Term
| 1855 California Vagrancy Act aka "Greaser Act" |
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Definition
o In 1855, California adopted the Vagrancy Act, known popularly as the Greaser Act, addressing “all persons who are commonly known as ‘Greasers’ or the issue of Spanish and Indian blood . . . and who go armed and are not peaceable and quiet persons.” Targeting the supposed “idle Mexican,” this anti-loitering law was the precursor to modern laws directed at loitering, gang activity, and other apparently race-neutral offenses that in practice are often used to justify interrogatory stops of per- sons of color. |
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o 1892 Geary Act - extension of the Chinese Exclusion Act (An act to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States)
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o The Geary Act extended the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act for an additional 10 years, and required persons of Chinese descent to acquire and carry identification papers.
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o The 1924 Immigration Act set quotas that limited annual immigration from particular countries. The legislation identified who could enter as a "non-quota" immigrant; this category included wives and unmarried children (under 18 years of age) of US citizens, residents of the Western hemisphere, religious or academic professionals, and “bona-fide students” under 15 years of age.
Those not in any of these categories were referred to as a “quota immigrant” and were subject to annual numerical limitations.
For quota immigrants, the Act stated that preference would be given to family members of US |
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- Federal law that states that employers cannot react in a threatening or hostile manner towards employees who wish to create labor unions, partake in collective bargaining, take part/organize strikes, or any other actions that are in support of their demands. |
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o (An act to revise the laws relating to immigration, naturalization, and nationality; and for other purposes)
o Otherwise known as the McCarran-Walter Act, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 was meant to exclude certain immigrants from immigrating to America, post World War II and in the early Cold War. The McCarran-Walter Act moved away from excluding immigrants based simply upon country of origin. Instead it focused upon denying immigrants who were unlawful, immoral, diseased in any way, politically radical etc. and accepting those who were willing and able to assimilate into the US economic, social, and political structures, which restructured how immigration law was handled. Furthermore, the most notable exclusions were anyone even remotely associated with communism which in the early days of the Cold War was seen as a serious threat to US democracy. The main objective of this was to block any spread of communism from outside post WWII countries, as well as deny any enemies of the US during WWII such as Japan and favor “good Asian” countries such as China. The McCarran-Walter Act was a strong reinforcement in immigration selection, which was labeled the best way to preserve national security and national interests. President Truman originally vetoed the law, deeming it discriminatory; however there was enough support in Congress for the law to pass.
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- restricted immigration to US
- limited 300,000 visas/yr. for immigrants: 170,000 from eastern hemisphere, 120,000 from western hemisphere and no more than 20,000 migrants per country |
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AIDS
the disease that was killing people , gay men mainly and were mainly the ones who kinda started it
^Ignorant statement
Who: Gay men in San Francisco
What: Obituaries were a common form of remembrance of the Latino homosexual community that died from the disease. The content of the obituaries were often similar to a resume, disregarded any personal information such as race of sexuality.
When: 1980s
Where: San Francisco
Why: This allowed the communities to remember their beloved partners for their distinct culture and to recognize a disease on a national level |
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- Usually very short and written by someone else. Ambiguous, we don’t get the perspective of the person who was actually sick. Not everyone could afford to publish an obit. More than 20,000 deaths in the US. Example of an AIDS obit: the first one ever found in the BAR was Felix velarde-Munoz, a public works lawyer. Doesn’t mention directly his sexuality or his ethnicity. Very short.
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who? femenist in Puerto Rico - sex mattered to her
what? she wrote in newspaper La Mujer, against the sexual double
standard. She wanted reciprocality in marriage
when?
where? Ponce
why? although Ana Roque advocated for women rights and equality she matginalized her “sisters” in Ponce and did not include them in these efforts. instead they were a threat.
Roque writes about her sisters in ponce . She is scared of being befriended by other women… like the odaliscs. Scared of snake
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- against prostitute imprisonment
- -Campain started around 1890s to prevent the “disreputable women” from disgracing Puerto Rico.
