• Rage stemmed from the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) which caused fear among poor working men that they would lose their jobs to freed slaves and the draft
• Many New Yorkers were sympathetic to the southern cause because they made money off of the slave and cotton trades
  
• Riot breaks out over class because one could avoid the draft by paying $300, but quickly escalated into a fight about race and ethnicity
  
• Rioters were primarily lower class Irishmen at the start but gained a following by force
  

• Nickname for the first horse-drawn secure police/prison vans with separate locked cubicle for transporting prisoners
• Created to protect policemen as they transported people resisting arrest
  
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• Originally built as a potter's square for burying poor dead
• Became a place to go to celebrate (parades, marches, etc), not for riots/protests
  
• By 1930s it had lost it's appearance as a park because it had no more green space, looks like a public space instead.
  
• By1936, it was considered a working man's shopping mecca and the square was not as nice (protests begin). The square was refurbished and is now a higher-end area again
  

• Written by Andrew Carnegie, he discusses the responsibilities of philanthropy by the upper self-made class. 

  His main point is that there is danger of handing large sums of money (for philanthropy reasons) to persons or organization because of the possibilities of corruption.

  Carnegie refused to give money to institutions that only maintained the poor in their impoverished state (ex. don’t give money to the homeless), and instead he supported a new mode of giving with would create opportunities for the beneficiaries. As a result of this, a gift would create even greater wealth throughout society (ex. libraries)

Was a neighborhood in lower Manhattan (today’s East Village). Five Points gained international notoriety as a disease-ridden crime-infested slum that existed for well over 70 years. However, it was the original American melting pot, at first consisting primarily of newly emancipated African Americans and Irish, who had been a presence in the area since the 1600s. Poor areas such as Five Points proved ideal for the development and transmission of infectious diseases because of the poor sanitary conditions, overcrowded dwellings, lack of even rudimentary healthcare and the poor were generally not as healthy as the more affluent members of society. The Draft Riots also occurred in this area, which were in response to the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, this anger was due to NYC having a pro-slavery view point.

Luna Park is a name shared by dozens of currently operating and defunct amusement parks that have opened on almost every continent. The attached to new york city was called Coney Island. At this time roller coaster were developed which helped attract people. The invention of the light bulb also added to the visual appeal, giving it a magical feel. 

Coney Island became to be known as the “Nickel Empire” because for just five cents, one could get a ride, a hot dog and a subway ticket. The price of the park was so cheap, it created a haven for the working class who couldn’t afford to go on a true vacation. This large gathering of people also made it a great spot to find potential mates.

 In sea transport, a packet service is a regular, scheduled service, carrying freight and passengers. This regular packet service is the reason why NYC merchants had an advantage over other city merchants because they had a regular supply of goods coming into the city.

• Landscape architect, worked with Calvert Vaux in 1858 to design Central Park (Olmstead was architect0in0cheif and superintendent), Riverside Park, and Prospect Park, among others. Central Park provided breathing space for a dense city with few open spaces, world-wide example for parks
• Olmstead wanted the park to be “wild”, as if you could lose yourself in it and forget where you are, but he did not like the idea of people walking or lounging on the grass, wanted people to meet and enjoy the beauty of the park from the sidewalks
  
• Central Park is not the biggest or most beautiful park in the world but the most influential (all other big city parks were generally for the royals), originally feared by rich because they thought it would increase their taxes and they didn’t think they needed a place for recreation
  

• Revolutionary store – so big that it had different departments (“department store”), offered money back guarantee, competitive low prices, and large scale advertising, known as the “marble palace
• Associated with “Ladies mile” – greatest concentration of department stores, shopping became by and for the women who could afford it and for lower class women that worked there
  
• Department stores changed the city to be open and friendly to females
  
• Department stores and newspapers go hand-in-hand (advertising), NY herald first used “marble palace”
  

