Term
| Waves of Immigration that make up Israel: 1. Sephardim |
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Definition
jews that came from Spain, especially in the 1400s and 1500s.
three main jewish communities in the middle ages: spain, ashkinoz (northern france and germany), babylonia (middle east).
one you become a priest, cannot go back. had to practice secretly as a jew.
had spanish jews who left spain to go directly to other countries (holland, england), and sephardim who came to Palestine (and some to Jerusalem).
important sephardi area in sphad, northern Palestine. important mystical center- particularly mysticism of isaac lurea.
worked small jobs. |
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Term
| Waves of Immigration that make up Israel: 2. Old Yishuv (old settlement) |
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Definition
not actually so old
develops from 1777-1880’s +
from Europe
orthadox/ultraorthadox jews to create a society of torah scholars. engage mainly in study and prayer
lived in jerusalem, hebron, tiberius, and heshot- the four holy centers.
from Hacideen (a mystical group from southern poland, middle 14th century. influenced by laureanic kabbalah. by doing good deeds, they could hasten the coming of the messiah. pray fervently. dress differently.) and Misnogdeen (the opponents- oppose the hacideen, think hasidic stuff is nonsense, mock hasidic leaders and dress. are more scholastic. different hats)
kolel: adult Yishiva. get a stipend for being part of this- live off of it.
by 1880’s, about 25,000 members of the old yishuv after about 100 years. |
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Term
| Waves of Immigration that make up Israel: New Yishuv |
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Definition
1882-1904. The zionist way/immigration
starts out with the first Aliyah (the first wave of immigration).
problematic term- purposefully ignoring everything that came before that.
jews become largest immigrant group to US during this time period.
move from eastern russia to jaffa. first settlements are south of jaffa.
metulla: first aliyah
middle-lower class in russia, didn’t know how to choose the right land for agriculture. first settlements were on the verge of bankruptcy.
so, sent a delegation to baron edmund de rothchild.
started to settle new areas
did not come to new jerusalem- seen as a very black, orthodox place. not attractive to pioneers until late first aliyah. |
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Term
| Waves of Immigration that make up Israel: 2nd Aliyah |
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Definition
1904-1914, 30,000 people from Russia
-most are of the old yishuv profile, but would be classified as socialist group.
-most are young people- early 20’s, single, no professions, revolting against parents’ middle class society. form into kutsov- communes. had a wanderlust.
-arabs didn’t need them, nobody wanted to hire them, barefoot, smoking in public, attracting daughters.
-started speaking hebrew- own national language
-Tel Aviv set up in 1909. doesn’t start to grow until 4th Aliyah. |
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Term
| Waves of Immigration that make up Israel: 3rd Aliyah |
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Definition
1919-1923, 37,000 from Russia. (missing notes).
-mostly settled in jezrial valley.
-kibbutz- huge settlement with 2,000 people.
-can be more differentiation/specialization/collectiveness
-no personal possessions- everything was communal (clothes, food, etc.)
-lived in tents- man, wife, and third person- primus.
-”the histadroot” - the labor organization.
-the sick fund- everything you need is provided for free. |
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Term
| Waves of Immigration that make up Israel: 4th Aliyal |
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Definition
1924-26, 70,000, from Poland
-USA closes its doors to Jews (but didn’t say Jews, said Russians). quota based on proportions of nations represented in US in 1800’s.
-so- where else to go? palestine.
-effects of this: prices go up. supplies down, demand up.
-many invest in real estate.
-jews were largely lower middle class
-Tel Aviv starts to grow. |
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Term
| Waves of Immigration that make up Israel: 5th Aliyah |
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Definition
1933-39. 225,000. From Germany, Poland, Austria, Latvia
-prompted by the rise of Nazis
immigrants overwhelmingly coming from eastern europe. |
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Term
| Political/Diplomatic Developments in Palestine during the Mandate period |
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Definition
| 1914 Eve of WWI, British Empire Rule, Russian interests/expansion, French, Germans, Arab Revolt, Balfour |
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Term
| Middle East on the eve of WWI |
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Definition
1914. Area under Turkish view (Anatolia, mesopotamia, iraq, coast of arabian peninsula (hijaz), yemen)
in title, was in control of center of arabian peninsula, but wasn’t really.
Turkey called “sick man of europe”- very backward compared to european countries: bankrupt financially, mismanaged banks, relied on “baksheesh”.
-politically in decline, had been losing territory since 1600s and 1700s.
-loses Libya, Morocco, Egypt to Britain, most of Europe. from any perspective, is in decline at this stage. |
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Term
| Area under British Empire rule |
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Definition
-interests in Far East: Pakistan, India, Arghanistan, etc. for strategic positioning for trade routes and Suez.
-in beginning of 1880’s, takes Egypt and turns it into a protectorate.
-1906, makes deal with Turkish empire to control Sinai as well to gain both banks to the Suez Canal.
-allows movement of goods from India (cotton, textiles, etc.). oil was not important yet.
-land bordering Arabian Sea and Gult: oman, etc. |
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Term
| British concerns about Russia |
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Definition
Britain concerned with expansion of Russia. had enlarged south along Black Sea
-Crimean war of the 1850’s.
-from British pov, good to have a huge weak empire (turkish) in between russian and british empire. policy to prop up Turkish empire.
Russia’s interests: ports on black sea are “warm water ports”- stay open all year. to north, everything freezes. must go through Bosporus.
-also for religious reasons. |
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Term
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Definition
didn’t have same kind of far east empire- territories in different areas.
-was main debt-holder of Turkey. lots of economic interest. wanted to maintain ottoman empire because it was a “milk cow”.
-cultural interests: french imperialism often expressed through culture: schools, french language taught, literature. taught through missionaries, schools. reason why some areas (lebanon, syria) still speak french.
-looked for allies, client people (like maronites in lebanon). claimed that it was the patron of religious sites. Roman Catholic church mainly maintained by French.
-religious institutions were an avenue for imperial interests. |
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Term
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Definition
also had interests in the middle east. gets involved later. not same kind of empire, but involved in turkey:
-trained the military (many turkish officers)
-germany involved in building trains.
-also interested in holding turkey together. |
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Term
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Definition
germany goes in beside “central powers”.
triple entente: britain, france, russia
-america joins later, in 1917.
central powers: germany, turkey
-changes entire reality of region: britain has both germany and turkey on its doorstep.
-germany trying to break up british empire.
-britain: always trying to keep russia away (although they were allies)
-also had a long account with France. British think they’re the enlightened protestants, and see french as backwards Catholics. |
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Term
| British negotiations with Arabs (Hashemites), Turks |
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Definition
During the war, Britain (now wanting to take Palestine) negotiates with parties to find a reason to be in power.
-negotiates in 1915 and 1916 with the Arabs (the Hashemites- early keepers of Mecca and Medina). Britain wants Hussein to get Arabs to revolt against the Turks.
-Turks also negotiate with Hussein- want him to fight the British- both Turks and Hashemites are Muslim, so want to fight the “infidels”
-Hussein wants to build large Hashemite empire for sons Abdullah (ruler of Transjordan/jordan) & Faisal (leader of Iraq)
-jordan remains under hashemite rule today.
-Britain negotiates with Hussein through McMahon in Egypt. deals with which territories Britain will give hashemites, and what hashemites will do with arabs/ turks. no real compromise ever reached.
-was palestine land then actually promised to the Arabs or not? unknown. wording of the documents is actually unclear. |
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Term
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Definition
(Lawrence of Arabia): wasn’t as effective as British expected.
-towards end of negotiations w/ Arabs, british start negotiating with french (sykes-picot)
-claim that British deceived the Arabs and Hussein.
-April 1916: sykes-picot agreement to divide up the middle east into five areas.
-1 where british would have direct control, indirect influence in another zone, french have direct control in another zone, and and indirect control over an Arab government. “holy land” was internationalized- ruled by Britain, France, and Italy.
-soon after discussing this agreement, Britain tried to find a way to get out of it.
there’s a French and British side to this.
-british interests always combined religious and imperial elements.
-how britain gets out? The Balfour Declaration. |
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Term
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Definition
after months of negotiation, on Nov 7, 1917, majesty’s government view favorably of a national home for jewish people in Palestine.
-British told French that if Brits give a pro-zionist declaration, jews worldwide will support British war effort. said they knew that russia was on the edge of leaving the war (which it eventually did by signing a separate peace treaty)
-pro-zionist declarations, russian communist jews will support them in war. but russian jews were very anti-zionism.
-also, what power did jewish communists have? |
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Term
| Balfour Declaration: USA and France |
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Definition
-pro zionist declaration would win over american jews, who would get usa to join the war.
-must believe that american jews would get usa into war just for pro-zionist values. most american jews are not zionist.
-and that they had enough power to make this all happen.
-whether or not the british believed this is questionable, but they tried to sell it to the French regardless.
-meant that france would have to relinquish its claim to palestine.
-also: rumors that germany was going to forestall this and make a pro-zionist declaration of its own.
millions of jews fled russia. choose germans over russians. jews in germany were very patriotic to germany. didn’t want to serve near russia.
-wasn’t inconceivable that jews would choose germans. |
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Term
| Real British Interest in Balfour |
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Definition
-real british interest was imperial. wanted to get french out, complete control of area. balfour allowed them to do that. wanted to be the jewish patron. balfour establishes britain in palestine more than it established the jews in palestine.
-reason for balfour declaration: man (weitzman) invented way to invent explosives. britains motives were almost purely political. establish british in palestine for own interests. |
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Term
| Supposed idea from reading balfour: |
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Definition
| majority population seems as though they are Jews and “the existing non-jewish communities in Palestine. understating Arab presence, overstating Jewish presence. fits British goal. |
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Term
| Three Stages of British Policy: 1. 1917-1921 |
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Definition
British Policy is, by nature, imperialistic. not interested in needs of native population. wanted to defend, expand, promote interests of empire. population to assist in imperialism is the Jewish people. So, Brits are extremely pro-zionist.
Examples: Balfour Declaration
Mandate for Palestine: British chose a high commissioner to administer this territory
article 22 of covenant of the league of nations: “re-constituting” homeland. implies that jews were here before and have historical rights. mandate goes beyond the balfour declaration.
league of nations passes this, but real negotiation was with British.
extremely pro-zionist.
word “arab” does not appear once. same idea as Balfour. only talk about national home for jews. |
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Term
| British Policy: Stage 1 timeline |
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Definition
Samuel: June 1920 in charge of Palestine land. no limitation to Jewish immigration, extremely pro-zionist. corresponds to time of third Aliyah.
May 1, 1921: begins with a clash of two jewish socialist parties in Jaffa:
1918, 1919: Palestine Arab Congress: becomes most important arab body.
-in britain, anyone who lived in palestine was a palestinian. newspaper was the palestine post (now jerusalem post). did not refer to arab. only used in sense of national identity when it was no longer an independent nation.
(missed notes on 1918-19) |
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Term
| British Policy: Stage 1 timelie: 1921 |
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Definition
brits realize that there is opposition. Arab congress sends delegation to British. present clear argument that britain is siding with the minority- trying to impose a jewish national home on a population which rejects it. this policy is going to cost the british- in money and blood. is an ill-conceived, unwise move.
-convincing argument: house of lords decides to withdraw from mandate policy.
-zionist ship is going to sink upon the arab rock.
-Herbert Samuel (pro zionist jew) in britain writes a new policy to the brits (signed by churchhill) to try to convince them to stay in palestine.
-becomes the first white paper. is characteristic policy paper for most of the mandate. |
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Term
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Definition
1921-1939: significant document: churchhill white paper/memorandum: basically expressed a new british policy.
policy that Britain has a dual commitment to the Arabs of Palestine and the “Jewish National Home” (ongoing development of this). not just to two populations.
the mosques: if jews try to affect/change mosques, there will be riots (recent example in 2000). riots in 1929.
1930: britain publishes another white paper: the passfield. we must limit jewish immigration and land purchase, and institute a more representative kind of gov’t. doesn’t actually happen. by end of 1930, had same british analysis which would be put forward again in 1939. attempt, but not implemented.
April 1936-Fall 1939: Arab Revolt in Palestine: britain loses a lot of control in the country, especially Jerusalem. Proposal raised to split Palestine into two states.
two attempts to deviate from dual commitment: 1930 and 1939.
1939, instead of dual committment, goes to McDonal White Papers. |
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Term
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Definition
1939-1948: British policy of real politic- look at strengths, go with strong side. British view that Arab world was larger, stronger, would emerge victorious. would make sense to throw British support behind Arab world.
key document: McDonald White Paper: May 19, 1939: said that 75,000 jews could enter Palestine within next 5 years. would bring Jewish population up to 1/3. then, immigration would cease, Palestine would be turned into an independent state within 10 years, and its governing institutions would be representative.
British phobia: that there would be Muslim unrest in India. Obvious choice to go with Arabs. almost obvious to british and usa that jews didn’t have a real chance in Palestine.
tragic result: during WWII, gates of palestine were closed. Britain was much more open to allowing jews into britain (allows about 50,000 jews in- better than us, who had basically closed doors to jews).
prohibit jewish land purchase.
this stage is what britain does up until actual establishment of the state. |
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Term
| Jewish immigration post-Holocaust |
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Definition
-jews liberated from various work camps and death camps, ghettos destroyed by end of war.
-local population does not want them to return home
-case of blood libel in poland 1946
-idea that jews used the blood of christians to do “magical things”
-non-jewish population stole much of the property when jews were taken to camps
-weren’t happy when jews started to return to those areas
-jews stop moving east, start to turn westward to areas under American or British control in Germany
-start organization called “Escape”
-move towards Italy, Mediterranean ports
-most refugees want to go live in Palestine (a Jewish state) |
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Term
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Definition
1945-46-47
-number of holocaust survivors in DP (displacement) camps goes up
-jews move towards italy, crossing mountains, crossing mediterranean ports to come to Palestine
1944: “jewish brigade” - jewish army- helped survivors escape and make it to Palestine.
-couple hundred thousand people try to make it there
-once arrive at Mediterranean ports from Italy or France, Zionist organization arranged ships to take them from ports to Palestine.
-between 1945-48, 66 ships carrying 70,000 jews sent off.
-most do not make it to Palestine. British used radar, planes to spot ships and tried to intercept them
-sometimes on high seas, which is illegal.
-from august 1946, deported them to cyprus. also to A”tlit” camp near haifa- DP camp set up for illegal jewish immigrants. |
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Term
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Definition
Ships during war: the Exodus 1947. (genre of pro-israeli films. )
-left france in july 1947 to palestine. 4,500 refugees.
-intercepted on the high seas by the British by using force- 3 refugees killed.
-towed into haifa port, refugees not allowed to stay on holy land
-taken abord prison ships and sent back to france
-france refused to force refugees off the boat
-decision to send boat to Germany.
-only make it to Palestine after the establishment of the state.
-illegal immigration was the focal point of the white paper
-illegal immigration was a peaceful step- big PR step.
-America heavily influenced by these pictures- caused western public opinion to push British to alter white paper policy.
only about a quarter of refugees actually make it to Palestine. 70,000 head to cyprus or italy.
major influence on public opinion on british policy |
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Term
| Jewish Underground, Terrorist Organizations |
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Definition
| -using terror (fear, don’t have weapons or manpower to actually win- weapon of the weak?) as a weapon instead of actual military force (better tactics, strategy.) |
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Term
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Definition
| first big military/defense organization. 1920, during third Aliyah. official defense organization of the Jewish settlement. commanded by the labor federation. turns into the idea of the Israeli army. main force in 1948 war. |
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Term
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Definition
Position during Arab Revolt was that they should carry out restraint- defend settlements/neighborhoods, but don’t take offensive attack steps against Arab attackers. if we only act defensively, we’ll gain British support- they’ll pay for and train us.
one group broke off of this idea: the Irgun/Etzel/National Military Organization: taken over by new leadership in 1943: manakh al-bagan. Early 1944, Irgun starts the revolt- starts attacking British military and gov’t institutions. said it would set up a small explosion to scare people away then break into an army base and steal supplies, or blow up buildings. |
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Term
| Lechi/The Freedom Fighters for Israel |
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Definition
hard not to define them as terrorists: the people’s will. assasinated alexander II (czar or russia). believed way to change course of history is to assassinate key leaders. formed in 1940. served in army, leader is killed in 1942 while fighting for the British. british fighting Nazis, so many others believed in not attacking british while fighting nazis. but lechi were very anti-british. wage war against them, and maybe even do a deal with nazis. make a deal? nazis want jews out of germany, and we want all jews in israel.
but nazism was about anihilating all jews, not just kicking them out.
after nuremberg laws, etc. these were powerful anti-semites.
breaks off from irgun.