- -Elite, feminist, working class support, public humiliation, women treated as national threat
- Venereal Diseases Campaign
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Who: People considered to be of African descent or also those who were classified to behave like Africans...darkening them. People dancing on the streets also associated with prostitution (bailes de prostitutas).
When: Throughout the 18 and 1900s, while people worked out on the streets, or during late night celebrations
What: Was an African cultured dance that was done on the streets of Ponce. The music consisted of drums only and no other instrument. Also the music was African styled as well.
Why: It brought people of "lower" classes together, especially those that were considered "blackened".
Where: on the streets of Ponce
Significance: Since it was an African styled dance, it was frowned upon for people considered white to dance bomba. Also it became associated with prostitution and the anti-prostitution campaign. It was believed that if you were a women and out on the streets late at night dancing bomba, you were automatically assumed to be a prostitute. Bomba was a large part of the mainly Afro-Puerto Rican culture as a means of celebration or festivities in the surrounding communities. |
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Bourgeois Women:
-Upper class women in Puerto Rico, based on Imposing Decency
-Bourgeois feminist movement began in 1890s when they began to form a fragile network across the Island
-These women denounced the infidenlity & sexual abuse practiced by men of all classes against women.
-It is clear women from PR’s upper classes were beginning to reflect their own position in society and question the immutability of power relations, especially within the family
-They defined themselves in opposition to plebeian women; working class women were “too African, too public, & believed to be too frankly sexual to be included in the early feminists’ community of women.
-They denied any conncection to the plebeians and asserted their own racial and moral superiority |
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Bracero Program
- Agreement between US and Mexico about the importation of temporary (contract) Mexican laborers to the US.
*Mexicans were practically forced to leave during the Great Depression (Repatriation) but were then needed for labor use once the US workforce became involved in WWII.
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Who: They were migrant workers that worked on fields or farms. Also they were blamed for taking many jobs from local residents, e.g. The Bracero Program brought from other countries, mostly Mexico, to come work in U.S. at cheaper wages.
What: These workers first came into the country looking for work and settled for lower wages. Then Importation of temporary Mexican laborers as a result of the Bracero Program (result of Great Depression) |
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| CSO (Community Service Organization |
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Definition
Who: Mexican American political group(San Joseans) and ethnic Mexicans elsewhere in California.
What: Political group in the decade after WWII, rallying county residents to combat racial discrimination and mobilize political power along ethnic lines. Stressed concerns within their common residency in the valley.
Why: They contested the county's uneven economic development and pushed for new political power.
Where: Mainly in San Jose, California but more chapters were established in California and Arizona
When: Early 1950s
Significance: At the time became the most important civil right organization of its kind in the West and influenced later movements by East side organizations in the 1960s. |
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who? term cretated by Corky Gonzalez, activist and founder of the Chicano Movement in California
what? the belief that all Chicanos have a common identity through their ethnic likeness, regardless of socio-economic background
when?
where? California
why? it is a part of the CSO and other labor union efforts to organize Mexican Americans in California against injustice and discrimination, asserting their identity,cultural transformation
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- American farm worker, labor union leader and civil rights activist who founded the National Farm Workers Association ⇒ United Farm Workers. Also a strong supporter of the American Labor Movement. |
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a more favored living arrangement between men and women in Puerto Rico. Couples lived together and supported each other but were not married. Co-habitation was the result of negative feelings towards marriage among people of puerto Rico.