• Publisher and editor of the New York Herald  (1835)
• Penny Press” – could get coverage on finance, crime and scandal, national and international news for a very low cost, a decision to cater to the public and make the newspapers interesting rather than just information for merchants
  
• Controversial American newspaperman, Herald had the highest circulation of any American daily newspaper
  
• Considered one of the inventors of American popular journalism
  
• New York was revolutionary in its newspapers and the dominant role of newspapers in the US is in nyc
  

• Suburb of Long Island founded by A.T. Stewart, created as an upscale community for people wishing to get out of the city
• Representative of the suburbanization of New York (idea of the “front yard”)
  
• Wide streets with houses set back
  

• Boss Tweed, or William M. Tweed, was the first boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that changed the role of politics in NY in the 19^th century; Tweed got started as the foreman of Americus Engine Company No. 33 (a volunteer fire department) in 1848. While a member of the House of Representative in 1852, NY County Board of Supervisors in 1858, and on NY State Senate in 1867, Tweed was best known for his political work regarding Tammany. Tweed was convicted of stealing $25-45 million in 1877 from NYC taxpayers, though the figure was later estimated around $200 million. His answer to these charges regarding political corruption - “What are you going to do about it?”

Dumbbell tenements, or Old Law tenements, were built after the Tenement House Act of 1879 but before the NY State Tenement House Act of 1901. The “dumbbell” refers to the shape of the building, as an air shaft placed between adjacent tenements gave the buildings a “narrow waist,” like a dumbbell; the Tenement House Act of 1879 required every inhabitable room to have a window opening to plain air. These tenements were built for large throngs of immigrating Europeans, and many built on the Lower East Side; they were 6 stories, contained 84 rooms, and housed approximately 150 people. The tenements were still infamous for their conditions, especially as a place that caused health epidemics. The tenements had very little privacy, poor fire escapes, and filled with disgusting odors from the unkempt airshafts. By 1914, 1/6^th of the city’s population lived in these dumbbell tenements. (p. 474-476 describes the dumbbell tenements)

- original design plan for streets of Manhattan. grid plan is still used today

- originated as a proposal by NY state legislature, adobted in 1811 for the orderly development and sale of land between 14th St and Washington Heights

- purpose was to "lay out streets in such a manner as to unite regularity and order with thepublic convenience and benefit and in particular to promote the health of the City"

-city appointed commision made up of govenor, lawyer and surveyor

- 12 main north-south avenues, 155 cross streets, broadway running at an angle 

- Central Park not part of original plan (envisioned later in 1853)

- right angles favored due to ability to build cheaply

-        - early codification of New York’s tradition of religious tolerance; also important in its demonstration of democratic processes: citizens of Flushing, Queens signed the document and delivered it to the colony’s highest ranking public official for consideration

-        - context: Governor Stuyvesant had recently been condemned by the Dutch East India Company for attempting to reject 23 Jewish immigrants from Brazil, but proceeded to ban Quakers from New Netherlands

-        - the Remonstrance is a rebuttal to Stuyvesant’s 1657 proclamation banning Quakers

-        - citizens of Flushing claim that they are “bounde by the Law to Doe good unto all men”… “desiring to do unto all men as we desire all men should doe unto us, which is the true law both of Church and State” (Empire 34)

-        - Stuyvesant labeled the document as “seditious” and “mutinous”

Erie Canal, opens 1825

-        - Important for its role in connecting NYC with the American West; began the “unprecedented” rise of NYC as the “city of capital” (Empire 228)

-        - Plan to dig trench through the only naturally existing gap through the Appalachian Mountains first proposed by Clinton in 1811

-        - 1817 Governor DeWitt Clinton (strong advocate of active government) persuades state to fund the Canal

o   opens in 1825 and “promptly revolutionizes transportation” (Empire 102)

o   first transport system not requiring portaging between the Eastern Seaboard and the Great Lakes

o   325 miles from Buffalo to Albany (aka Lake Erie with the Hudson), never more than 40ft wide

o   allowed hundreds of additional miles of inland communication/commerce

o   price of shipping from Buffalo to NYC falls by 90% compared to previous decade