1944: assassinate british minister of the middle east: lord moyne.
also 1948: un ambassador in jerusalem
went after police officers- cops despised them.
1942- british capture leader of this group. (abraham stern) and kill him.
lechi was called “stern gang” by the british- suggests that they aren’t ideological- they’re criminals- a gang. |
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Term
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Definition
formed in middle of war, comes out of hagana. british were very concerned about a nazi invasion of palestine. germans come very close- make it all the way to alexandria. british interested in having jewish forces help them.
palmach had special units: one with blonde, blue eyed, german speaking jews
drilled and looked just like german military units- managed to gather information and pass it onto the british. 5th aliyah.
arab unit of palmach: went behind lines in other direction and got info to british.
important to british after 1942. members of palmach go up to galilee and have to train themselves, pay for own upkeep. work half-time in kibbutz and train halftime. leads to them taking on a left-wing ideology, influenced by kibbutzeen.
june 1944-45: persecuted irgun, tried to discover them and interrogate them, turn over to British. called “seizen”- open season on members of irgun. |
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Term
| United Hebrew Resistance Movement |
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Definition
After realizing that Britain would maintain same white paper policy, different groups united in the “United Hebrew Resistence Movement”
-worked together against the British.
-october 4, 1945
-radio broadcasts by hagana called “the voice of israel”
-israel today: state of israel
-israel historically: not a territory: meant the jewish people.
“the night of trains”: coordinated attack on trains/railway points at 153 different points.
-british wanted to declare marshal law, delayed it for various reasons |
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Term
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Definition
June 16-17, 1946. -when the hagana and lechi blow up 10 out of 11 bridges (road and rail) connecting palestine to the surrounding countries (into lebanon, jordan, etc.) to show britain that it would not be able to use palestine as a center in the middle east.
-jews would be able to cut off access to outside connections.
-british began to realize that this movement was not being run by the underground. were part of jewish leadership, army.
“operation agatha”, aka “the black sabbath”: June 29, 1946
-british come down on political leadership (still seen on king george street near great synagogue).
-take files on all operatives of army units (hagana, irgun, lechi, palmach)
-arrested key leaders: ben gurion was out of the country, but arrested most other leaders. put them in prison in latrun.
-also went to kibbutz yagor (north of haifa) to find weapon caches, etc.
-more or less the end of the “united resistance movement” |
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Term
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Definition
-united resistance movement was worried about taken files from jewish agency building and taken to head of british administration in palestine (aka southern wing of king david hotel in palestine).
-decided that irgun had job of destroying that part of the king david hotel.
-done by bringing in milk containers with explosives in the bottom. put in basement of hotels next to main support pillars.
-July 22, 1946: about a month after black sabbath. irgun notifies palestine post that this will happen about 50 minutes beforehand, french consulate, and desk of british administration.
-evacuation was not carried out (for whatever reason), and building comes down.
-92 deaths, 60 injured. arabs, british, and jews.
-hagana never took responsibility- never said to be part of it- joined in others in condemning of the irgun. not until later that irgun admitted it was their activity on part of united resistence movement. |
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Term
| Continued Hagana/Irgun attacks |
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Definition
From that moment on, Hagana basically stops attacks on British from July 1946
-irgun continues to attack british military and objectives
-leads to british increasing military strength to 100,000 in late 1946 and start using more serious means to try to counter irgun activity.
-curfews, deportations, floggings (irgun flogged them back), no organization posters |
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Term
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Definition
| comes to power in 1977, sites start becoming more protected |
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Term
| British evacuation, execution, capture |
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Definition
British begin evacuating non-essential personnel in beginning of 1947.
-retreat behind major security areas.
-can’t get near main post office, russian compound, police hq.
-areas called bevingrad (like stalingrad).
-July 8, 1947: many british sergeants captured.
british executed many irgun in july 28, and irgun hung british sergeants in return.
-two attacks (king david hotel and hanging of two british sergeants) lead to calls on floor of british parliament to leave palestine.
-armed resistance made country occupation very expensive. for britain to maintain marshal law here, costs would be even higher. |
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Term
| Jewish underground attempts to get British to leave |
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Definition
How effective were these jewish undergrounds in getting british to leave?
-had there been no assassination of lord moyne, britain may have already made a partition plan back then- churchhill was a big sympathizer.
-after assassination, churchhill said that there was no way that he could support such a plan. |
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Term
| Interests of the major factors: Britain |
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Definition
interested in oil, very important. on its own, held 50% of all foreign oil interests in the middle east. maintaining good relations with the arabs was very important. organized region in 1945 in sort of Pax Britannica.
-organizes the Arab League.
-wanted workable relations with zionists/jews, but no doubt that relations with arab countries were much more important. britain saw arabs as being stronger, more powerful, more numerous. |
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Term
| Interests of the major factors: America |
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Definition
while britain is going down, usa is going up in terms of international influence.
-strategic positioning
-needed landing rights, flying rights in area, part of containment policy to prevent expansion. part of time when soviets began getting involved in greece, iran, etc.
-wanted to support northern tier states (greece, turkey, iraq, iran) which would prevent soviet expansion.
-very important for america to be able to fly in the area.
-very worried that in a state of warfare/tension, the soviets would be able to penetrate. saw peace as strategic- would not be able to expand soviets in this case.
-also wanted to not get involved. has ups and downs in overseas intervention- almost had to be dragged into major world wars, and then goes into semi-isolation.
-wants peace, and has electoral interests. president wants jewish electoral power- more votes.
-truman as an individual was very supportive of finding solution to jewish holocaust, displaced persons, jewish state. |
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Term
| Interests of the Major Factors: Soviet Union |
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Definition
had not been involved very much.
-above all, wanted to get the west out (britain out, prevent usa from coming in).
-even if they did not think they could get themselves in, wanted to get west out.
-main reason for UN to partition palestine into two states: because of american-soviet agreement. happens very rarely- happened because usa didn’t want soviets in, and soviets didn’t want usa or british in. so: solution: get everyone out and make a palestinian arab state, and a palestinian jewish state.
-america and soviet could use respective influence- between the two superpowers, made vote. |
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Term
| Britain's position post-WWII |
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Definition
also extremely weak, tired, worn out after WWII.
-tried to find a solution numerous times.
-many commissions of inquiry, more ideas.
solution didn’t appear to be any closer in 1947 than it had been before.
britain didn’t have the funds/resources needed to run the country, support all of this.
-foreign ministers were in bad health
-britain just wanted to end overseas commitments- no longer an empire. |
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Term
| Question of Palestine in the UN |
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Definition
brings the question of palestine to the UN.
-doesn’t just throw mandate back at un and throw hands up in forfeit.
-had looked for answers, and un convenes meeting to raise solutions.
united nations special commission on palestine (UNSCOP)
-interviews jews, arabs, exodus affair of 1947.
-majority proposal to partition, minority proposal not to partition
-ultimately, brought to a temporary vote on nov. 25th 1947
vote 25-15 for partition. wasn’t enough (need 2/3 majority).
-issue is stalled for thanksgiving weekend.
-usa decides last minute to use all american diplomatic power to convince countries to switch votes. most change (except for greece). very persuasive. |
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Term
| Partition and British Withdrawal |
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Definition
partition: gaza strip much longer along egypt border, more of galilee. jerusalem/old city area is under international rule.
-supposed to be supervision of british withdraw and switch of gov’t, economic union, joint currency, joint railways, etc.
-like most other maps, this was never implemented.
-because basis of this decision (arabs of palestine) decided that it must be presented.
-this un plan becomes basis of entire arab attack on state which hadn’t been established yet.
war of 1948/nov 1947 begins one day after this was proclaimed
-prevents this from taking place, leads to completely different reality. |
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Term
| War of Independence/Naqba |
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Definition
longest war fought in this region
most difficult war
war in which israel lost more (in absolute and relative numbers) than any other war
6000 people - 4000 soldiers, 2000 civilians
-approx 1% of population
no accurate statistics for number of palestinian/other deaths
very formative war- important to understand 1948 |
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Term
| Names of War of Independence |
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Definition
-two main results: reflected in its two names: israel calls it the “war of independence”- war which creates the state of israel. also called the “naqba”, or the catastrophe- from the pal perspective, pushes/causes the pals to leave their land/homes to become (as a group) refugees.
becomes the central narrative of the palestinian people. most central aspect of their identity
-name: people from palestine forced out of homes and into refugee camps |
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Term
| Setting up the conflict: Jordan/Israel in 1948 |
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Definition
1948 sets up the conflict
-between israel/pal
-between israel/other arab states
-book: 1948, ben morris
-shows that jordan did not want to destroy israel- just to take a certain territory (west bank) with superior military force (best army in 1948 war- best trained, armed, usually kept position)
-jordan takes old city, n. jerusalem. jordanians generally won. carves out west bank. only country able to come in, take territory, and hold onto it. egyptians lost almost everything, lebanese, iraqis don’t hold onto anything.
-sets up dynamics for what happens afterward.
-leads to overthrow of many arab regimes |
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Term
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Definition
post-1948, many arab countries realized they were in a despotic country.
-king farouk in egypt overthrown 1952, free officers’ revolt- puts nasser in control, then sadat, then mubarak.
-revolts in iraq (king overthrown), ba’ath regime comes to power
-also in syria- gov’t overthrown
-major change in the middle east
significant war on all sides |
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Term
| Defense forces in war of independence |
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Definition
Hagana- 35,000 people, including 6,000 members of the palmach
-defense force
-most of the hagana were limited in terms of mobility
-had some arms, defended their settlement, but couldn’t move
Palmach- part of the hagana that was mobilized. moved from one theatre to another, best trained.
Irgun- 2-3,000 fighters. not necessarily so well trained as palmach, not same professional british training.
-did not always heed orders of high command. acted more independently
-especially true towards end in IDF
Lechi- 300-500 people. had more explosives to utilize
-also did not necessarily heed orders of high command, acted independently
Clandestine arms industry: israelis already making own grenades/bullets/side arms.
-just getting under way
-jewish side had plans
“plan c”: plan for hagana retaliations against arab leaders at the time of British withdrawal. |
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Term
| First main stage of war of 1948: nov 29, 1947-may 14, 1948 |
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Definition
time when british are ruling country. war begins before there is a state of israel
-so, basically, local jewish forces are fighting local arabs. british are in the middle.
-arab states are not involved in this first stage because they don’t want to attack the british. wait until british leave to enter.
-exception: Jordan: Arab legion enters palestine shortly before british withdrawl.
-aceon block: jordanians get involved, conquer four jewish settlements.
-first period: two “paramilitary youth organizations”: ultimately, not very important. the “nagada” and the “futwa”: both set up in 30’s-40’s. not really operational, no palestinian national military organization at start of war. lead by different arab families. nothing comparable to hagana.
-al-jihad al-muqidas, “the holy war” lead by abd qadl al-husseini. operated in hills around jerusalem. leader was probably most important/serious of all arab commanders. from famous al-husseini family. son, faisel, was leader of PLO in jerusalem.
abd-el kader el Hussaini, Hassan Salame. |
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Term
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Definition
lead by fawzi al-kuwuqji
formed by arab league in 47-48. included volunteers from syria/iraq/palestine. come across border from syria into palestine at end of 47. at its peak, had between 4-5,000 regular fighters. called on services of local (irregular) volunteers.
-estimated 7,600 members of ALA at most.
-spread about “mixed towns” (with arab and jewish population) to bolster arab militias.
-each battalion operated on its own
-ultimately defeated and pushed out of palestine by october 1948. |
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Term
| Why would arab league have different states and own force? |
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Definition
-way for various arab countries to prevent jordan from making a sole victory in grabbing land.
-lots of rivalry among arab countries
-everybody else vs. transjordan.
-transjordan interested in holding onto a certain amount of area. partition plan of 1937- area meant to be arab state was to be united with transjordan- everyone rejected this except for transjordan.
-king abdullah did not want to (openly) alienate other arab countries, but wanted to get hand on that territory. |
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Term
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Definition
palestinian-arab power was based on local militias thorughout the country- 7-8,00 villages/towns.
-only about half were involved in places where war/fighting took place.
-those who were unaffected by war did not contribute to war.
-militias did not fight at all.
-each militia had between 10-100 men with pistols/rifles. each was on its own.
-each had a “faza” - a summons. if village was under threat, would summon neighboring militias to come to aid of endangered village.
-after fight, neighboring militias would leave and go home. no longstanding, national fighting force.
-each village on its own in defense.
communication/supply problems: no central command organizing these groups. |
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Term
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Definition
-population: 1.3 million palestinian arabs
-vs. 600,000 jews.
-arabs had more territory and more high ground. attacking force had to come from below.
-arabs had larger supporting population- interland of supportive states. |
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Term
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Definition
-a national organization, zionists.
-had prepared for war
-trained military manpower
-those which had served in jewish brigade and palmach
-weaponry: advantage in having weapons production.
-ouzi: used to be the standard weapon, but not good for long-range, and misfired easily. but simple gun- three pieces that assembled easily.
-high morale and motivation
-we have no choice- if we lose this, we will be pushed into the sea.
-national command with more organization
-treasury, education, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| arab committee: general 3 day strike- riots against decision. |
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Term
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Definition
arab group in jerusalem plunders and burns jewish commercial district outside jaffa gate- has only recently been reopened.
-ambushes of jewish vehicles, buses,
orders of the mufdi were not consistent. |
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Term
| Fighting in attacks: 1st kind |
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Definition
arab attacks on fringe of cities- jerusalem, haifa, tel aviv. etc.
-sniping, shots from arab neighborhoods into jewish section, usually on edge of those settlements
-organized attack on dec. 8
-feb 10 attack on windmill area |
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Term
| Fighting in attacks: 2nd kind |
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Definition
attacks on rural settlements
-more isolated |
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Term
| Fighting in attacks: 3rd kind |
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Definition
urban bombings
-at palestine post (feb 1-2), killed 1
-feb 22 bomb on ben yehuda street (now ben yehuda mall)
-killed 58 people
-march 11: jewish agency building at end of king george street
12 people killed |
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Term
| Fighting in attacks: 4th kind |
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Definition
battle of the roads
-started almost immediately with UN votes
-increased in frequency and potency
-partition plan created reality of areas which were pretty separated from each other
-relatively easy to cut off traffic in logical tactic ways- cut communication.
-stories of convoys
-dec 11 1947, ambush on convoy. |
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Term
| Ben-Gurion and Hagana policy |
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Definition
David Ben-Gurion: insisted that only property should be hit.
-jewish side should not be hitting arabs or arab settlements
-hagana changes policy on dec 9, 1947 to “active defense”, including reprisals and punishment.
-felt that arab population would see inaction as a sign of weakness
-decision to target individual husseini military/political officials. |
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Term
| Active Defense actions and presence |
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Definition
active defense remains until march 1948.
advisors in hagana units determine which villages should be “punished’
-irgun/lechi did not accept this, carried out indiscriminate terrorism.
-bomb damascus gate, lechi attack coffee shops with grenades/machine guns |
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Term
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Definition
ben-gurion decides on plan D:
Israeli historian: war of 1948 was designed to try to expel all palestinians. either way, there was a lot of expulsion. |
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Term
| Arab reaction to Israeli proclamation of independence |
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Definition
arabs inside palestine/etc. opposed israeli proclamation of independence.
-fear that usa would prevent money from coming in
-fear that usa won’t support, that country won’t be strong enough
ben-gurion argued that this is our chance- best chance we have. this is a historical moment, may not happen again. |
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Term
| Foreign intrusion into Israel |
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Definition
Egypt comes up and comes very close to tel aviv, jerusalem.
Jordan crosses river, makes it to Latrun on main Jerusalem/Tel Aviv highway.
arab legion comes in and takes jerusalem, almost takes mount scopus.
had military station on mt scopus to maintain location under israeli rule.
-jordan takes west bank.
in the end, israelis agree to turn over vadi ara. major arab city, turned over to jordanians for israel.
-jordanians/israel had pretty good relations. negotiated privately.
Central front, where jordanians are pretty victorious in whatever they want.