When the United States arrived in Puerto Rico, they saw the interracial co-habitation of Puertoricans unsettling, chaotic, and destabilizing
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Delano Grape Strike
- Strike led by United Farm Workers (think Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta) against table grape growers in California. Strike was a victory for UFW and led to the first contract with said growers |
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Divorce Divorces in Puerto Rico were essentially impossible before 1902 because of a very strict social code. By 1911, divorce rates had increased dramatically. A sign that women wanted more egalitarian gender relations. Men were expected to contribute to the household financially, and when they weren’t able to, women had a solid foundation to seek a divorce. Domestic violence and adultery often played a part in financial security, but the courts were less likely to recognize those two causes. Challenged the idea of a sexual double standard. Husbands also filed for divorce, but not as often and often because of eith adultery or abandonment. U.S. government started allowing divorce in the first place because they wanted to make marriage more attractive, but the plan actually backfired.
before 1902 when women petitioned for a divorce they were separated from their husbands and sent to safe houses to work while their husband was not allowed to see them and had to pay for their room and food.
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The safe houses forced women into labor and limited their freedom of movement, interaction, and transaction
It became one of many weapons for women to deal with unequal power relation, but it also had severe limitations. Women were not able to get a divorce for men’s infedelities even if she had evidence and witnesses of his infidelity. However, men were able to get a divorce just from a rumor about the woman having an affair.
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- Co-founder and First Vice President Emeritus of the UFW. Also co-founded the Stockton chapter of the CSO (Community Service Organization) and directed the Delano Grape Strike. |
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- Born in Mexico and worked as an agricultural laborer before going to college. Criticized current labor relations between ethnic Mexicans and California. Believed that ethnic Mexicans needed to forge ties with California labor unions to advance their demands. Argued that Mexican and US government were most responsible for California rural poverty. Member of the National Farm Labor Union, organized a strike against the DiGiorgio Corporation. |
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editorial written by Herminia Tormes
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- US federal law that established a civilian government in Puerto Rico, also established Puerto Rican citizenship.
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Radical change in sexual ethics during the early 20th century, mainly an anarchist ideology. Couples made public declarations of their love, but did not get married. A way of saying “we are going to be together until things change.” State was not involved, and it maintained a focus on the immoralities of wealthy men. Critique of the dominant honor system. Also altered the way prostitutes were viewed during this time period, they were looked at as someone who might have been forced into selling themselves. |
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The people's revolution took place in France, will fundamentally change the French society, affected all of Europe. Attacks began in the Bastille on July 14, 1789 in general, were to end in a coup 18 days of November 9, 1799 Buryumeru by Napoleon Bonaparte [1].
The Revolution, Monarchy and the old regime (Ancien Régime) collapsed, the various feudal privileges are eliminated, which established the modern property rights. The French Revolution produced a philosophy (freedom, equality Megumi Yuu) and institutions that affect modern society to leave. |
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discovery of gold in California; more than 200,000 people rushed over in a matter of 2 years
who? the discovery of gold in California
what? Americans and many other immigrants rushed over to settle (part of Manifest Destiny) many crossed Panama on their way to CA
when? 1848-1855
where? CA
why? As a result of the Gold Rush California went from being a point on the map to a place of immigration. This is one of the greatest factors of Indian deaths in the valley as explained by Stephen J. Pitti in The Devil in the Silicon Valley.
- The Gold Rush was one of the "devils" in California |
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-Who: enslaved Haitians, Bonaparte (French) and Louveture (governor of the Carribean)
What? Bonaparte wanted to expand the French empire, he came to power in 1799 and was a controlling general. Charles Leclerc was his best friend and general. Bonaparte felt challenges by Louvetures constitution that focused of the production of colonial commodities for export. Eventually Louveture was captured but the Haitian troops managed to gain the victory.
When? 1791-1803
Where? Haiti/ St. Domingue
Why? because of the revolution the Louisiana Purchase was possible and Haiti gained it’s independence in 1804
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Significance: It demonstrated the need for change and the desire of Haitians, especially those enslaved, to be a freed people. They were the first to fight for their independence and were freed from slavery. Unfortunately, because the were the main economical resource of France, in the long run they were unable to keep their countries richness. Haiti is now, if not the poorest, one of the poorest countries in the world.
