• Colonists in support of the revolution against England
• Believed in Democracy
• "Founding Fathers" belonged to this group

• Colonists that remain loyal to British Crown
• Consists mostly of people in government and educated people
• Believe they are still "British"

Radicals

• known as associators
• participated in boycott of Towns and duties (series of taxes-gov. attempt to control colonies)
• Targeted Loyalists

• Most Radical
• PA = independent commonwealth
• New gov. -> everything elected except judiciary

• deciding who was qualified for patriotism/loyalism
• determined what you could do (vote)

• land owner who worked for the British during the 7 years war
• Only man executed for not proving his patriotism during 1778's Bill for Attainment
• Involved in economic warfare

• 1778-1779
• New constitution is written out of fear b/c they didn't want to be a Parliment
• Weak articles of confederation that define the US
  • basicaly no gov b/c they had no coersive power
    • couldn't tax, draft,regulate trade
    • solved land disputes
• Causes social tension
  • others are allowed to vote and they are now equal to farmers and such

• 1836
• Autobiography of Maria Monk
• Told 'terrors' of a Catholic Convent
• Bestselling book
• Complete fabrication

Volunteer Fire Companies

• No official fire or police Co.
• excuse for 'street gangs'
• often very ethnic
• 1803-Philly Hose Co.
  • 1st to use flex hose and hand pumps

• 1842
• Wrote to school board asking for Catholic children be excused from religious activity at school
• Results in Protasten association

• Initiated by Arc Bishop Kendrick in 1842
• Results in mild Nativist rioting

• 1844
• Nativists come here for revenge after attack during the bibles in school controversy
• becomes an "armed camp"
• "civil war" declared
• many Irish leave and settle in Clifton Heights

• Opposed new constitution
• Series of essays- "Letters from a fellow farmer"

• Extremely wealthy
• No morals, did w/e to make $$$$
• 1750-1830
• Established Girard Trust Corn Bank
• Outspoken Atheist
• Left $ to start school for white, fatherless, males 8-16
  • opened in 1846
  • no religion
  • detailed instructions
  • controversy over who would run the school (state vs appointed person)

• causes Nativist riots
• huge economic depression
• Lg. # of unskilled irishmen who worked for less $, so they took away jobs

• 1828
• England laws change causing mass immigration
  • Moiomensing, Philly, and Kensington
• Causes increased tension among Protestants b/c they think it is a conspiracy invasion by the Catholic Church

• they are unskilled
• take away jobs b/c work for less
• protestants believe the Catholic Church sent them

Committee of Censors

• a committee created by the 1776 Pennsylvania constitution.
• It's function was to "Discover" violators of the constitution."
• In other words, it was vested with special power to jail whoever it thought was not living up to the revolutionary spirit of the constitution.
  

•  found themselves opposing Localists in the Pa legislature after the 1776 constitution was ratified and the franchise was expanded
• Merchants and artisans from the more urban areas
  
  Believed in a natural social hierarchy
  
  Favored an activist government to:
  
  Sponsor internal improvements
  
  Promote economic growth
  

• found themselves opposing Cosmopolitans in the Pa legislature after the 1776 constitution was ratified and the franchise was expanded
• L Mostly democratic-minded rural farmers
  
  L Opposed legislation to promote trade and commerce

1. Most serious outbreak of violence against excessive taxation passed by states during the Critical period

2. 1786-87

3. Connecticut River valley of Western Massachusetts

4. Daniel Shayes, a former officer in the Continental Army

5. Led an army of 1,500 farmers in an open revolt against state authority

6. Believed that the increased taxes were being used to enrich the eastern merchants who had invested in the Revolution

7. 1787 January:

L Four Shayites die in battle with state militia in Springfield, Mass

• series of newspaper articles written by Samuel Morse detailing the conspiracy of the Pope to reclaim the U.S. for the Roman Catholic Church.
• One of the many things that heightened tension between Catholics and Protestants during the era of Nativist violence.
  
  

• Phila School Board member and Roman Catholic who called for the firing of a Protestant teacher because she continued to use the King James Bible in her class.
• Also called for the banning of all Bibles from public schools.
• Protestants demanded his resignation because he was "anti-Bible" and part of the Roman Catholic conspiracy.
  

• area of south Philadelphia where St Philip Neri's Roman Catholic Church is located that became the scene of the second Nativist riot in July 1844.
• After the Nativist 4th of July Parade, Father Dunn, the pastor of St. Philip Neri's heard rumors that the Nativists were going to attack and destroy his church like they did the two churches in May. So he got permission from Governor Porter to draw weapons from the state armory and arm his parishioners. He did draw the weapons and the Nativists decided that Fr Dunn was planning an attack on them. So they went to St. Philip Neri's to demand Fr. Dunn surrender the weapons. That started the series of events that led to the second Nativist riot during which General Cadwalder, the commander of the city militia, ordered his troops to open fire with muskets and cannon on the Nativists.
• Later the Grand Jury would call the Nativists Riots a terrible incident of class warfare instigated by low-class Irish immigrants who did not respect the rights guaranteed by the constitution.