Latrun becomes a major area of battle. |
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Term
| Road use: Latrun and Burma |
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Definition
at this point, jerusalem is cut off.
mickey marcus: american, jewish marshall. recruited by young israeli army as an expert in logistics, strategy, training. builds israeli army.
tries to plan attacks at latrun, which fail ultimately.
-latrun is main road- can’t go anywhere without using it.
locate burma road - height difference of about 20 meters.
syrians try to cut across galilee and north of sea, iraqis try to cut across also.
areas repelled attacks. syrians withheld small portion of land.
lebanese come in from north, are quickly pushed back.
only country that really makes any gain is jordan. |
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Term
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Definition
truce comes in on 11 june until 8 july
irgun bring in ship of weapons
refuse to turn over weapons to hagana
-israel defense force say if they don’t turn into weapons to idf, trouble. irgun insisted on keeping 20% of weapons. idf open fire, ship is sunk, 30 die.
tension among political groups in israel - this is part of history. |
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Term
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Definition
fighting begins on july 8 - july 18.
called “ten days of fighting”
israel tries to relieve some of negative settlements cut off by egyptians
major fronts in central area
-major arab centers in heart of what was becoming the jewish state
-known as “operation danny”
-LRLR: lod, ramleh, latrun, ramallah
-first lr happen, last LR - jordans hold onto.
-most arabs from lod and ramleh hold on.
latrun is not taken by israel. remains corner of jordan area until 1967.
israel takes area of hadassa hospital in jerusalem.
-malkha: arab village was taken, where shopping center now is.
-jordanians take old city
-israel takes nazareth, clears out lower galilee. second UN truce begins july 18. |
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Term
| Operations after second UN truct |
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Definition
second UN truce begins july 18.
after truce: many operations
-noav: opens road to negev
-hiram: clears out galilee completely of arab liberation army, pushes them to lebanon.
-takes elat. |
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Term
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Definition
by end of 1948/49, war is basically over.
-issue becomes a set of armistice agreements.
armistice agreements:
-one in reading
-is not a peace treaty. is a cease-fire. no boundaries set.
-we’ll stop fighting, and stay in certain defined areas. |
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Term
| Zionist goal to expel palestinians? |
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Definition
Some say that war of 1948 was carried out in order to realize a prior zionist goal and expel all of the palestinians.
-shows that they had been thinking of movement of arabs
-benny morris: there was never a zionist plan to expel arabs from palestine. but, there was an issue with creating a jewish state in an area with an arab majority.
-how to go about doing this?
-involves bringing over a lot of jews
-and possibly arabs leaving |
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Term
| Transfer/Exchange of Populations |
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Definition
idea of transfer (exchange populations) - move all arabs to one place, all jews to another place.
-brits included idea in partition plan of 1937- area for jewish state and area for arab state.
-certain percentages would move. wasn’t seen as being a bad thing.
-today, has very bad name.
-400,000 arabs and 500,000 jews
-in un partition plan, 500,000 arabs and 400,000 jews- not easy to turn into jewish state
-large hostile arab population did not like idea of a jewish state.
-this population ratio could create instability in this state
-so, idea of transfers was up in the air. no plan was put into effect.
-when arab flight became apparent, there was little opposition to it. |
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Term
| First Stage: Dec 1947-March 1948 |
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Definition
First wave: 100,000
arab response to un partition plan: attacks on jewish traffic, neighborhoods, creation of national committees to direct arab struggle in different arab towns.
-jewish response: specific targeting of the offender. Hagana attempt: if there was a certain village attacking jewish traffic, would target them for a reprisal.
-often proved to be impossible- didn’t know who real offender was.
-hagana became much less discriminate in attacks.
Arabs were victorious in destroying jewish convoys. |
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Term
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Definition
hagana had lost about 100 people in these convoys.
-as a result of the limited reprisals and other causes, Arabs had upper hand in this stage, but in spite of this, about 100,000 arabs (mostly upper class in jaffa, haifa, jerusalem) and from villages in areas that were dominated by jewish population, fled to arab centers (nazareth, nablus, bethlehem, and out of country).
-this was first group to fly.
-before any serious jewish/israeli attacks on the population.
-mostly more established classes- this strata of population had ability to do this. had other property/possibility/family to flee to.
-wealthier/more educated group- had sense of foresight.
-when fighting starts up in inhabited areas, first instinct is to get families to safe place.
not expelled or forced out. leave because they have the ability to do so. |
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Term
| far ranging effect of first stage, 1948 |
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Definition
this is much of the leadership strata- so, whatever leadership that hadn’t been destroyed from ‘36-’39, left.
-leaves palestinian population much less able to deal with a situation of panic, warfare. |
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Term
| second wave: april-june 1948 |
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Definition
250,000-300,000. areas of settlements had been separated, key convoys were destroyed.
-british were gone, yishuv feared destruction
-hagana chiefs put together plan D for securing areas assigned to the state and blocks outside those areas in preparation for an Arab invasion.
-battle against arab militias or foreign irregulars (arab liberation army) had to be won before israelis could
israelis must consolidate hold on areas before they could meet invading forces.
-before winning battle of the roads, must pacify areas and villages that surround them and serve as centers of resistence.
-clear out potentially hostile forces from the interior
-create territorial continuity
-secure state’s borders
-no inside/outside. just centers of hostility (from an israeli perspective) which oppose this, are cutting off roads, etc.
-clear out hostile areas and protect borders. |
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Term
| British withdrawal and timing of plan D |
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Definition
plan itself was supposed to go into effect the week before may 15 - week before british withdraw.
-but, british leave early- pull out from more distant areas earlier.
-in many areas, plan was implemented already in april. implemented as british leave.
-future israeli force areas are consolidated.
-plan D is not supposed to be a political blueprint for the expulsion of arabs.
-geared to achieve military ends. |
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Term
| Securing Israeli Borders and Resistance |
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Definition
-securing the interior and borders of israeli state meant, in practice, the depopulation and destruction of villages that hosted hostile people and resistance.
-plan d called for operations against settlements near israeli borders/lines
-aim to prevent use of these villages as bases for an active armed attack
-all arab villages near borders were suspect and all were to be taken, checked.
-plan d provided for the conquest/permanent occupation/leveling/destruction of villages and towns.
-villages should be searched for weapons/irregulars
-in event of resistance (if village was seen to be hostile), destroy it.
-in event of non-resistance, should be disarmed and garrisoned, not destroyed.
-each commander had discretion over villages in his zone.
-plan not used as a blanket instrument to expel arabs, but gave authority to expel by commanders, districts. left up to different leaders. |
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Term
| Carrying out of Plan B Misunderstood |
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Definition
Plan B was not understood.
Months of April to June, 1948: only a few commanders had reason to carry out expulsions.
-villagers usually fled homes before or during battle
-by the time commanders took control, arab population had already left.
-hagana conquered clusters of villages:
-operation nakshon in April |
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Term
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Definition
battles of 1948: open up the road to jerusalem.
battle of arab haifa: april 12-22. |
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Term
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Definition
| no evidence that yishuv expected mass exodus until late april 1948. no evidence that this was for destroying the arab population |
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Term
| Clearing out of potentially hostile villages |
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Definition
arab liberation attack,
under pressure from jewish settlements, local commanders decided to clear out/destroy clusters of hostile/potentially hostile villages.
-villages around mishmara emik controlled, this is big change. vital strategic change.
Tel Aviv/Haifa: almost all arab villages destroyed.
Jeru/Tel aviv road destroyed (abu gosh example)
-each has own story. |
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Term
| Expulsions vs. Arab flight |
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Definition
no agenda to expel arabs, but expulsions happened.
up until april, there was no expectation of arab flight. when it starts to happen in april, is at first a surprise. in mid-april, there is a change (because of ben gurion, hagana staff, yishuv was losing, roads were cut off, hard to go from tel aviv to jerusalem. very serious situation. in face of situation, israel implements plan d to link areas and clear out threats to that. this is when israel goes in and takes areas and villages along road are cleared out) -no policy to expel arabs. policy was to secure the roads, not to expel arabs. need to link cities and clear villages that would be a security threat. |
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Term
| Deterioration of Arab society |
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Definition
arab society was in a time of deterioration- vulnerability, etc.
-especially in haifa and jaffa that were completely surrounded.
-certainly had social deterioration
-flight of middle/upper classes and parts of jerusalem undermined the morale. only poor/weaker elements of society were left.
-breakdown of law and order: british leave, ala comes in. local palestinians do not establish effective self-gov’t as british pull out. real deterioration, rising sense of dispair.
-whoever has guns has power.
-mostly in april of 1948: policemen run off with their weapons, officials in arab municipalities stop coming to work, the irregulars (ALA) begin to molest women, many cases of rape, intimidating population. also militarily ineffective. cannot counter israeli forces.
-ala were volunteers coming in from outside. not necessarily palestinian. |
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Term
| Changes in Palestinian Side |
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Definition
major change in palestinian side: pre april 48, arab population had been confident in ability to withstand. was larger, had connections with arab states.
-now, emerging reality is exactly the opposite.
-arab states refuse to enter as long as british are there.
-pals are losing and don’t have anyone to help them. |
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Term
| Israeli claims about arab exodus |
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Definition
israeli claim over the years: arabs leave in large numbers because they were invited to do so by arab states, the grand mufdi in egypt.
-benny morris: p. 174 of book: says there is no evidence to show that arab states or mufdi ordered or encouraged mass exodus of april/may 1948.
some say evacuation was recommended of women, children, and elderly. |
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Term
| Arab states on border pressures |
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Definition
by end of may, pressure put on arab communities along the border.
-arab states and arab higher committee apply pressure for these people to go back to homes within palestine. |
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Term
| leaving of homes and return policy |
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Definition
during this time (april to june 1948), 250,000 to 300,000 leave homes.
-at this stage already, israel (or state to be) had to deliberate on policy regarding return of refugees.
-about 2/3 go to west bank or gaza strip, so stay within palestine. just not in home villages.
-by end of may, already have state of israel. borders just weren’t finalized. |
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Term
| Stage 3: return of people who have fled |
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Definition
Spring 1948: refugees in various localities begin to press to return.
-no israeli national policy.
-local leaders had to make own decisions, and were generally against allowing them to return. |
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Term
| international pressure to allow return of refugees |
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Definition
arab states, lead by transjordan, begam clamouring for return of refugees.
-also int’l pressure from summer 1948 (UN and USA) on israel to allow refugees to return.
-by mid-june, israeli gov’t reaches concensus to prevent return as long as any hostilities continued
-became formal decision in july
-reasons were obvious: basic reason was a fear that pal arabs would be a fifth colony. a security risk.
-view was that they had opposed the creation of the state.
-500,000 jews, 400,000 arabs in area intended to be a jewish state.
-if they returned, it would be significant numbers which would threaten state from within.
israel: solution to refugee problem would be part of a general peace settlement. |
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Term
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Definition
israel: various practical steps:
-not geared towards blocking return of refugees, but this was the result.
-for military reasons, israel destroyed many/most of abandoned arab villages
-benny morris: 400 villages, which is almost all villages, were depopulated (people expelled), most destroyed by mid-1949.
-effect: make it much harder to return.
-israel either cultivated or destroyed arab fields and lands.
-often, arab lands were handed over to jewish settlements (kibutz, and need for land). areas which had been orchards/fields were handed over to be farmed/used.
-or: israel destroyed orchards/fields.
-made it more difficult for population to return - no source of livelihood.
provisional gov’t of israel issued emergency regulations (cultivation of abandoned lands) which stipulated that the gov’t could impose any existing law on any area that was defined as having been abandoned.
june 30, 1948 |
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Term
| Emergency Regulations: six months later, dec. 12 1948 |
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Definition
six months later (dec 12 1948), additional emergency regulations gave minister of agri control over all abandoned lands. could assign these lands to jewish settlements, etc.
-called emergency bc they were done during the war.
-emergency usually give gov’t more control/power than they would have normally.
-ownership of land was not done formally, but israel wanted to do this in formal legal sense. growing food, agri was important.
tension is between security |
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Term
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Definition
“the ten days” and the period after the second truce
july 9-18, july 18-oct. 15.
period of fighting, truce, ten days of fighting, and then second truce.
basically from july to oct 1948. |
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Term
| Operations during Third Wave of Refugees |
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Definition
-operation Dani: try to open jeru-tel aviv road.
-to take towns of Lod and Ramli - big arab towns, not far from tel aviv.
operation anfar: from “anti-farouk” operation in south
-took clusters of arab villages in south.
also: operation dekel: to take nazareth, etc. |
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Term
| non-systematic policies across israel & remaining populations |
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Definition
within all of these activities, policy was not systematic.
-in all areas taken by israel, almost entire arab population was expelled
-in wester/lower galilee (nazareth, etc.), bulk of christian arabs and druze remained.
-by this stage, battle of michmal emik in spring (april 4-15) of 1948, druze had been fighting against israel, but this was when druze decide that israel’s going to win and change loyalty - side with israel until today.
-today, druze men go into israeli army by law.
-arabs are not required to go into army, but they can.
christian arab areas and druze villages are generally not harmed. |
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Term
| destinations of refugees during third wave |
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Definition
so, during this third wave, about 100,000 refugees. mostly go into transjordan (west bank), some up into lebanon, galilee.
-some go into areas still being held by arab liberation army in upper galilee. |
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Term
| fourth wave of refugees: oct-nov 1948. Operation Yoav. |
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Definition
operation yoav: israel takes ajdod, majdal (ashkelon), bersheva, bedjubrin. inhabitants of these areas were mostly expelled to gaza, hills of hebron.
operation hiram: conquest of upper galilee. tens of thousands of arabs flee to north, to lebanon.
-total of 200,000 - 230,000 refugees.
Total: 650,000 - 730,000 refugees.
-numbers basically correspond to times of major military presence/operations.
-fact that not all are expelled at beginning show that this was not the agenda. |
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Term
| November 1948-1950: expulsions/population transfers |
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Definition
Expulsions/population transfers from nov 1948-1950.
war in 1948 is over.
-after termination of hostilities in late 48, early 49, israelis adopt policy of “clearing borders of arab settlements”.
-many arab settlements in israel adjacent to border of west bank, which were held by jordan.
-some arabs living along border were transferred inward into israel
-others expelled across border into jordan.
motives were security/military |
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Term
| Arab border villages post- 1948 war |
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Definition
feared that arab border villages would serve as bases for hostiles, spies, illegal immigrants, armies.
-did not move jewish villages bc they were not seen as a security risk
looking for arabs who had come across border/returned to villages which had already been destroyed.
-coming back was illegal- everyone had been expelled.
-sometimes, israel expelled entire villages near border. |
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Term
| Israel policy on arab villages within state |
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Definition
israel trying to have as few arab villages within state as possible.
-IDF set policy in motion, civil/political authorities gave approval after the fact.
-example: evacuation of Ekrit and Irham.
-policy in the north. Ekrit: greek, catholic village which had surrendered to israeli forces during war with no fight/hostility. welcomed israeli soldiers as liberators. peaceful village, no sign of opposition. evacuation begins nov. 1948. villagers told to move to Rama.
-evacuation of Birham: maronite village (also christian). evacuation starts a week later, expelled to lebanon. allowed to return eventually and settle in Jish, nearby village.
Ben gurion said israel would discuss return of refugees to these areas once the border was secured.
-haven’t been allowed to return until today. |
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Term
| Declaration of Border Security Zone |
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Definition
defense minister allowed to declare border security zone
-allowed him to bar entry to anyone who he didn’t want to be there.
-lebanese border was declared to be one of these zones.
-for decades, refugees of Birham (whether in jish or lebanon) or of monsoura, etc. pleaded with israel to allow them to return.
-case supported by prez of israel 1952-1963. |
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Term
| Israeli Supreme Court & civil rights of refugees |
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Definition
issue came down to israeli supreme court
-ruled in favor of ikrit refugees to their village
-example of supreme court upholding civil rights
-examples of this today: primary group protecting civil rights, which aren’t really protected by civil law
-but: IDF refused to allow it. didn’t heed court’s decision.
-doesn’t say this explicitly, just doesn’t follow it.
high court ruled in favor of state on this issue:
-but stated that initial eviction was not fully legal.
-however, IDF continued to block return of refugees to ikrit and other villages.
-said that return would damage border security (arab villages close to border)
-and serve as dangerous precedent
-other villages would go to court and win right to return and this would be dangerous.