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who? first king of Haiti
what? led the Haitian Revolution against France but surrendered to General Leclerc
when? during Haitian Revolution
where? Haiti
why? he ultimately killed Sans Souci- his greatest enemy, literally and symbolically by building a palace and naming it after him.
prime example of a political figure silencing the past.
the palace overshadows Sans Souci, it serves as living warning to others, it shows power over Haiti and others, the palace will outlive the man who it was named after |
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Who? Advocated for the defense/education of prostitutes, wrote the Flor Oculta editorial. Feminist, social-worker, afro-puerto rican.
What? About the anti-prostitution campaign
Where? Puerto Rico
When? World War I
Why? She believed in the rights of Puerto Rican women.
Who cares? Example of the change of Puerto Ricos political culture by being one of the women to stand up for themselves. |
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- Important Supreme Court case that stated that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the US had equal protection under the 14th amendment.
-landmark court case because it pushed towards desegragation
-1954
-Pete Hernandez accused of murder |
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- the whiter, and wealthier = more honorable
Also...In Puerto Rico, honor differed when it came to class and gender. For women it was based on their morality and sexuality. For working men, honor came in the form of how they were hard workers and etc. Ties into the importance of race and sexuality in the late 19th century Puerto Rico.
-in the eye of the beholder
-always changing and including or excluding people
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There are only two sides to this question. Just as a person is pro-German or ant-German, so a person in Porto Tico is pro or anti-prostitution; and I believe they are as dangerous to the community as a person who is pro-German.”
o What does it mean in 1917 to be in the united states and pro-german during WW1…you would be arrested and put in prison
o In Puerto rico: to be anti-prostitution was the same thing as being pro-german
o If you believe the u.s. is going too far w/ anti-prostitution, you are a trator and lose your rights to free speech |
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- social outlaw, visualized Indians as simple people and took the “benevolent” act to be a figure for the Indians, in other words Murrieta silenced them as in the case of Sans Souci
Who: Mexican Robinhood
What: stole from rich whites
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-Song by Tigres Del Norte. Reflects the idea that US is a “golden cage”; for some immigrants it could be the land of prosperity and wealth, but without their families, native customs, it was figuratively still their “cage”.
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Liberal Autonomists- wanted equal political power, a cross-class brotherhood where race didn’t matter but wanted to keep a distance btw themselves and the working class
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e.x. Luis Munoz Rivera: Whiteness was key to "new national family of Puerto Rico
The whites should stay within their class and advocated things like sexual regulation and miscegenation.
Family reform and the root of it all was a great school of society |
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Who- A liberal autonamist from Puerto Rico, he was also a poet and writer.
What- He believed in the superiority of white men, those “Sons of Spain”
Where- Puerto rico
When- 1890’s
Why- he was a founder of the liberal autonimists and a white man
Who cares- He found for marriage and believed that prostitutes (believed to be afro-puerto ricans most of the time, therefore also inferring racism) were inferior and a “contaminananating spray” that should be kept away from honorable women.
-he was behind the notion of La Gran Familia and wanted moral transformation in Puerto Rico especially Ponce
- like Ana Roque he was a public figure who advocated for change, in his case racial equality and justice but with boundaries and marginalizing the lower class in the process |
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- Puerto Rican woman and activist, one of the few who said that male infidelity and domestic violence should be considered political problems. Daughter of a domestic, and eventually became both a tobacco stripper and a writer. Wrote a play where the two main protagonists are women, which was very radical at the time. Also wore pants at a time when it challenged the sexual standards.
why? challenged the sexual double standard
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- The belief Americans had that it was fate, or “God’s will” for the US to expand westward. Manifest Destiny was the reasoning behind white Anglos to trample on the land and rights of the Mexicanos/Californios in the 1800s in California, and contributed to the segregation/oppression of those Mexicanos/Californios in the years to come.
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- Served as a day of national protest by immigrants in US due to legislation H.R. 4437 (classified illegal immigrants/anyone helping illegal immigrants enter the US as felons.) Also synonymous w/ International Workers Day and Labor Day.