-        - Context: Clinton’s Tammany opponents mocked the plan, nicknaming it “The Big Ditch,” but it was completed three years ahead of schedule and on budget

-        - “the trade axis for the entire nation had shifted” (Empire 228)

-        - by mid-19^th century, the Canal had made New York’s port the busiest in the country

-        - Refers to a natural point of exchange of goods and/or switch of modes of transport

-        - Important in considering New York City’s evolution as a critical economic center

-        - Several elements of New York’s geography make it a Transportation Break:

o   Access to the Long Island Sound via East River

o   Access to the American interior via the Hudson

o   Ice-free, deep harbor sheltered from storms by the Narrows

-       Began in 1840s, the vibrant German neighborhood stretching from the Bowery to the East River and as far north as 14^th St.  About 2/3 of all Germans in NYC lived in this neighborhood until the General Slocum disaster in 1904 that led to the migration of the Germans to the Upper East Side’s Yorkville neighborhood or out of NYC in general.

-       Known for being one of the first cultural neighborhoods – the language, food, music, stores, all reflected the German dominance of the area.  There were also German fraternal societies, athletic clubs, theaters, bookshops, restaurants, beer gardens, churches, and synagogues.  Oh and beer gardens (surprise!) Within Kleindeutschland there were sub-neighborhoods divided by nationalities (Swabians, Bavarians, Hessians, Prussians) and religion (Protestants, Catholics, Jews.)

-       The Germans lived in very cramped and dirty conditions (tenements blow) but still had fun – according to the Greisinger article in Empire (p. 240) there were a lot of inns where they all got crunk.

-       Around 1900 the nickname of the stretch along Broadway and 6^th Ave from 10^th to 23^rd St, where there were more and better department stores than anywhere in the world.

-        Revolution of the department store in 1846 – stores in the past were specialized and goods were brought through one-on-one arrangements.  New stores sold a variety of pre-made goods that had low prices and were accompanied by large-scale advertisements.

-       Represented “feminization” of central business district à shopping became the realm of women and women now had reasons to be in the heart of the city, which had previously only been used for men’s business activities. 

-       In Empire City we read his writings about the progress of the Department of Street Cleaning, which he became the commissioner of in 1814.  He praised the Department for all of the positive changes they had caused, all stemming from the filthy streets.  Illnesses, deaths, and damage to clothing, furniture, store goods were lowered significantly.  Free-standing of wagons and trucks were no longer allowed, and the sewage systems were cleared out. 

-       He also wrote A Prophecy in which he talked about what NYC life would be like in 1997.  He named a few problems, such as issues with water supply and sewage, and also believed that skyscrapers would cover Manhattan and no people would actually reside in Manhattan.  He believed that the public schools would be excellent and that the general public would be much more educated.  As a result the government would be much better and citizens would never live in fear of a resurgence of a Tammany Hall institution. 

-       Waring was a Civil War veteran and his employees were known as “Waring’s White Angels” due to their white uniforms.  He also ended ocean dumping and introduced early system of recycling.

-       A large number of fires in 1741, many of which burned important buildings such as the governor’s house, a building that housed important city documents, a church, a fort, and many others.  One day after several fires had started a man accused a running slave of arson that led to a conspiracy theory that slaves were behind the fires.

-       160 blacks, 21 whites were arrested; 17 blacks, 4 whites were hanged; 13 blacks were burned at the stake; 70 blacks and 7 whites exiled from NYC.

-       Revealed the deep racial tension due to the competition between slaves and poor white workers.  The winter of 1741 was especially harsh, and there was also an economic depression, which probably exacerbated any feelings.  There was also a war between Britain and Spain at the time that worried New Yorkers because of their dependence on the ports…I think?  Bitches be crazy.