-israel needs this land, and this would undermine their existence. these are not settlements in the west bank. these are in israeli land, kibbutz.
-in old days, lived on old arab land for security of nation. today, living on settlements in west bank. |
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Term
| Kibbutzeen & IDF level Arab villages |
|
Definition
kibbutzeen and IDF leveled the arab villages. villages destroyed over next 4-5 years. makes it even harder to return.
-after nov 15 1948, IDF and general security services raid arab villages to catch illegal returnees (now termed infiltrators)
-basic problem: if a palestinian had not been registered in the census (nov 1948) and didn’t have israeli id card or military pass, he was considered an absentee (someone who had fled/left the state). so, if he returned to village and wasn’t on list, he was considered “illegal” - absentee, no permission to be in country, and had returned.
-so, he should be deported from country.
-if not registered in census, you were in trouble. weren’t considered israeli.
northern border cleared of arab settlements.
benny morris estimates: 20,000 arabs expelled/persuaded to leave during period of 1940-1950 and bedouin also expelled from northern niguib. |
|
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Term
| Efforts to solve the Palestinian Refugee problem by UN and PCC |
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Definition
| efforts were put forward by the UN, especially the PCC (palestine conciliation commission- created by various armistice agreements). on each front, a conciliation commission made up of reps from each state and a chairperson from the UN. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
PCCs were to bodies to which complaints about infringements of armistice were lodged. (palestinians complain that jordanians move up a house, etc.)
-museum of the seam - route 1. about jerusalem during this time. |
|
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Term
| UN resolution 194: Dec 11, 1948 |
|
Definition
refugees wishing to return to their homes should be done at the earliest practical date.
PCC instructed to facilitate repatriation (return) of those wishing to go back home.
-at same time, was understood that israel would not allow a mass return of refugees.
-there might not have been many wishing to return home under jewish rule.
-assumption was that most would not. solution to the problem would be based upon resettlement outside israel.
-israel’s decision not to allow return hardened into an iron resolve during following months.
-decision during summer, and has lasted to this day. |
|
|
Term
| Why arab states refused to absorb refugees |
|
Definition
arab property had been destroyed, areas that were habitable were used as temporary homes for new immigrants.
-however, arab states refused to absorb refugees and insisted upon repatriation
reasons: 1. arab countries did not have economic ability to absorb hundreds of thousands of refugees. 2. arab states feared that pal refugees would become a subversive element within their own regimes. fear that refugees would be a challenge to rulers of jordan, etc. civil war in jordan- loyal pals against bedouin population- ended up being black september, when hussein kills tons of pals. pals served as unsettling influence within lebanon. lebs anxious for pals to leave. one of factors leading to leb civil war. unsettling balance between christians, muslims, and jews. |
|
|
Term
| Arab states' win-win situation |
|
Definition
-israel refused to take in refugees (turned would view against israel- saddled with responsibility for palestinian refugee crisis. no question of that, but in reality, war began (not because of israel- was a un decision) because of arabs who rejected decision. expulsion.
-also, both sides expelled, but arabs lost. israel won and took a lot of territory in which there was an arab population
-morally, not sure if one side was superior to another
-in world opinion, israel’s refusal to take refugees turned view against it.
but, if israel took refugees, resulted in political and local destabilization of area.
-arab majority in short time.
-not much speculation needed - arabs didn’t have zionist view, law of return, jewish majority culture, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Israel's use of refugees as a tool |
|
Definition
-carrot used in negotiating with arab states
-israel would accept back a few refugees if arab states agreed to negotiate with israel and make a peace agreement. |
|
|
Term
| Background of the negotiations |
|
Definition
-western diplomats felt that israel would not agree to a return of many refugees
-on the other hand, arab states refused to absorb them
-this lead to a stalemate
-idea was to find a way for israel
UN and USA, in form of PCC wanted israel to make a gesture/agree to return of a large number (not all) of refugees and start repatriating a certain number
-this would open up impass and allow for negotiations between israel and arab countries.
-allow for steps in israel-palestine problem.
israel should accept at least 250,000 refugees in israel, another 500,000 resettled in arab countries. |
|
|
Term
| stalemate in negotiations |
|
Definition
it really doesn’t move ahead:
-int’l conference in end of april 1949, doesn’t go anywhere.
-impass was that arabs demanded israeli agreement to full repatriation and start of implementation of this before peace talks
-israel said main resettlement would be in arab states |
|
|
Term
| ultimate end to negotiations 1949 |
|
Definition
ultimate end: israel agreed, in july 1949, of readiness to accept 100,000 refugees after there would be an overall refugee resettlement plan, and as part of a peace agreement.
-once there was substantial peace agreement.
arabs rejected
-unofficially, if israel took 350,000, arab states would take the rest.
-not accepted.
israel: again said 100,000, conditional upon retaining all of present territory and freedom to resettle returnees as they saw fit
this was israel’s last offer |
|
|
Term
| Israel's position until today: Comprehensive peace agreement |
|
Definition
from then until now, israel’s position was that refugee issue will only be dealt with in the framework of a comprehensive peace agreement.
-most recently (last 10-15 years), israel’s position is that returnees will only be allowed to go to a palestinian state, not israel.
-basically same policy, but deflecting them.
-if they agree to two-state solution, palestinian state will have to absorb the refugees
-israel will accept a small number within framework of reunification of families, etc.
-israel is still against accepting any large number of refugees. |
|
|
Term
| Arafat's summer 2000 demands |
|
Definition
arafat’s demands in summer of 2000. israel refused, and will continue to refuse
-because it would be considered a threat to the idea of a jewish nation-state with a jewish majority. |
|
|
Term
| Three important bodies handling affairs of Jews: 1. Jewish Agency |
|
Definition
main governing bodies, before establishment of the state. formed in 1929, term first used in article 4 of the mandate. at that state, the zionist agency became the jewish agency.
50% of seats chosen by zionist congress, other 50 by “non-zionists” ideologically. mainly americans, associated with big money-raising organizations. eventually known by united israeli appeal, joined israeli appeal
in practice, became the executive of the zionist organization. zionists more influential than non-zionists.
jewish agency’s palestine executive became the leadership of the zionist organization. not the executive of world jewry/everything going on in jewish world.
responsible for certain areas, in terms of jewish governance: immigration (from diaspora to israel), finances (money. more money than local institutions here in palestine/israel), diplomacy (zionist foreign secretary, head of political dep’t, negotiations with british, relations with arabs) |
|
|
Term
| three important main governing bodies that handled affairs of jews pre-establishment of state: Vaad Leumi |
|
Definition
aad Leumi: formed 1920. Represents Jews here in Palestine/Israel. initially not elected, had elections in 20’s. is the representative body of jews in palestine.
doesn’t have much money
very involved with: health, education, welfare, religious affairs |
|
|
Term
| three important main governing bodies that handled affairs of jews pre-establishment of state: Britain |
|
Definition
idea that jerusalem buildings should only be built out of jerusalem stone
modern legal system and country based on British rule
much of country still shows effects of British rule.
had many different secretaries/ministers
also took care of defense of country |
|
|
Term
| Two other important pre-state orgs handling jewish affairs: |
|
Definition
Histadrut: labor federation which acts as a sort of gov’t
major employer, all labor parties represented in histadrut
functioned like a mini-parliament- had elections, etc
today, all unions (not just labor) are in histadrut
Political Parties
first socialist parties set up in 1905
before that, mizrahi (religious scientist party) set up.
unification of some of labor parties in 1919
most labor parties unite in 1930 into mapie
Army has never ruled the country
Leadership of most of these parties and Hagana came from same place- Labor Party. and had family connections in some way. |
|
|
Term
| Establishment of POlitical Parties |
|
Definition
Political parties are set up:
-religious, social, religionist.
-they set up ultraorthodox party.
-all of these parties supplied services which you wouldn’t expect in other areas of world
-roles that you wouldn’t expect in other areas of world
-own newspapers, labor bureaus, youth movements, organizations, schools.
-provided services not usually thought of by political parties |
|
|
Term
| Development of political institutions with UN |
|
Definition
How does this play out and start to develop political institutions?
UN decides to partition palestine on nov. 29, 1947.
-calls for establishment of provisional gov’t in each of two states.
-would set up guidelines of a constituent assembly to write constitution
-supposed to cover certain aspects
-UN decision was not just a map- had stipulations among them. |
|
|
Term
| Britain & transfer of power |
|
Definition
Britain did not follow through with this- no orderly transfer of power.
-britain pulls out without effective transition
-once this becomes clear, jewish organizations get together and begin planning for day after british evacuation. |
|
|
Term
| March 1948: two bodies of political parties formed |
|
Definition
march 1948: month and a half before proclamation of independence
-jewish agency executive, gaad leumi, and political parties form two bodies. 1. people's council. 2. people's administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to be like a small parliament
-37 members according to party key: main parties getting more, smaller parties getting less.
-like a small parliament/legislature
-idea was that it would reflect entire jewish population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-like a mini-executive
-small group, 13 members according to party key
before state is established, two months before proclamation of independence, has political groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
British leave on May 14/15, and zionists declare independence.
-in proclamation of independence,
-people’s council is provisional state council
-people’s admin is provisional government
jewish state known as Israel.
must write a constitution by Nov 1 1948 |
|
|
Term
| two new temporary institutions and provisional ordinance/law |
|
Definition
have two new institutions:
temporary until new elections on basis of a new constitutions
provisional state council
provisional gov’t
no deadline for constituent assembly to be chosen/ finalize.
May 19: provisional state council passes law and administration ordinance of 1948.
-says that the prov. gov’t will act in accordance with law set down by provisional council. gov’t (executive branch) must follow policy of legislature.
-the sovereign (rep of the people) is the provisional state council.
-prov. gov’t will elect a member to be prime minister, and outline roles of members. |
|
|
Term
| Elections & representation |
|
Definition
due to war of independence, state council could not deal with issue of elections, assembly, etc. until end of 1948. was supposed to be done by end of october.
you vote in a particular district
-decisions made in who to send.
in israel, has not worked this way, and will never work this way. tally up votes, and each party gets seat according to votes - get 50% of votes, get 50% of seats.
-major ramifications of this.
-national constituency.
-so, there will be proportional representation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
US:
-gov’t is more stable, but less representative. only majority got their choice, minority doesn’t count for anything.
-no matter what people think, and who goes to vote, is still stable.
-can impeach president, but gov’t won’t fall.
Israel:
-gov’t is less stable, but more representative. |
|
|
Term
| The Small Constitution (Transition Law) |
|
Definition
transition law passed feb. 16, also known as the “small constitution”
-had obviously been put together beforehand- met two days before passing small constitution.
-legislature to be known as kaneset.
-constituent assembly lasted for two days.
-changed name to kneset.
-may show that importance of writing a constitution was waning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
president must get 61 votes in the kneset, by one or two ballots. if no one gets 61 seats in first ballot, will have runoff of top two. keep having runoffs until someone gets 61. chosen by absolute majority.
-president signs laws and treaties.
-like a king, but has power in granting pardons, etc.
-not like in america, where president is head of state. |
|
|
Term
| Creation of Constitution within Knesset |
|
Definition
president choses someone within kneset (whoever he sees fit), and they will create constitution.
-usually leader of largest party, but not always.
-last elections, chose netanyahu.
-today: kneset’s term is 4 terms, president is 5 years. |
|
|
Term
| transition from provisional to new gov't |
|
Definition
there must be a gov’t at all times.
-so: have a new kneset.
-which becomes obsolete? provisional state council.
-so, provisional gov’t retains power until new gov’t is formed by first kneset
-authority is limited (really only caretaker) but stays in power until new gov’t.
-president is supposed to do his job- get different powers together to join a coalition.
-win coalition : support from majority.
-provisional gov’t resigns. |
|
|
Term
| First President and creation of constitution (why necessary?) |
|
Definition
kneset chooses a president.
-choose vietsman.
-elected albert einstein, but he declined.
ben gurion
start to create constitution.
-why do we need a constitution?
-readings.
-creates a system for gov’t, defines functions, civil rights, and something to educate, something to unite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1948-51: largest relative migration ever seen into israel. 3.5 years.
population: 650,000 jews
took in an additional 700,000
about 10% left
net immigration: about 630,000
numbers get up to a million, 1.5 million. israel becomes a legitimate community. |
|
|
Term
| Immigration amidst struggle |
|
Definition
immigration occurred when israel was in the middle of the struggle- israel trying to establish self in terms of defense and finances.
-hard period of time, but is exactly when this immigration took place.
-about 100% increase |
|
|
Term
| portion of world jewish migration |
|
Definition
this immigration constituted 80 % of world jewish migration in this time period. 80% of the migration of jews during those three years came to israel.
-says something about holocaust survivors
-and jews in arab lands
-”weak populations” in terms of wealth, and holocaust survivors come with basically nothing.
this has an effect on the absorption process |
|
|
Term
| Origins of immigrants: eastern european |
|
Definition
remnants of eastern european jewish people of concentration/detention camps
about 37,000 from bulgaria, 7,700 from yugoslavia, 118,000 from romania, 106,000 from poland. largest group from romania- more jews survived there.
israeli gov’t thought that there was an emergency situation in both countries, and there was a window of opportunity- jews could immigrate, but didn’t know when this chance would end. |
|
|
Term
| origins of immigrants: yemen/iraq |
|
Definition
so, devoted time to allow yemenite and iraq jewry to israel.
“operation magic carpet, operation on the wings of an eagle, operation ali baba”
significance? all jews from yemen/iraq: changes dynamic of people, bring beliefs and communities with them, come with leadership, intellectual leaders. when community loses this tradition/pride, break down community, are faced with critiques of how backward they are, don’t fit in, etc. intellectual/leadership changes view of selves/others. when came as community, absorption was generally more successful.
each country’s jews treated/accepted differently- iraqi jews largely bankers
yemenites- represented in theatre, performing arts
more classic, pure way of speaking hebrew.
also: turkey 35,000 , libya 31,000, persia/iran 35,000 |
|
|
Term
| origins of immigrants: selective immigration |
|
Definition
on top of this, also selective immigration.
if gov’t didn’t bring you over, you didn’t come- costs too big.
45,000 from morocco, tunisia, algeria- all countries which had been ruled by france.
immigrants were selected by gov’t.
why would people be chosen to come over from these countries?
ideologies- young thinkers. these people would be forming the state- look for pioneers to work the land, good workers, good foundation.
but: jews in africa were more urban, experience peddling or selling. not many working in agriculture.
as opposed to earlier immigration, waves from asia and africa were much higher. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
earliest immigrants were from europe.
-percentage of oriental jewish immigrants goes up over time. |
|
|
Term
| demographic characteristics of immigrants |
|
Definition
-jews from asia/africa
generally from developing countries, high numbers of children because of role of women, high fertility.
not many elderly- would need good healthcare system.
not many children- not many from holocaust- disproportionate amount of children (1.5 million, about 25% of those killed) killed.
lower amount of people of wage-earning age.
so: immigrants can earn less money/less people able to earn an income. also: role of women, education, jobs, ability, etc.
60% to 50%
1,133 males to 1000 females
1026 males to 1000 females
earlier waves of immigration having more males = more income |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
34% of over-15 years had finished high school
-new immigrants: only 16% |
|
|
Term
| change in ethnic composition of the country in immigration |
|
Definition
Change in ethnic composition of the country
-among the foreign-born, 15.1% were from asia/africa, and 49.9% from europe.
-vast majority from europe |
|
|
Term
| Israeli policy on immigration |
|
Definition
-immigration of holocaust survivors and jews from muslim countries with an emergency and window of opportunity (iraq and yemen)
-policy: bring em all
-regarding other large communities, situation was not seen as warranting total evacuation
-selective criteria used- young, healthy people who could settle and work the land.
-applying this criteria to morocco: take people you want, leave behind family, parents, younger siblings, split up society where family is very important. |
|
|
Term
| Israel's ability to absorb immigrants at this early stage |
|
Definition
-didn’t have very many
-at start, jewish agency could only care for a few dozen people.
-so, where would immigrants settle? no immigrant absorption centers, country fighting war since end of 1947, didn’t have control over entire country until well into war.
-settled people in abandoned areas left by Arabs.
-flood of people went to old arab neighborhoods/villages that arabs have evacuated.