-pro-immigration reform, largest demonstration in many cities across the nation
-made it very clear that Latinos were here and their voices needed to be heard
-they were asserting their identity as Latinos and immigrants int his country
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- alias Canta Claro, challenged the dominant honor system to subaltern sexual practices, began a virulent campaign against elite men and unruly women, believed that the Liberals created the prostitution problem in the first place
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Model Minority- can be referred to using the Chinese as an example. They were more accepting or able to assimilate with “American” culture. Puerto Rico was also meant to be a “model colony” for other countries that were t be helped or taken over by the U.S. The idea of a melting pot originated here (people should all become one in a culture).
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Who: Latinos (barateros and tanteros) working the mines post Gold Rush
What: The presence of the white “superior” in California transformed Latinos from farm owners and sharecroppers into a large labor party. The mine of New Almaden was the second largest mercury mine which proved to be dangerous and strenuous with unfair pay and treatment.
When: mid 19th century
Where: Santa Clara Valley, California, New Almaden (Spanishtown, Englishtown, La Hacienda)
Why: The mistreatment of the Californios promoted organization to push for changes. This |
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- Colombian
- “El Terremoto” (movie)
- poet
- pacifist
- part of the Central Americam solidarity movement
important because it is a part and example of transnationalism processes
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-explored in Maria Elena Cepeda’s article (in Beyond el Barrio)
- Spanish version of “The Star Spangled Banner” which was in conjunction with the May 1, 2006 protests and also caused much controversy. Some artists were Olga Tanon, Pitbull and Wyclef Jean.
-it was controversial because many believed that the hymn should not be translated. The irony is that it had been in the past therefore this highlights the exclusion and anti-Latino sentiments since they were the ones singing it.
-It was all about how it was being sung, by who and when
-it was seen as anti-American because of what was going on at the time (the march)
-Latinos who opposed it said it added to the exclusion of Latinos because they were claiming they were American but singing something different |
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o In 1949 the Border Patrol seized nearly 280,000 illegal immigrants. By 1953, the numbers had grown to more than 865,000, and the U.S. government felt pressured to do something about the onslaught of immigration. What resulted was Operation Wetback, devised in 1954 under the supervision of new commissioner of the Immigration and Nationalization Service, Gen. Joseph Swing.
o Swing oversaw the Border patrol, and organized state and local officials along with the police. The object of his intense border enforcement were "illegal aliens," but common practice of Operation Wetback focused on Mexicans in general. The police swarmed through Mexican American barrios throughout the southeastern states. Some Mexicans, fearful of the potential violence of this militarization, fled back south across the border. In 1954, the agents discovered over 1 million illegal immigrants.
o In some cases, illegal immigrants were deported along with their American-born children, who were by law U.S. citizens. The agents used a wide brush in their criteria for interrogating potential aliens. They adopted the practice of stopping "Mexican-looking" citizens on the street and asking for identification. This practice incited and angered many U.S. citizens who were of Mexican American descent. Opponents in both the United States and Mexico complained of "police-state" methods, and Operation Wetback was abandoned. |
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who? he was born in Houston, cheerleader, went to texas state, proud of being chicano, he was gay
what? His obituary was published in the Bay Area Reporter. Spent a good part of his life trying to spread the word about AIDS education, because a reporter refused to let him use a microphone out of fear of catching the disease.
when? 1980’s
where? California and USA
why? he is an important figure in the struggle for AIDS treatment and recognition. His case also serves as part of sexuality becoming politicised.
“I am a person, not a disease” |
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Radio DJ (mexican)- he addresses people at work and on the road
-played a leadership and organization role for the pro immigration marches on March 1, 2006
- he is part of the spanish speaking radio- a tool that Ines Casillas explores in her essay Puuurrrooo MEXICO and explains to be a transnational process |
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Definition
Who: Males of lower/poorer classes
What: gave male potential claim to a sense of honor, as long as they accepted their inferior social position to more powerful men.
