people hold a certain view, it often goes unquestioned. Think about the fact that people would never speak out during a theatre production. |
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| Deceptive beliefs imprinted on all men's minds, ex. the world is flat. We assume that truth lies with the majority |
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Francis Bacon, scientific method. Building general facts from many particulars, but does not have necessity.
Ex. I have seen the sun rise for 20 years, so it is probable that the sun will rise tomorrow. |
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| Descartes, we possess certain ideas from birth. Locke does not agree |
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| Simple substance having no parts, does not take up space, like the soul. Often referred to as "points" |
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Something that couldn't be otherwise, like a three sided triangle.
Spinoza and Descartes say God is necessary because all other things rest on His existence. |
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| Monads and Atoms run a certain way because it has been established. If someone lights paper on fire, rather than the paper catching on fire, the paper knows it should burn as soon as it is lit, so it does. |
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| First great skeptic, taught a way of life. It is said that disciples had to follow him to make sure he didn't walk off of cliffs. |
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| Locke, qualities that an object has in itself, like solidity and extension. |
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| things interpreted by an individual, like color, taste, smell |
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| Descartes and Spinoza, the belief that you can reach many things by reason. |
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| Descartes' belief that the mind and body are really separate things, on thinking and one taking up space |
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| We might call them perceptions, locke says these are the most basic ideas. We might even see them as sense perceptions. |
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Head of a Skeptical school, careful student of the history of Skepticism. Does not think knowledge of "hidden" (metaphysical positions) is possible.
Epoche, or suspension of judgment, applies only to metaphysical claims, which is why he was able to be a doctor because he didn't think they applied to phenomenal realm |
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| Locke, things like perceptions |
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Hobbes, State of Nature=State of War
The only right we possess is self preservation, individuals elect to give up certain rights in order to preserve themselves in a group. |
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| The belief that one's mind is sure to exist, but can't be sure about other things. |
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| In Hobbes' estimation, it is a state of war. |
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| Speaking about what is universally and eternally true, without reference to or dependence on the temporal portions of reality |
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| Substance Absolutely Infinite |
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| Spinoza, talking about God being a conceptual ground for all other substances. For Spinoza, God is the only substance. |
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| Leibniz, something cannot exist or be true unless it has sufficient reason. God possesses all sufficient reason. |
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| Leibniz, Evidence base, evidence for itself is contained outside itself. (opposite of Analytic) |
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| Everyone is born with a blank slate, without prior knowledge. |
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| Final causes exist in nature |
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