-this can be seen in jerusalem- talbia, baka, ein gara, parts of romama. jaffa, ramle, lod, bet she’an, haifa |
|
|
Term
| Location hierarchy of immigrants |
|
Definition
-earliest immigrants get best places
-delay of 4-5 months had serious effect on your starting point of climb up israeli social ladder
-if you find a place in jerusalem, can find a job somewhere- cleaning a house, do construction work, medical service, etc.
-tent camps set up on outskirts
-men and women separated- even married and children.
-women no longer have anything to do in tent camps. people are stagnating
-tent camps become a big scandal. created a situation of demoralization,frustration both here and abroad
-90,000 people in tent camps. |
|
|
Term
| 1950 "mabara" transit camp |
|
Definition
new idea in 1950: transit camp. “mabara”
-first set up by lev eshgo, prime minister during 6 day war.
-very pragmatic, not charismatic, stuttered.
-shantytowns- shacks made out of tin, asbestos, public restrooms.
-were outside/adjacent to the city.
-meant to set up families, give them work- sent to plant trees, farming, land rehabilitation.
-family units work
-work to distribute population into north and south across country.
-weren’t supposed to be ultimate solution to the issue- temporary- but a way to try to absorb it.
-little money put into housing.
-some rural, some urban. had 10-15 sq meters per family.
-62 marberot, 50,000 people (?) |
|
|
Term
| marberot/transit camp by end of 1951 |
|
Definition
by end of 51: 220,000 people in marberot, and 40,000 in tents.
-huge number of people. about 260,000 people in these conditions
-very difficult situation
those in marberot quickly became those who couldn’t get out.
-connections became very important to find jobs.
-iraqi jews, etc. have a harder time finding connections, jobs, etc.
-iraqis do everything that they can to get out. they and moroccans have a hard time.
certain things meant to be paid for by municipality:
-water was no good, had to boil before drinking
-education no good, so mothers ( who had, at best, elementary school education ) became teachers.
-so, creating new generation also beginning with huge culture gap.
-”socio-economic gap” which is still passed on generation to generation |
|
|
Term
| political parties and marberot/transit camps |
|
Definition
who monopolizes upon this situation?
-political parties recognize new population which can be prostitized.
-try to enlist support for their parties
-offer better schools, houses, take over education of mabarot and invest in this for own political gain.
-parties really believed in their ideologies (socialism, orthodox nature of state, etc.)
-happy to set up schools to educate children of their ideologies.
-fills a void, but done for specific reasons. |
|
|
Term
| decline of marberot/transit camps |
|
Definition
from start of 1953, numbers in mabarot start to go down
almost everybody out within 10 years or so
still 15,000 left in 1963, and still a few left today, but very small.
so: have population coming in at a disadvantage, continues to be at a disadvantage for a few more generations
we have to educate them, teach them what a democracy is, what a worker is.
-”cast off your backwardness and become like us”
-changed dress, language, became more secular.
-should be |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
looking at numbers:
arabs in area which was supposed to be israel: 750,000 by british estimate on eve of independence
-this goes way down. at end of 1948 war, 156,000.
-goes down by about 600,000 people
from there, starts to rise in absolute numbers.
-goes down in relative numbers because of jewish population influx
-in 1950: arabs were 12.2 percent, 1960: 11.1%. since 1960, arab population has gone up.
-now number at about 1,200,000. (1.2 million)
-roughly 20% of population.
-within israel- green line. |
|
|
Term
| Arab population & creation of state |
|
Definition
| only way to create jewish state is to do it against will of majority of the population. |
|
|
Term
| Geography of Arab population |
|
Definition
Geographically: most of arab population is located in:
(west bank/gaza is not inside israel formally speaking)
-arabs living inside israel as israelis
-galilee: about 60% of arabs. large number live in the “triangle” - an area which is the northern (n of tel aviv), adjacent to the green line. about 20% of arab israelis there.
-very close to border with jordan- security concern.
-also large concentration in haifa. |
|
|
Term
| dominant form of Arab settlement |
|
Definition
-villages, not shantytowns.
-a rural/semi-urban surrounding.
-various kinds of physical labor, construction.
-relatively smaller numbers in urban professions, like services (as opposed to jewish areas).
-village: smaller, called a village up to 10,000 people. then called a town.
architecture in palestinian/arab village: can see modernization in architecture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arabs in israel (often call selves palestinians or arab palestinians)
-mostly muslim. about 82% muslim, widely sunni. about 9% are christians.
-christians divided into different groups- aren’t widely seen in north america/western countries.
-mostly from eastern churches.
-but not all arabs are muslim, and vice versa.
-largest muslim country- indonesia.
-some arab are christians as well.
arab jews: theoretically, there can be, and historically, there were.
-historically much less common.
-largely due to arab-israel conflict, it is very difficult to be a jewish arab nationalist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arabs (especially in israel) are seen as a group with certain rights
-generally, are not encouraged/forced to serve in israeli army
-druze are. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-about 7% are greek orthodox. (3/4 of all christians)
-next largest group: roman catholics.
-last 12-13% of christians are different protestant/orthodox churches. including armenian, coptic, ethiopian church.
-only a few thousand protestants.
-methodists, Presbyterians, baptists, etc. are much smaller.
christians and muslims:
-both largely arab in national identity
-christian population tends to be more modern, educated, urban, and affluent
-role of women: in christian communities, dress in modern fashions.
-still have large conservative communities.
-christians: send children (daughters) to university, dress more freely, lower birth rate.
-more modern
-religious differences are a personal issue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
about 9%
-broke off in 12th century
-keep a secret religion
-unlike christianity, which is a proselytizing religion and spread faith
-islam as well, in a different way, and judaism in past
-do not proselytize. cannot convert, do not publicize their holy writing.
-most are women
-distinctive dress: baggy clothes, shave most of head, no alcohol, no politicians, no “carrying on”, must tell the truth.
-believes strongly in idea of reincarnation- don’t put name of dead body on the grave.
-just burying a body- will reincarnate somewhere else.
-stories of people/children remembering past lives.
-have paid gravely for participation in israeli society in blood
-druze have started to imitate jewish forms of mourning
-in judaism, names are a big deal- names on graves, plaques, walls, ceremonies, recitations, memorial walls, etc.
-druze begin to do this, causes large outcry.
very loyal, no national aspirations
-loyal to whichever state they live in.
-serve in army, present in political parties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pre-1948, arabs were majority in israel
-strength, dominant population
-arab population was deeply divided
-between land-owners and felaheen (peasants, farmers)
-between different families
-arab politics even today are very much about families.
population decline, loss of power, leadership, respect, self-respect, property
-definitely a major crisis.
no surprise that 48 war is called the “nakba” or the catastrophe. |
|
|
Term
| Israeli Education law and vocal leadership |
|
Definition
-in 1949, israel passes compulsory education law.
-those who remained were defined as israeli citizens formally, legally.
-arabs legally had same rights, voted heavily for kneset.
-whether this occurred in real life is debatable.
very vocal leadership
-kneset can do just about anything without fear of punishment.
-cannot be prosecuted without going through complicated process of revoking immunity.
-gov’t might arrest and say that people have broken the law to prevent them from expressing their views.
-members of kneset have met with hezbollah, etc.
people in kneset who have gone to jail is relatively high.
as result of law, arab children had to go to school- increased number of schools, teachers, seasonings although some was stale. |
|
|
Term
| Arabs and educational system |
|
Definition
use of educational system is low in places with low funds.
-learn about your gov’t, history, how to behave, polite.
inclusion of arabs in educational system
-reduce illiteracy.
-hebrew education as additional arab schools. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
before the state, arab women had very few rights
-could be sold into marriage, etc.
-knesset passed equal rights act, giving arab women full rights in front of the courts.
-bedouin can still have a number of rights.
-outlawed child marriages, and marriage without woman’s concent.
“honor killings” - women having extramarital/premarital relations
-only way to kill family name is to kill woman, usually in very brutal way.
-usually done within family, and must be well-known. |
|
|
Term
| Birth rate/number of chidren: |
|
Definition
1960 1970 1981 2003
Israeli born jews 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.64
Muslims 9.3 9 5.6 4.58
Christians 4.6 3.6 2.4 2.29
Druze 7.9 7.5 5.6 2.77 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Millets: organized birth/marriage/jobs by religion, etc.
-not really any intermarriage.
-taken care of by each religious community
-includes inheritance, divorce (if allowed), etc.
-continued by british when they took over under mandate.
-unlike britain itself, where this would be unheard of.
-under turks and under turkish mandate (although different from britain itself), these areas were taken care of by religious communitites. |
|
|
Term
| israel inherits millet idea |
|
Definition
-under british, british citizens were allowed to marry/divorce through civil courts. unthinkable that a british citizen would come in front of someone. everyone else had to do it through religious authorities.
-then this was discontinued, and everyone had to go in front of religious authorities. |
|
|
Term
| new religious authorities recognized in israel |
|
Definition
-christians, muslims
-in early 50’s, the druze were recognized.
-separate group, recognized first time ever under israel as having a separate religious community with own laws, etc. |
|
|
Term
| proportional political system in israel |
|
Definition
system here is proportional (talked about this in creation of political system). party gets a number of seats in the legislature in direct proportion to the number of popular vote that it gets.
-this system gives much more power to smaller parties than they would otherwise receive.
-if you are a party that would get 5% of the vote, in england/canada, you would get no say in the vote. in israel, you would get 5% of the seats. |
|
|
Term
| demands of parties & religion |
|
Definition
some parties didn’t have any real demands in terms of foreign policy, social policy.
-one demand: to maintain a certain religious nature of the state.
-price: concession in the religious section of the legislation.
so: parties could do anything they wanted, and would win over religious parties as long as they allowed religion to stay prevalent in state.
-reason for connection of church and state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very much about a jewish cultural renaissance.
-about the revival/rebirth of a jewish culture in a modern age.
-had different/opposing ideas about what state should be.
-should be a jewish state- not only majority of people, but also culture/society.
-difficult to separate religion from this kind of jewish cultural identity. |
|
|
Term
| Acceptance of working limitations in name of religion |
|
Definition
willing to accept limitations about working, closing stores, etc. for religion.
-similar laws exist all over world for different religions (in us- sunday is a holiday).
-same thing in nature of weddings- most jewish israelis joke that the synagogue that they don’t go to has to be orthodox. think that there’s a right way to do it, even if they don’t do it that way.
-most israelis don’t identify with reform or conservative
-society that runs things are normally ultra-orthodox (weddings, funerals) even though most people usually aren’t orthodox. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fourth element: idea of unity. zionism is about bringing the jewish people together.
to do this, must make some kind of concession. necessary to do this for there to be a unified jewish people.
hebrew university- cafes are kosher. there has to be somewhere for all students to be able to eat.
associated with keeping kosher and obeying shabbat. sabbath laws, etc.
part of this idea of unity/keeping everyone together: marriage and divorce.
imagine that a couple gets divorced, but not in accordance with jewish law, just in front of some sort of civil magistrate. no religious proceedings. according to orthodox, couple is still married.
if woman has children with another man, this is adultery. according to orthodox, these children cannot marry, and their kids, and their kids, etc.
creates a large class of people who are prohibited from marrying other jews and non-jews. can’t marry anyone but other people who have come from same situation- “adultery” kids.
so: many orthodox believe that everything has to be done in accordance with orthodox tradition.
a great rabbi living in america may believe that jews should keep the sabbath, but cannot do anything (in a secular state like the usa) to get people to do this. |
|
|
Term
| Ben gurion's basic status quo letter on religion |
|
Definition
basic status quo letter: letter sent by ben gurion
-each religious group has own sabbath day- muslim: friday, jews: saturday, christians: sunday.
-kashrut: dietary laws: things that you are not allowed to eat. laws about preparation.
-will make sure that anything provided by state for jews will be kosher. (military)
-personal status law: marriage and divorce. taken care of by orthodox tradition. ensured by saying orthodox rabbanite is responsible.
-education: religious schools will be recognized. orthodox and ultra school systems.
-have state system and state orthodox school system.
-different curriculum, study talmud, look at different forces.
-school system is how you perpetuate your ideology.
-shabbat: what does it mean to keep shabbat? how about kashrut? |
|
|
Term
| supreme court & religions legislation |
|
Definition
supreme court has done thorough job of dealing with religious legislation.
-cannot enforce any kind of religious law through administrative ordinance/local bylaw.
-knesset can, no other organization/ordinance/decree/administrative instruction- supreme court has struck all others down. |
|
|
Term
| rabbinical court jurisdiction in marrigae & divorce, 1953 |
|
Definition
rabbinical courts (marriage and divorce) jurisdiction, 1953
-wanted to control all jewish marriages
-was turned down: marriages performed outside of israel will be recognized, even if not done here.
-same is not true for divorce. easier to get married than divorced. |
|
|
Term
| questions asked before marriage |
|
Definition
-have you been married before?
-will know if parents are jewish or not.
-if coming from outside country, must prove jewish identity in order to be married by rabbi. if cannot be proven, this is trouble- nobody will marry you.
-judaism passes maternally (you don’t always know who your father is, but mother is unmistakable. more trouble to prove that women are jewish.
-ask women if she has been married before,
when you put marriage/divorce in the hands of the orthodox, certain cultural/worldview is taken.
-date of wedding revolves around menstruation, physical contact is controlled, etc.
certain laws:
-if a man dies without giving woman child, she has to marry his brother.
-now: brother must reject the widow, and then she’s free. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first stage, can go to civil or religious court.
-who goes first determines which court you go to- woman would go to civil court because they can give testimony there. more familiar, with judges, etc.
-religious court is up to the rabbis.
-so, we have this “run to the courts”. critical to rights/obligations.
-deal with various things: whether they agree to the divorce. religious court takes a long time before they can divorce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sometimes, women/families will pay man to agree to divorce. “just take it all”. because woman is under more pressure when it comes to time- can only have children up until a certain date.
-man can be in jail, travel, take off, and woman is stuck until he agrees to divorce.
a woman who is not yet divorced (who has been battered, left, etc.) cannot divorce until husband agrees.
-a married woman cannot marry anyone else, or have children from anyone else.
-if she does, these kids are called “momzarie” - illegitimate child.
-no stigma attached to single women. just child of other man.
“adultery” - a married woman having children with another man.
-doesn’t apply to men.
but limited mass demonstrations against divorce laws by women in israel. |
|
|
Term
| day of rest ordinance, 1948 |
|
Definition
day of rest ordinance 1948: stated by main jewish holidays would be rest days for jews.
sabbath
two days of rosh hashanah
one day of yom kippur
first and last day of tabernacles
first and last days of passover
shabbot/pentacost (one day).
other religions observe own festivals- christmas, easter, eid al-adha & al-fitr.
-no public transportation on sabbath.
-in tel aviv, have sheruts.
big issue in jerusalem over certain laws. |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for Sinai campaign |
|
Definition
-continued fedayun raids from gaza
-egypt mobilizes/capitalizes on what began as innocent incursions/infiltrations of palestinians coming back into israel to farm their land/go back to get left property.
-evolves into 50’s and develops into a hostile movement. no longer innocent people trying to visit property. |
|
|
Term
| "fedayoon" - freedom fighter units |
|
Definition
egyptians set up “fedayoon” or freedom fighter units
-groups come across border from gaza into israel and cause many casualties
-peaks april 1956
-206 israeli casualties in 1955
-tensions between egypt and israel over area that was supposed to be demilitarized (auja).
-egyptians believed that that area should not be in israel |
|
|
Term
| syria-israel tensions in 1950's |
|
Definition
tensions in the 1950’s between syria and israel
-syria attacks israeli boats on sea of galilee
-israel retaliates at syrian bases on syrian side
-continued tension with israel in the 50’s
-very problematic for israel- continued to threaten israel’s sovereignty in negev especially. |
|
|
Term
| nasser's free officers' revolt |
|
Definition
-rise of gamal abdul nasser/nasser-ism
-part of “free officers’ revolt”
-before this, there was king farouk. dissatisfaction lead to 1954 free officers revolt
-nasser is prime minister, becomes president and key leader of egypt.
-tries to extend egypt’s influence over arab world
-pan-arab pact with egypt at head
-asks for arab independence from western powers. |
|
|
Term
| egypt's influence in middle east |
|
Definition
-big problems with western dominance
-opposed attempts to create pro-western pacts in area
-us trying to organize a group of states bordering ussr into a pro-western pact
-”the northern tier” - including turkey, iraq, iran, and pakistan
-part of us’s containment policy to stop soviets from expanding south into those countries.