Why: As long as they were in good standing with their "masters" or superiors as a hard worker they were to be given some respect for this in the courts.
Where: Ponce
When: ?
Significance: this demonstrated how much harder it was to be a woman during this time than it was for men. For women, it mostly depended on their sexual reputation, men were held to a familial standard. They were to provide financially through hard work for plebeian men. |
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-place where people were not as often judged based on their skin color
-center or sugar boom collapse
-origin of liberal autonomist party
-it was considered a “dishonorable” place because marriage wasnt important and there was a lot of racial mixing
- Ponce was a challenge to the Honor Codes of the 1890s |
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| Real Meaning of the word "white" |
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-the real meaning is confusing and the 2000 census is a prime example that show this
-parents declared white more than their children did (same questions, different answers)
-also explained by Pablo de la Guerra , in his opinion it is NOT about skin color it is about power: having land and being able to vote in California
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Who: Reglamento de Higiene= prostitution regulation. It was brought about by Liberl Autonomists who feared the new rise of feminism.
Why: It was the attempt to demonize and segregate sexually wayward women from "decent" society--especially "decent" bourgeois women. This was a way to control laboring women and keep them from chanllenging elite Pocenos and whites.
What: women labeled prostitutes had to carry around registration cards, requiring them to pay a "hygiene tax" and had to go for biweekly pelvic exams. These exams were painful and embarrassing.
When: began in the 1890s
Where: Ponce
Significance: This demonstrated to which extent men, whom created the practice of prostitution in the first place, took things in order to keep their version of a perfect community stable. This later was challenged by feminists who began to educate these detained prostitutes. |
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did not surrender to the French, it is believed that his death was caused by Henri Christophe when they were supposed to attend a meeting to call peace b/w them
o The Palace: Henri Christophe named his palace after Sans Souci as another way of killing Sans Souci or could be a replica of the one in Germany
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Residential Covenants
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-although slavery was abolished in 1880’s it was used as a metaphor to organize working class ppl by anarchists in Puerto Rico 1900-1915
-was used as a way to organize people against wage slavery
-being free meant having a say in the production process
-also referred to women slavery under US colonialism
-they were exploited under capitalism
-marriage enslaved women to infidelity, economic abandonment, and physical violance
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main reason was for Cuba’s independece
fought in Caribbean and the Pacific
Spain fought over Cuba after the Monroe Doctrine exempted Cuba from it (M.D stated that the US would not allow Europeans to colonize land or mess with the states in the Americas)
America was interested in Cuba (which was Spain’s colony) |
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Definition
- It marked panama different from colombia
-Origins of the therm “latino America”
It was a violent event between panamenians and americans that caused the first intervention by the US. Began at a mercado , where a drunken american took a slice from the panamenian’s watermelon booth and refused to pay for it after eating it.
There were 17 deaths.
- Violent outcomes b/c people were losing their jobs and the panama railway company kicked ppl out of their homes into the slums ; endangering many of them
why? it highlights the conflicting racial practices going on in Panama in the 1840’s
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Panamanians considered themselves all equal, but Americans who came trough the isthmus considered them inferior. the conflict was more than just over a watermelon. It was a reaction of Panamenians to American interference. (The construction of the Pananma Railway Companies left many out of jobs)
-Minstelsy and neocolonial society |
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a micro-credit that allows Yalalteca women to participate in a much larger social network. These women each put in a certain amount of money and each week a different woman is given the money to take home. Tandas allow women to look out for one another and strengthen bonds and a sense of identity and community.
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Definition
Who: Those who considered themselves superior to another race (e.x. white americans vs. people of spanish or mexican origin, or them vs. native americans ohlones).
what: New understanding of racial difference that infultrated the Valley, bringing with it patterns of conquest and violence, which in turn begged patterns of accommodation and resistance.
Why: Idea created to enforce superiority of one race "white" over another.