-egypt saw this as a rival, especially iraq (seen as a key rival to egypt in egypt’s aspiration to lead the middle east/arab world)
-egypt refuses joining northern tier, opposes iraqi membership
-egypt opposition doesn’t prevent creation of group
-iraq joins, becomes “the baghdad pact” feb 24, 1955 when iraq and turkey sign.
-other countries then join. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
egypt is upset about baghdad pact
-sees it as sign of dominance of west in middle east, under iraqi leadership
-egypt angry at west.
opportunity to get involved:
-soviet union sees it as chance to use it to own benefit
-soviet union and egypt have common interests
-nasser wants to increase strength, soviet union wants foothold in middle east
result: secret arms deal before announcement in september
-gave egypt real advantage. |
|
|
Term
| egypt/israel/arab embargo/boycott on weapons |
|
Definition
boycott/embargo on weapons
-including egypt/israel/other arab weapons. would not be sold weapons
-began in 1950.
-policy started to break down in early 50-s , 53, 54
-because us started selling.
-britain and france started following own independent policies as well.
other arab countries getting more weapons, israel getting few to none. |
|
|
Term
| israel's military arms policy |
|
Definition
israel’s policy: there had to be military parady between israel on one side, and all other nations on the other.
-israel having as many weapons as all the other countries combined.
egypt had 80 jets, bought 125 more in secret arms deal
-compared to israel’s 50.
-new technology only in middle east
heavy tanks: egypt and israel have about 200 each.
-egypt buys over 200 more.
artillery: egypt has 800, israel 300
neither had any destroyers. egypt buys two.
arms deal put israel at a distinct disadvantage militarily.
syria concludes a large arms purchase also with the soviet union
arms race begins and is a function of the cold war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fedayoon attacks from gaza, arms deal egypt-soviets (weapons had not yet arrived, but would soon) |
|
|
Term
| Third factor: egypt tightens eilat blockade, sept 1925 |
|
Definition
-up to 1953, there had been a theoretical blockade of eilat.
-sept 1925: shipping companies had to notify egypt of any boats/planes three days in advance of plans to cross blockade.
-had to be early notice and sea/air traffic through egyptian areas not allowed.
-eilat had become a very important outlet to africa |
|
|
Term
| fourth factor: arab military alliances & nasserism |
|
Definition
fourth factor: formation of arab military alliances, in line with nasserism
-oct 21, 1925
-syria/egypt joint military command formed
-later unite into one country oct 1946- united arab republic
us, britain and france have military blockade on israel. france sold some, but not many.
all of this is on the backburner. |
|
|
Term
| egypt, us & the aswan dam |
|
Definition
egypt had been negotiating with US for aid to build the aswan dam.
-probably part of us attempt to win egypt over, get over to western camp
-when us realized nasser was playing east vs. west and negotiating with russians
-us withdraws upon hearing this.
-nasser decides to nationalize the aswan dam.
this was seen by britain/france as a threat to their strategic interests.
-they moved forces into area and prepared to seize the suez canal
-nationalization of canal was major issue. |
|
|
Term
| algerian revolt against france |
|
Definition
-was occupied by france,
-revolutionary movement against france (FLN)
-colonies had ruled completely against will of the population
nasser was helping algerian rebels
-angered france, considering ways to topple nasser |
|
|
Term
| france & britain want to get rid of nasser |
|
Definition
france and britain interested in getting rid of nasser
-plan: utilize israel. israel attacks deep into sinai, poses threat to suez canal.
-france/britain will issue an ultimatum that both egypt and israel must withdraw from the suez canal.
-whole plan predicated on idea that egypt would reject- because why should it?
-this would be the justification for france/britain to attack egyptian air bases/area of suez canal and occupy canal zone.
-such a serious blow that it would topple nasser’s regime. |
|
|
Term
| actions taken by france/britain/israel/egypt |
|
Definition
this is what’s done:
-israel strikes in sinai, but moves very fast.
-british/french troops, to attack suez, could not be initiated until after the ultimatum had been rejected
-or else it would be clear that this had been planned ahead of time.
-israel moves so fast- had already taken suez and british had just started moving.
eisenhower of US was angry, issued stern threats.
-had not been consulted, was in the middle of an election
-british/french basically collapse, leave israel alone in sinai. partners had backed down in face of us threats to destabilize currency, etc. |
|
|
Term
| israel's withdrawal from sinai agreement |
|
Definition
israel agrees to withdraw from sinai, only in exchange for a peacekeeping troop entering.
-pearson proposes emergency forces
-put on border of israel and egypt, and straits in southern sinai
keeps peace from 57 to 67, when nasser has forces removed.
-beginning of six day war. |
|
|
Term
| actions of britain/france/israel until 1957 |
|
Definition
british/french just starting. israel already holds whole area.
port said: 7 nov: britain backs down at 2 am. cease fire.
-british/french pull out all troops by 27 dec.
israel holds on until spring of 56.
egypt seen as a stronger party, seen as being able to stand up to britain and france.
-most done by americans- they pressure israel to leave in 1957
israel also got something out of this:
demilitarization of the sinai |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all of south is quiet from 57- next decade.
-tensions leading to 6 day war generally stem from the north
-over water, conflict with syria (coup in syria, new group takes over, hafas al-assad new leader)
all military men taking over from king
-nasser
never real democracy and egypt, and even less so in syria
hafas al-assad (military) taking over from king. |
|
|
Term
| MISSING lecture before april 11. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| election results, may 1 1977 |
|
Definition
Election Results May 1, 1977
Likud 43 +4
Labor 32 -19
Dash (DMC) 15 new
NRP 12 +8
Aguda 5
Flatto 1 new
Arik Sharon 2 new
Arabs 6 +7
Shelly 2 +7
Ind. Liberals 1 -3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in power for a very long time
-labor became a supermarket party
-in order to appeal to various segments of the population, had to dilute its ideology |
|
|
Term
| sectors for parties to appeal to: |
|
Definition
-native born
-new immigrants
-Israeli Jews
-Israeli Arabs
-Secular
-Orthodox
-Ultraorthodox
-Middle Class
-Sepharadim
Ashkenazim
Men
Women
Educated, Uneducated
Affluent, Slum Areas
When parties put together lists of candidates, had to make sure that they would attract at least one or two of the sectors.
-each party looked at the electoral potential
-abandon ideology of socialism, equality, austerity, show-off |
|
|
Term
| drastic changes in country, with some left behind |
|
Definition
Country has also changed enormously
-from austere country after 6 day war and the 70’s
-began to have an affluent part of the population (tvs, cars, telephones)
-materialistic part of israel began to emerge
Fairly large number of israelis felt that they were left behind
-sephardim, arab/asian/african country origins, poor education, more traditional
-by ’77, already had second-generation poverty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
labor party, as a result, could not find the right answers
-in early days, had charismatic leadership of ben-gurion
-then less charismatic, but still strong.
Other problems with labor party:
-attracted as leading candidates: people from army
-sharon wanted to join, but they didn’t want him
-feeling was that your chances of rising in upward mobility from party ranks to the top were not open because you were blocked by the “paratroopers”
-army generals who had parachuted into the top positions
-these army leaders had limited experience
Lack of charismatic leadership- the young refused to take the top job- never wanted to be number one. always number two- ben gurion on top.
-Paris and Rabin spend first years of rabin government fighting. |
|
|
Term
| corruption within the labor party |
|
Definition
third problem: Corruption.
-first time israel is exposed to corruption at the top.
-personal gain
-mostly party funding
-rabin’s candidate for governor of the bank of israel
-found to have taken money illegally for the department (not for himself)
-charged, jail 5 years
-rabin found to have a bank account in washington
-was then illegal: no bank accounts abroad without permission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bookings Report: must make a concession in return for peace
-in israeli politics, if a leader argues with the US, he’s in trouble. also seen in elections of 1992. (bush sr.) |
|
|
Term
| effect of the yom kippur war |
|
Definition
-took country three years to absorb the consequences of the war (loss, shame, humiliation, surprise, economic consequences)
-country decided to punish the government/party in power. |
|
|
Term
| DMC: democratic movement for change (aka dash) |
|
Definition
New party: DMC: dmocratic movement for change (aka dash)
-man who invented the party: hebrew university professor, dug up masada
-highly charismatic, ben gurion looked upon him as successor
-but no experience in politics. attracted many middle-class, wealthy israelis. educated, well-to-do, former army generals, academics, industrialists
-who said labor was hopeless- could never repair itself.
-able to pay a key role in a future government |
|
|
Term
| israel's multi-party democracy system |
|
Definition
multi-party democracy
-some see as good, some see as disastrous.
-hoped they could gain 20 seats in the knesset
under israel system: one electoral system in which parties compete. |
|
|
Term
| growing nationalization of nationalists in the national religious party |
|
Definition
-has always been a mainstream party content to participate in any gov’t
-as long as religious interests are protected (shabbat, marriage, etc.)
interesting social/economic policies, more equitable distribution.
-”project renewal” - influence 50-60 communities, more attention to young people, education.
unknown weight ascribed to these factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-begin had a series of heart attacks
-campaign run by veiksman, very colorful, commanding officer of air force, #2 in IDF, administered transport.
-part of the campaign was to keep Baygin away from the campaign
-when they did present him to the public, pictured him as a nice grandfather
-two days before the elections, a helicopter crashed in the jordan valley (accident)
-53 soldiers dead. who’s responsible? the gov’t.
end result: see original table at beginning of lecture. |
|
|
Term
| necessary parties/people to form gov't |
|
Definition
Likud, NRP, Aguda, Flatto are needed. Labor not needed to form gov’t.
-later on, someone else joined. Baygin invited former chief of staff.
-man who wanted to atone for his sins in 1973.
-baygin wanted someone with experience in the military, defense, negotiations, understood arab mentality, spoke some arabic, very imaginative.
-ignored the fact that he was a womanizer who broke the law. today, would have been in jail.
-he became foreign minister.
majority of cabinet was ashkinazim jews, some sephardic.
-also included young politician- moshelikod - liked women and paid for it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-domestic policy: redistribute wealth, settle it all over israel
-man responsible for settlement policy: newly appointed minister of agriculture, sheron.
-very much involved in the settlements, known as father of the settlements
-2005: his job to remove them, also in 1982.
On the agenda:
-reconvening of the geneva people to make a comprehensive agreement between israel and its neighbors
-and hopefully with palestinians as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-come up with ways to reach the egyptians.
-not palestinians or PLO, or jordan (any agreement with them would involve west bank)
-so, egypt.
-there had been contact with egypt long beforehand. channel was usually through moroccans.
if the massad released documents
-massad: very important role in early israeli foreign policy
-mostly with relations with other countries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spent 8 hours in discussions, some in presence of the king.
-not sure if there was a notetaker.
-the understanding of the egyptians was that in return for full, binding peace, israel would be prepared to surrender all- artillery, naval bases, etc.
-daiyun’s recollection was different- all of sinai given, but israel would be able to keep some military bases and settlements, up near gaza.
-they parted under the understanding that their contact would continue secretly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
went home and reported, returned to UN.
-at end of september 1977, carter made a mistake:
-felt that the russians have to be brought in. they were the cosponsors of the geneva conference in 1973.
-if wanted a comprehensive settlement, must involve syria and lebanon.
october 1, 1977: statement issued by vance (sec of state) and foreign minister dromicon.
-specified what would happen in geneva
-palestinian representation as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
october 1, 1977: statement issued by vance (sec of state) and foreign minister dromicon.
-specified what would happen in geneva
-palestinian representation as well.
Food riots in Egypt.
Nov 9, 1977: delivered speech to party in Cairo
-in presence of Arafat
“for peace, i’m willing to go anywhere- even to israel’s knesset to plead with them there.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
force US to follow my lead. no longer toy with the idea of Geneva.
-thought he had to break israel’s hold on US media, congress, jewish community.
-”must win the american public”
visit: “pilgrimage to israel”
-some feared it was a trap. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-on the eve of coming here, sadat went to syria to visit assad’s father.
-sadat informs his foreign minister that he was going, and foreign minister refused to go.
-told boltos ali to write sadat a speech, came here to amazing reception. american media was very important. sadat shook hands with everyone, including goldemier.
-sadat did not come with an agenda, or a drafted peace treaty. reagan wondered if there was a grand design or timetable behind the whole thing. thought that the very act of coming to israel would change things- was correct. it was quite a courageous act. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-meeting the first night: king david hotel, then yad vishem, meeting in the knesset- spelled out what he wanted.
-devoted speech first to the horrors of the war. then, call on israel to withdraw from territories taken in 67. last point: we accept you as an integral part of the west. created a “common denominator” - no longer arabs asking israel to disappear. egypt saying, let’s negotiate publicly, at the highest level, as equals.
-no longer just a tolerated entity. was the state of israel.
-not received well in israel.
next day: went to the knesset. was goldemier’s meeting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
back to egypt: press conference: repeated “no more war, no more bloodshed”
-withdraw for peace- what are the implications for israel? |
|
|
Term
| sadat's conference under geneva peace conference in preparation |
|
Definition
sadat decided to give baygin some time
-called for a conference under the geneva peace conference to prepare for geneva
-thought that this would make usa happy
-only israel, usa, egypt were there- didn’t mean much.
-new ideas on palestinians: a 5 year autonomy arrangement. help with roads, etc.
-palestinian governing authority in 1925, to be based in bethlehem to create departments, look after the people, etc.
-beginning of third year- egyptians, palestinians, etc. would start looking at a permanent solution/status.
-not autonomy over land- autonomy over people that he’s talking about. |
|
|
Term
| sadat next conference: christmas day in ismailia |
|
Definition
next conference: christmas day conference in ismailia, egypt
-both israel and egypt afraid of losing this moment- sadat getting impatient
-made two working groups. one to look at military/security issues, and another to look at political issues. military in cairo, political in jerusalem.
-we assume that this is now the way to proceed. bayman was ecstatic, the other was not.
-other said that the palestinian issue would be a major trap. |
|
|
Term
| egyptian foreign minister trip to jerusalem |
|
Definition
egyptian foreign minister came to jerusalem for future political arrangements.
-baygan offended egyptian foreign minister, and sadat brought him home immediately.
next few months: feb, march, april, may, june.
-not much is happening.
-struggle for washington- who’s going to get more from the americans? struggle for public support.
-carter rude to baygan |
|
|
Term
| begin: troubles until 1978 |
|
Definition
baygan: was manic depressive. sank into a depression.
-attempt to salvage something in summer 1978
-carter finally comes to conclusion that one way to salvage entire process would be to host a conference in the states, but certain conditions would have to be made.
-would be closed, held in camp david (originally built by roosevelt, called shangri-la) |
|
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Term
| camp david meeting: carter, sadat, begin |
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Definition
first day of meeting: carter, sadat, and baygan.
-baygan made most extreme requests from israel.
-everybody said that the two must be kept away from each other.
-negotiations held between americans and senior negotiators for the israelis.
-barak (chief justice in israel), etc.
-all others were former labor party. |
|
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Term
| begin's ideological isolation |
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Definition
baygan was isolated from people ideologically close to him.
-laboring under enormous burden.
-if he succeeds, he would be the person who brought peace to israel. if he fails, history would see him as a disaster.
-also the future of israel-american relations.
-sadat did not have this kind of pressure. didn’t have to report to coalition gov’t. |
|
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Term
| american draft of camp david agreement: egyptian issue of jerusalem |
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Definition
americans produced draft of the camp david agreement.
showed it to egyptians, israelis.
-baygan read every word. sadat did not- he had lawyers. wanted big picture.
egyptians raised the issue of jerusalem:
-israel said- if jerusalem issue is raised in camp david, he would leave.
-carter wanted to sign that night. |
|
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Term
| camp david: 3 month renegotiation |
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Definition
renegotiated within 3 months.
-palestinians: withdraw of israeli army to areas within west bank
-baygan accepted something that he had been opposed to for years- that there were legitimate rights and demands of the palestinians. but this was the right thing- no choice.
-not signing would cause a huge rift with america, congress, and most of israel
-later explained: had i not signed, there would have been war, and we would have mobilized young israelis. he would have had to say that he did everything that he possibly could to avoid this war. the morale of young israelis.
he voted against his own people/party- knesset package (?)
-samir was opposed, one minister resigned, two members of labor wrote against.
-without labor, treaty would not have gone through.
both got themselves nobel peace prizes, sadat paid for his with his life. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
baygin: last years of his life, said he regretted it.
-going into camp david, said he had 12 principles that he would not give up on. coming home, he had given up on 9.
-gave up sinai, got others. history will judge. |
|
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Term
| The need for a palestinian settlement arrangement, 1975 |
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Definition
first reference to a need for a palestinian settlement arrangement: 1975
-before that, no reference in major int’l politics to the possibility of a palestinian state/entity living side by side with israel.
-bc from the pal side, the major document is the PLO national covenant 1964, amended since then.
-specified fact that israel has no right to exist as a separate political entity. denied fact that jews are a nation/religion. should be disperced. denied/rejected balfour declarations, UN partition, existence of israel. especially article 20 of the covenant. |
|
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Term
| israel's response to need for pal settlement |
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Definition
result: this was a non-starter. israel- what to talk about? dissolution of israel as a separate political entity into a new palestine?
-no country is going to commit suicide.
-so: no common denominator with palestinians as long as they adhered to nat’l covenant. |
|
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Term
| UN 1974 general assembly: PLO recognition |
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Definition
un 1974 general assembly: first recognized the PLO as the sole legit rep of the palestinian people.
-did not specify a palestinian state. obvious to them that a pal state would be “instead of” israel.
-un hoped to have pal state next to israel, not instead of israel.
-as long as pal had nat’l covenant, israel had no pressure to talk to palestine.
us would not recognize/deal with PLO until pLO recognizes israel, accepts 242, and 338, and renounces territory.
-national covenant spoke of right to use all means/methods available to win. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
for years, israel said that their problem is not the palestinians. it is the arab states. they deny israel’s right to exist.
-this argument seemed to be valid.
-as a result, until 1975, no pressure on israel to start thinking about changing. |
|
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Term
| 1975 bookings institute report |
|
Definition
around 1975, the bookings institute report and an increasing number of americans (especially in dept of state) felt that this was wrong.
-no deal is possible in middle east without palestinian involvement.
-first to come up with this: carl saunders.
-brookings institute report 1975- must be palestinian involvement. |
|
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Term
| palestinian acts of terror & suspicion |
|
Definition
one reason why pals were looked upon with suspicion: acts of terror.
-when you are persued, and don’t have a base which is recognized by others. (plo dependent on lebanon, and previously jordan before kicked out, israel eliminated plo from west bank and gaza) so engaged in active terror
-to demonstrate that they exist and are alive, are doing something
-and terror means that there is a problem, and the problem has to be addressed, not ignored.
-this is what the jewish community did in 1945-46. |
|
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Term
| PLO targeting civilians and outside middle east |
|
Definition
plo targeted civilians. all israelis are in reserves.
-plo also performed acts of terror outside of the middle east.
-jewish, israeli, american targets, embassies.
-spilled over- assassination of israeli olympic team in munich 1972.
-assassination in london, paris, barcelona.
-israeli position of not negotiating with PLO was understood.
arafat had to demonstrate that his organization was doing something in order to stay alive.
-also to win funds (subsidized by saudi arabia)- support. showing that they were doing something and fighting israelis. effective p.r. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carter: first to put the palestinians on the table.
-meeting with rabin, baygin, and camp david.
-negotiations for palestinian autonomy fell off the ground.
-sadat suspended them. baygin had no intention of going through with autonomy for pals.
baygin succeeded by shamir.
-under shamir, israeli-egypt peace treaty had no mention of pals.
-war against lebanon was basically war against palestinians.
palestinians furious at egyptian decision to sign a peace treaty with israel
-excluded them
-began to see growing palestinian resentment. |
|
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Term
| mid 80's: king hussein meeting in paris, london |
|
Definition
brings us to the mid-80’s:
-meeting in paris/king hussain. 1987: london: drafted agreement where there would be a peace conference. parties starting bilateral negotiations.
-shamir rejected this and never came to the meeting.
-would be implemented, after gulf war. |
|
|
Term
| changes among young pals in early/mid 80's |
|
Definition
serious changes among young palestinians from the early/mid 1980’s:
-new generation had grown up in the west bank and gaza who knew no one else but israel.
-40% of population born after 1967. didn’t remember jordanians, turks.
-what they knew of the israelis was basically occupation- road blocks, searches, licenses, permits, demolition of homes, expulsion.
-contact with israeli military organization was not ideal.
-is there anyone who really cares about us? alleviate our plight?
-both refugees and others
-only country that granted pal citizenship was jordan, in the west bank. egypt didn’t grant them anything. lebanon did not grant citizenship.
pals keep asking: who cares? what’s going to be the result?
-they’re not mentioned in 242, not part of the israel-egypt peace treaty. egypt kicked out of arab league, and then readmitted- not peanalized by signing peace treaty with israel.
-ask: what’s to prevent lebanon, jordan from peace treaty with israel? |
|
|
Term
| Economies of Occupied Territories |
|
Definition
economies of west bank and gaza were, for years, dependent on israel.
-bought and sold in israel.
-close to 125,000 pals working in israel in 80’s (in neighboring arab countries, especially oil-producing kuwait, iraq, saudi arabia) and sending remittances home.
-gaza/west bank could not generate enough money. depended on other countries.
-80’s- price of oil goes down. many fired- first to go were foreigners (palestinians). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
careful not to grant funds for higher education- universities.
-always a hotbed of trouble.
-israel: maybe a more educated population will understand the necessity of living side by side. between 48 and 67, berzeit, hebron, etc. universities popped up.
-things were pretty quiet- study, work, go to school.
-problem: no jobs, even if you have a high school diploma or university degree. only jobs that israelis don’t want to do.
so, have educated, motivated young young people who are also unemployed.
one of the major causes for unrest in the arab world today.
-unemployment among the educated/elite. |
|
|
Term
| sense of despair among palestinians |
|
Definition
in certain respects: also a sense of despair.
-people don’t care what happens to arab world, but are afraid of us.
-not granted citizenship in lebanon, syria, gaza strip. we are extinct.
-the superpowers don’t care anymore. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
israel continues to build settlements.
-probably around 300,000. israel says 250,000. high as 500,000.
-who can we trust/rely on? only ourselves.
-this is a long process. |
|
|
Term
| arab summit conference in amman (nov 1987) & aftermath |
|
Definition
-egypt readmitted to arab league. expelled bc of peace treaty with israel.
-pals very insulted.
december 8. 1987:
-two days before, israeli man/couple went to market plaza to shop
-8th: israeli van ran over palestinians.
-pals saw as revenge, purposeful. could have been accident. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leads into first intifada:
-no clear idea of what they wanted to achieve, who would lead it, go about it
-stones, sticks, knives or machine guns, pistols, grenades.
-first few weeks: israel didn’ t know how to deal with the situation.
-tv brought in, strikes, boycott of israeli goods.
first intifada: more palestinians killed by palestinians than.
-neighborhood organizations sprang up
-public relations, foreign press invited to demonstrations.
-after about 3 weeks, PLO took over.
-arafat ordered his people. can’t rely on the young people. we are older, more organized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-first: give vent to feeling of despair
-public relations is a problem. needs reconsideration, solution.
-unless you resort to violence, nobody will pay attention to you.
-who to use: young boys/children. 10-15.
-second: give israel a negative/nasty image.
-succeeded greatly.
-image of fat israeli reserve soldier chasing a young arab boy. ridiculous.
-israel’s image was that of an occupied country.
-hopefully involve israeli arabs. call selves israeli palestinians.
-another desire of 1st intifada: how to draw jerusalem into all of this?
-all churches concerned with this.
another goal: hurt israel’s economy.
-don’t buy, sell, work for them.
-wanted to hurt israel’s tourism.
also: hurt immigration.
-many leaders of uprising understood that, sooner or later, russian jews would start coming (which they did from late 1800’s). where would israelis settle them? west bank? israel would be up a million people.
-do something to stop this immigration. |
|
|
Term
| first intifada creates problems for israeli left |
|
Definition
-also created a major problem for the israeli left
-the “peace camp”
-for years, israel trying to depict occupation as benign, benevolent, decent, humane.
-images now are exact opposite. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| police shot and killed 13 israeli arabs. huge decline in number of foreign students. |
|
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Term
| new leader in soviet union |
|
Definition
-by 1987, soviet union had a new leader.
-israeli-arab relations have big effect on palestinians.
gorbachev: new USSR leader in 1985.
-after period of great unrest in soviet union.
-realized that soviet union must restructure/rehabilitate/regroup
-not dismantle communism. above all, must reform.
-two expressions: perestzoika (restructuring) glasnost (reform)
-or else they would never be able to compete.
first: series of agreements with the americans and arms reductions
-signed with ronald reagan.
SALT - strategic arms and __ treaty.
second: realize that soviet union, in order to survive, must seen western economic aid.
-as a result: to get money from west, must be nice to them and remove irritants.
-one irritant: issue of jewish immigration. west badgering them to let them out of prison. why not, if this is what west wants.
a domestic soviet issue- don’t interfere. |
|
|
Term
| american support in late 80's/ early 1990 |
|
Definition
will the americans support the palestinians?
-of course not- committed to israel.
-must do something to change this.
early 1990: number of achievements:
-realized they will have to come up with a political platform acceptable to the americans so americans will negotiate with them.
-from 75, american commitment not a joke.
-convene national congress and make the correct statements.
-did this in stolkholm, geneva, and algeria.
-announced that he is renouncing terror and is prepared to accept indirect recognition of israel 234338
-americans felt that this was good- enable us to begin speaking with them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contact with plo in tunisia through ambassador.
-lasted until may 1990
second achievement: fact that this lasted that long.
plo: did not yet use suicide bombers, or engage in shooting. |
|
|
Term
| another outcome of intifada: Hamas |
|
Definition
another outcome: establishment in 1988: Hamas, a religious social movement.
-who encouraged hamas? gov’t of israel- convinced that they were interested in schools, orphanages, hospitals.
-PLO as secular output, hamas is religious output.
-outlook based on hassan al-banna’s muslim brotherhood of 1948. |
|
|
Term
| inside israel: rabin says israel needs a plan |
|
Definition
in israel itself: rabin, defense minister: israel needs a plan.
-more israelis asking netanyahu to invent something or else palestinian state will be admitted.
-shamir unhappy, didn’t want change, but rabin persuaded him to initiate something.
-resulted in israeli may 14 1989 peace initiative. based esentially on camp david autonomy plan.
-no change in jerusalem.
-greater autonomy for palestinians
at some point, elections:
-palestinian self administration/self-governing authority: improvement upon camp david.
-plo rejected it. americans thought it wasn’t bad.
-maybe on basis of this, we can start some kind of a process.
-had mubarak produce a 10-point plan at a conference in cairo.
-main point: elections and territories for a selection of palestinian representatives for these negotiations. |
|
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Term
| collapse of plan within elections |
|
Definition
whole thing collapsed on a certain element in the elections:
who can vote- only palestinians in west bank, gaza. no east jerusalem.
israel said: no PLO. only palestinians.
back and forth issue.
march 1990: gov’t based on this issue fell. |
|
|
Term
| shamir's gov't without weber |
|
Definition
shamir: created own gov’t without weber.
before he had a chance to move either way, saddam hussein invaded kuwait, and we go into a gulf war. |
|
|
Term
| parallel: second largest jewish diaspora: soviet union |
|
Definition
second largest jewish diaspora: soviet union.
cut off from other jews since 1950’s
soviet union did what it could to squash any jewish identity. no newspapers, etc.
soviet policy: there is no antisemitism in the soviet union, only in capitalist countries.
so, soviets had no business going to israel
175,000 jews came here and stayed. much larger number went to the us, canada, south africa, etc.
-initially welcomed by jewish communities in states, canada
-states were dwindling, were open to it.
-israel: who are we to tell them where to go- freedom of choice.
but russian jews not integrating very easily- very expensive.
by mid 70’s, 80% of jews leaving russia were not coming to israel, were going elsewhere. family reunification- end up going to new york, etc.
major problem arose. major reason for soviet change: israeli pressure on congress. |
|
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Term
| amending the trade agreement with russia |
|
Definition
specifically in 1973-74: pressure to amend trade agreement with russia.
if you want us to grant you favorite nation status, open up trade.
jackson (washington) and vanek were involved, and succeeded.
major campaign against the russians- let the jews out, let my people go
so, many gov’ts, at israel’s request, would go to russia and ask russia what they’re doing to the jews. let them go.
80’s: arrived in moscow- first day, went to seder with jewish family.
in terms of pr campaigns, was very successful.
when did all of this change:
russians refused to have direct flights to israel, or people leaving by air. had to leave by train to moscow, usually to vienna. |
|
|
Term
| immigration in early 90's |
|
Definition
1991: 155,000 people arrive here, in two years (1990-91) had 350,000 people coming.
why was israel able to absorb?
partially bc of things that they did not realize.
small russian families
within 10 years, israel is +1 million people.
military, economic, political significance, settlement significance.
revolutionizes country.
who understood this, perhaps more than jews? Arabs.
restores confidence in israel. economic activity, housing, jobs.
one reason why it led arab countries to see benefit of communicating with israel |
|
|
Term
| intifada summary from pal pov |
|
Definition
-from pal pov: is a significant event. a turning point. after 20 years of israeli occupation, try to control own destiny. take things into own hands. world has to come to terms with it.
who effectively ended the intifada?
arafat made fatal decision of supporting saddam hussein.
angered his backers (the soviets), who said they wouldn’t fund him anymore. hussein was their enemy. no more subsidies.
this, more than anything, turns arafat’s mind around. i made a mistake, must atone for it.
collapse of soviet union, gulf war, madrid conference, rabin’s election, russian immigration
all important elements in what would come, basically following the gulf war. |
|
|
Term
| israeli history 1980-1991 |
|
Definition
war in lebanon 1982
first intifada
1987
israel’s peace initiative 1989
start of rusian mass immigration 1989
first gulf war 1990-1991
collapse of USSR 1991 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ethiopian jews come in two main waves
1984: 8,000
1980’s total: 16,000
known as operation moses
-mainly illegal immigrants from ethiopia, through a trek via sudan.
-very dangerous, many died (2-4,000) on the way |
|
|
Term
| third wave of ethiopian jews |
|
Definition
other wave: 1991, just over 20,000
may 24-25, 20 years ago. 14,000 come during this one weekend.
-different: didn’t have to trek through deserts.
-had been in camps in addis ababa. many men had gone to brothels, higher percentage of HIV. not so much from malnutrition.
by 1993: about 45,000 ethiopian immigrants who had come to israel
-significant population numerically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interesting to look at because they come from such a different background
-conditions in ethiopia: famine
-civil wars in late 80’s and early 90’s increased desire to leave ethiopia.
-so there was desire on part of ethiopians
-derogatory terms used as well- foreigner, beta israel, etc.
-common term: ethiopian jews. |
|
|
Term
| attachment to jews in ethiopia |
|
Definition
feelings of attachment to jews in ethiopia were fanned by various jewish bodies
-jewish identity encouraged and evolved.
-have all kinds of traditions which speak of ethiopian jews being the descendents of the queen of sheba, etc.
-no historical proof of any of this.
-lots of desire to try and prove a connection. all very up in the air. |
|
|
Term
| demographic statistics of ethiopian jews |
|
Definition
demographic statistics are somewhat suspect:
-unclear on ages, accuracy.
-gender: 50% 50%
-weighted towards youth- more young people coming in, only 65+ 7%
-large groups were 0-18 years: 46%
another 36% 18-34 |
|
|
Term
| family structure of ethiopians: zamad |
|
Definition
an extended family, including grandparents, uncles, aunts, older siblings
-within these borders, little attention paid to actual biological relationships among members
-parental role can be played by grandparents, uncles, aunts, older siblings. just elders in general.
-children can be nieces, nephews, grandkids, etc. |
|
|
Term
| ethiopian family structure: beta sa'ab |
|
Definition
“the household” - a residential unit, people living in same quarters.
-can include core nuclear family, widowed parents, divorced siblings, elderly relatives, children, and even servants. could be one-parent households. about 1/3 of all ethiopian children live in one parent households.
-many reasons for this: parents come to live here at different times, death of one, tension in redefinition of gender roles of society, adapting differently, crowded houses, economic instability
in ethiopia, many kids live in one-parent households, but with many adults there- like zamad structure. |
|
|
Term
| ethiopian differences with modern society |
|
Definition
not familiar with modern society- came from rural households and villages.