Significance: Race, like the Devil, took on different forms, assumed different guises, and extracted varying costs, but the manifestations of violence, which always attend racism, were its most constant feature.
Where: Valley (California)
When: 18th Century |
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Definition
Who? A band made up of Mexican immigrants in San Jose
What? The lyrical content of their music consisted of issues facing workers, primarily latinos, and the struggles they went through. An example of this is “Jaula de Oro”.
When? 1980’s-Present
Where? San Jose California
Why? They wanted to bring immigrant worker conditions into the public eye.
Who cares? They are an example of cultural transformation and transnationalism. |
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Definition
-(France)
who? slave from haiti that became a soldier, he knew different things from haiti, and was a military genius
what? worked as servant in lead plantations, |
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Term
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Definition
What: human activities and social institutions that extend across national boundaries
Who: People, for example, from Mexico, still keeping close ties to Mexico and bringing it over to the U.S. E.x: Tigres Del Norte
Why: in order to keep a deep connection to each country, to still belong "caben dos patrias en el mismo corazon"
Where: U.S.- Mexico
When: Present
Significance: highlights the sense of belonging by immigrants. the efforts they make in order to let each other know that they are not alone as latinos in a very "Americanized" country |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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Definition
-1848
-it gave citizenship to Mexicans who stayed for 2 yrs in US territory
-the irony is that it was a treaty that basically said “we take your land but maybe give you citizenship”
-Mexicans became lower class and were kicked out of their lands
-goes with the idea of Manifest Denisty, whites believed they were
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Term
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Definition
- United Cannnery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Workers of America. Was a 1930s and 40s trade union, also was one of the few labor unions that allowed women to hold positions of authority.
Who- Donald Henderson, and mostly women workers
What- a union that was formed, they wanted increased wages, and education
Where- East San Jose California
When- around the great depression, late 1930’s
Why- the last straw was the fact that that their stockings were being ruined after working at the canneries. The stocking represented their status and having them ruined made them appear low class.
Who cares- the fact that they were working class women made an even stronger impressions, women became the face of the union and was one of the most powerful unions of the time led by latinas. |
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Term
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Definition
2 groups coming together even though they do not share the same ideas in order to achieve something bigger
E.X.: UFW and CSO
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Henri Christophe and Sans Souci to liberate Haiti from French rule |
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Term
| United Farm Workers (UFW) |
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Definition
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- labor union created from the combining of AWOC (Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee) and NFWA (National Farm Workers Association), was founded and led by Cesar Chavez. Dolores Huerta served as the first Vice President Emeritus and was also a co-founder of the union.
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Term
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Definition
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“The real meaning of the word white” power, citizenship, and legal rights define whiteness even if skin does not match.
-Pablo De la Guerra
-There were cases to claim whiteness by Asians but they were often considered to be white but not caucasian or vice versa.
Can be related to Structural Continuity. Even though the definition of whiteness changed overtime, whites were always considered superior than blacks.
Mexicans were considered whites by law. In San Jose, in 1846- 1860, according to the anglo settlers, whiteness dependent on local hierarchy and not in nationality. According to Pablo de la Guerra in 1848, if you have power and you have land you should be treated like you are white; people with power and privilege should be able to enjoy it because it does not mattert he color of their skin, they are still powerful and therefore white. The 1790 Naturalization Act, allowed only for people who were white to be naturalized. 1867 Immigration Act, allowed whites and blacks to become U.S. citizens but not chinese.
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Definition
who? the yalalag are a community of people in Los Angeles from Oaxaca
what? Lourdes Najera explores the Yalalag communities in her essay Hayandose (Beyonde el Barrio)
when?
where? LA --Oaxaca
why: this is an example of transnationalism processes, and the way transnationalism affects identity formation, in this case through sociability- their social gatherings which include tandas
*social gatherings($10) helped them raise money to help pay for things such as water, canals, and other necessities back in their hometown |
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