-unfamiliar with refrigerators, school/political system, few vocations/marketable skills.
-ox-plow farming, potterymaking, etc.
strict gender-based division of labor: women covered childcare, embroidery, washing, cooking, making pottery, weaving baskets, no outside work. did not go outside the home.
men: built family home, iron work, weaving cloth, connections with outside world.
this was challenged in israeli society.
population also had considerable health problems, especially after trek to israel.
-many suffered malnutrition, internal parasites, malaria, tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| later ethiopian immigrations & health: operation soloman |
|
Definition
later immigrations: operation soloman of 90’s: population was healthier, had been treated by medics in addis. had some internal parasites, hiv, tuberculosis.
-per 10,000 arriving, 226 were hiv positive.
-ethiopians donating blood were thrown away. (at this time, couldn’t identify hiv)
-revealed in mid-90’s. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
haile selassie: saw himself as heir to the house of david.
no ties with jews in other countries until the 19th century.
as years passed, connections developed between the ethiopian jewish community and others, especially in 19th and 20th centuries
-jewish culture began to develop. |
|
|
Term
| ethiopian religious leadership continuing in israel |
|
Definition
own religious leadership, continued in israel
-kessim seen as a challange to the rabbinate
-religious authorities in israel wanted ethiopians to behave like jews in europe/other countries.
-kessim were not familiar with texts of talmudic judaism
-1917: chief sephardic rabbi issued a religious ruling that ethiopian jews were of the lost tribe of dann, and were kosher jews.
israel had them go through symbolic circumsision, conversion, adoption of law.
confrontation between kessim and chief rabbinate.
-continues now
-trent was to take the kessim and integrate them instead of fight.
-kessim taken and educated in jewish law, made an agent for increased integration of ethiopian jews.
-some conflict, but eventually accepted. not a very confrontational population. more soft spoken. laid back. |
|
|
Term
| bias against ethiopians, and converting |
|
Definition
bias: more against the poor- cities not wanting to deal with a poor population. not so much anti-black.
falash mora: ethiopians who are now christians, but have family ties to jews. converted back and forth. |
|
|
Term
| immigration during the 1980's |
|
Definition
| 1980’s: only about 3000 immigrants/year |
|
|
Term
| ussr republics declare independence |
|
Definition
communist regimes start to fall
1990: several ussr republics declare independence (lithuania), concern that situation would deteriorate more
-other countries separate
one main factor causing this immigration from the soviet union: dismemberment/breakdown
-serious concern that there would be chaos/unrest because of decline of central rule |
|
|
Term
| usa entry permits cancelled to jews with israel visas |
|
Definition
fall 1989: american gov’t decides to cease giving entry permits to jews who left soviet union with visas for israel
-pre 1989: only way to get out of soviet union for jews was to have a visa for israel
-israel granted immigration visas for basically every jew
-with that, could apply for exit permit from soviet union
-most decided not to actually go to israel. usually chose to go to usa.
-usa had immigration camps financed by the joint distribution committee (jewish social aid group, not zionist or anti-zionist). willing to finance soviet jews to go to usa.
-israel opposed this- was giving visas, you should come here. but didn’t make big deal about it. used power to help jews leave soviet union regardless.
to go to america, had to be recognized as a refugee
-someone leaving soviet with an immigration visa shouldn’t be called a refugee.
1989: america brings view more in line with israeli view
-can’t be called refugee.
so, soviet jews leaving soviet union can’t go to us automatically.
-main target was therefore israel, where they had a visa |
|
|
Term
| visas and increase in israel immigration |
|
Definition
-pressure of uncertainty
-any soviet citizen could now get passport and travel overseas, and keep soviet citizenship.
-before, if you wanted to leave, were thrown out of job and were stripped of citizenship.
-now, not same stigma.
-these things lead to huge increase in immigration to israel. |
|
|
Term
| emigration from ussr, immigration to usa/israel |
|
Definition
1988 total emigration of those leaving ussr
-19,000 leaving
-2,000 to israel
17,000 to usa
1989: 71,000 leave
12,000 to israel
59,000 to states
1990: 190,000 leave
185,000 to israel
5,000 to states
total immigration to israel 1990-1997: 710,000
total: about a million jews coming over course of the 90’s.
soviet union ceases to be soviet union
-this became largest wave of immigration since 1949.
-absolute numbers: larger than wave in 50’s |
|
|
Term
| immigrant soviet families |
|
Definition
family: tended to be an older immigration
-soviet jewish families
-jews in muslim republics tended to be more traditional
-usually had low fertility level. 1-2 children.
-number of children smaller, average age older.
-usually complete families coming to israel.
-made sense- got all of the rights of new israeli immigrants: full medical coverage, housing/job assistance, welfare
-for elderly population, was a better solution.
-at first, was a drain on israeli economy
-those going to america were single, younger
-aspiring to make their fortune. more likely
-also a high percentage of one parent families and divorcees
-easy to get divorces in soviet union. high figure |
|
|
Term
| soviet immigrant education |
|
Definition
-soviet population: fairly highly educated
-israel got a lot of people who needed assistance, and also lots of highly educated people.
-israel: 28% had 13+ years of school (some kind of post-secondary education)
soviet union: 50-60% did
74% of adult immigrants were academics or technicians
4% had white collar professions
20% had blue collar (more involved with labor)
also received a lot of artists
-entire new orchestras set up |
|
|
Term
| soviet immigrant religion |
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Definition
majority jewish (at first 94%ish)
-law of return, which defines who a jew is, defines as someone who was born of a jewish mother, or converted, and is not part of another religion
-also says that the spouse of a jew, or the child of a jew and the spouse of that child, or the grandchild of a jew and their spouse can come to live in israel and get the conditions of a new immigrant.
-jewish man and non-jewish wife: kids are not jewish.
-2-3,000 of immigrants are not jewish
-some are believing christians
-there have been christian communities established.
-would not want to live in arab villages. identify as westerners, so would want to go to same events/universities as jews.
-so, possibility again of mixed marriages, etc. which had been quite alien to israel.
so, what do you do with an israeli soldier who is killed in the army, who is not jewish?
-military cemeteries in israel were all jewish
-had cemeteries for bedouin, druze, etc. but not other. |
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Term
| mixed couples and being considered jewish in israel |
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Definition
natural that you’re going to have mixed couples
-people from former soviet union, not muslim, would not want to go to a russian orthodox wedding
-but not considered jews in israel, so cannot marry jews.
-all kinds of issues that come up.
-everyone in their reference group is jewish, so can’t marry jew by law
-so, can marry outside of israel, and come back. but couldn’t invite friends, etc.
-unless they want to convert
so, ultra orthodox here (who have increased presence since 70’s and now basically control the rabbinate) have made it very difficult to marry a jew if they don’t want to convert.
so, now have immigrants, some of which would like to convert to judaism as part of their assimilation
-but can’t do this unless they commit to orthodox jew
large percentage of intermarriage: jewish institutions suppressed, shut down. many people assimilating.
for citizenship, must be jewish or convert. doesn’t say how.
-army is less stringent with converting
-for orthodox, must do series of things, live as orthodox for a few years and prove it. |
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Term
| immigrant flexibility and success |
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Definition
immigrants demonstrated flexibility
-huge technologically-oriented population
high degrees of russian children
-sent to university for instruments, dance, classical culture.
-seen much less among israeli children
some have returned to recording in russian
1950’s: less tolerant of other groups
-north africans, etc.
so, israeli society had become more tolerant, diverse |
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Term
| tracing the peace process |
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Definition
| -can go back to the 6 day war, 242 (land for peace idea- agreed by UN in november 1967. spoke of israel withdrawing its forces from territories (french translates to ‘from the territories) occupied in the recent conflict. a main decision. other states were supposed to recognize security and boundaries of the states). 338 (after yom kippur war). rogers peace plan (summer 1970 after war of attrition). language of 242 is repeated often by diplomats and in later peace propositions. |
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Term
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Definition
-late 1970’s: Camp David process. sort of continuation of yom kippur war (1973). negotiations start at end of war (end of war is actually part of it), some israeli withdrawals. 1977- change of gov’t, called the upheaval, labor party loses for the first time. under Begin, there are negotiations in egypt under Sadat in secret. leads to more open discussions, Sadat comes to Israel.
-1978: egyptians and israelis meet at camp david.
-under stewardship of president jimmy carter.
-work out the ‘accords for peace in the middle east’ and for peace between israel and egypt (israel withdraws completely from the sinai, disagreement regarding Taba- went to int’l court of justice. ruling in favor of egypt)
-1978: part of peace treaty signed in 1979, implemented in next two years or so.
-supposed to be complete normalization, diplomatic ties, etc. some are critical- say that not all has been implemented. have only had ‘cool peace’, not full peace. |
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Term
| 1979-present peace treaty |
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Definition
1979-present: peace treaty has held up
-even when israel was in tense situations/wars/battles with lebanon and syria
-peace with egypt may have given israel more freedom of action
-prior to this, most powerful border country to israel was egypt- considered a leader of the arab world. jordan/lebanon/syria are not.
-need to have a large israeli force on the egypt border was a huge burden. peace treaty got rid of this need. |
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Term
| camp david accord for peace in the middle east |
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Definition
-key innovation: (land for peace had been discussed before). what was new? begin’s idea- had heard it from zeb jabultinski.
-autonomy: all sorts of opinions: autonomy of territories, or of individuals/people? was different things for different people.
-for begin: way to hold onto territory while not giving the residents israeli citizenship. this has been a problem for the israeli right for years. how to hold onto territories while not naturalizing its residents. (west bank/judea & samaria, gaza strip, golan heights, sinai).
-if people become citizens, then jewish majority is questioned. arab/palestinian population would already be at about 40-45% of total population of land.
-so, operating according to democratic principles would lose the idea of a jewish state. not naturalizing them/offering citizenship would lose democracy- have people with rights, and people without rights. |
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Term
| camp david accord for peace in the middle east: begin's autonomy |
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Definition
-begin realized that autonomy was a way to say that: if palestinians want to become israelis, they can- go to army, etc. if they don’t want israeli citizenship, then can be here as foreign residents- have a certain degree of self-rule/autonomy, but won’t have independence.
-tried to come up with a solution where pals would get autonomy by own choice.
-autonomy: for begin, step to this.
-for sadat, is a step to independence.
-was something that the two sides could agree on, though they understood it differently. ambivalence in politics is important- two sides interpret something differently- stop fighting and start moving ahead. however, doesn’t mean that they avoid conflict in future.
-allowed israel and egypt to put their guns aside and sign a peace treaty, but didn’t really go any farther than that. pals not consulted, other arab countries cut off diplomatic relations with egypt. but egypt was clearly working in own interests at this stage.
-sadat working in own interest- get out of war with israel, move ahead. new egypt
israel follows through with agreement- pulls out of sinai, destroys buildings.
-although there were established, thriving agricultural settlements there.
-completely dismantled and everyone was forced to leave.
-2005 gaza strip is reminiscent.
-many people who left northern sinai |
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Term
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Definition
-had to do with israeli tensions with plo, who were dominant in southern lebanon
-subject to terrorist attacks and shelling from lebanon
leads to israeli incursion into lebanon, june 1982
-beginning of something that we are paying price for/reaping benefits from
-no longer have shelling from lebanon (usually)
-summer of 2000: israel moves into southern lebanon base. one reason for the rise of hezbollah.
-see many car bombings. israel, usa, france suffer as a result. |
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Term
| peace fromt during first lebanon war |
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Definition
what happens on the peace front?
-not all is important unless focusing on policy of each gov’t/administration.
-usa involved- especially regan: 1980-1988
-reagan plan in 1982: one attempt. doesn’t really lead to very much.
-attempts by george bush sr.
-iraqi invasion 1990, operation desert storm 1991.
-at this time, iraq tries to get israel involved. israel promises usa that it would not get involved- had nothing to do with israel. iraq taking over kuwait.
-included many european countries.
-goal: push iraq out of kuwait. this is eventually done. jan-march 1991
-iraq and saddam hussein try to break coalition by turning this war into another
arab-israeli war.
-does this by shooting skud missiles at israel- although israel was not involved.
-israel is only a few hundred missiles from iraq. mostly into tel aviv and haifa. never used as chemical weapons.
-israeli air force ready to fly and attack iraq missile bases. usa convinces israel not to get involved to avoid breaking up the coalition. |
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Term
| the madrid conference, oct 1991 |
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Definition
end up setting up the madrid conference: october 1991
-takes months to pull it together
-idea: compromise between israeli and arab demands
-arab countries had asked throughout 60’s-70’s for an international conference
-why? israeli would be in small minority. many arab countries, a few european powers, and israel.
-also, if conference resulted in decisions and israel did not act on them, then israel would be pointed out.
-israel has always wanted a one-on-one negotiation. with jordan, lebanon, syria- meet directly.
-has always gone for bi-lateral negotiation, not multi-national. |
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Term
| peres works with hussein of jordan on conference |
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Definition
1997: shimon peres was foreign minister. (has been in gov’t since 1950’s).
-had worked out that the way around this (with hussein of jordan) would be to have an international conference, immediately followed by bi-lateral. win-win. |
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Term
| madrid conference attendees |
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Definition
madrid conference: along myth that jews and arabs got along there.
-under auspices of soviet union in its death throes/russia, USA, and european community.
-add UN, and you have “the quartet”
-would include representatives from major parties: egypt (only country with no major problems), palestinians- what to do?
-israel refused since 1993 to negotiate with “terrorist organizations” aka PLO - palestine liberation organization. was an umbrella org- included constituent orgs: PFLP, PFLP general command, PDFP. many different palestinian groups which were called terrorist groups.
-also refused to negotiate with any “card carrying member” of the PLO
-so: have a jordanian-palestinian representative.
-strong israeli support for “the jordanian option” : since palestinians were not very well organized, dependable, and leaders were terrorists, no one to negotiate with. so- make palestinians part of jordan, and any solution will be a palestinian-jordanian solution.
-two parts of the kingdom of jordan.
-jordan seen as more moderate, rational, responsible part.
-jordan had been negotiating with israel since 1948. israel was comfortable negotiating with them.
-are some conflicts- six day war, etc. but ultimately, it is king hussein that warns israel of the impending egypt attack. |
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Term
| actions of each madrid conference attendee |
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Definition
so: jordanian, israeli, egyptian, syrian, lebanese delegations.
-idea: everyone would have their say and be in one room. very impressive.
-this usually did not happen: arabs refuse to sit in same room as israelis. part of non-recognition.
-syrians: were abrasive. said that the israeli prime minister is a murderer, etc.
-egyptians: much calmer
-jordanians: calmer
-lebanese: everyone knew they didn’t have much power to say anything. peace with syria = peace with lebanon would soon follow. |
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Term
| bi-lateral talks post-madrid conference |
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Definition
next state: bi-lateral talks.
-israel-jordan moves forward well. results in 1994 peace treaty
-jordanians wouldn’t make peace until something moved forward with palestinians.
-jordanians and palestinians: were one delegation. had different interests.
-jordanians: had state, more rational/moderate approach.
-pals had more of an issue with israel. conflict much deeper.
-delegation became much more palestinian-heavy.
-one had 3 pals and 9 jors, then 3 jors and 9 pals. but officially still delegation.
-began to negotiate separately.
-israel-jor talks moved ahead.
-israel-pal did not because the plo was not a part of it.
palestinian headquarters were located in tunis
-plo kicked out of southern lebanon
-relocated for first time not to a place adjacent to israel (pre 67 in territories, then into jordan, pushed out by hussein in 1970 into lebanon, then 1972 is pushed to tunisia)
-begins to stagnate- is not part of the game anymore. world had turned against it.
-had success in 70’s. by 82, mainly bc of american leadership, plo was much more isolated. lost ground diplomatically.
-affected 1993.
israel negotiating with countries separately.
-pal track not really going anywhere- real leadership (in plo) not really involved.
-kept faxing info to arafat in tunisia. |
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Term
| 1992 elections & labor party |
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Definition
1992: for first time since 1977, 15 years later, labor comes to power in elections.
-doesn’t choose peres as leader- great intellectual, but nobody voted for him.
-some thought he was not honest
rabin chosen as head of labor party and prime minister candidate.
peres conceded victory graciously.
-accepted rabin and ran together.
-came into power with many seats. gave them more freedom of activity.
rabin comes to power
-says he wants to make peace with palestinians
-peres and his lieutenants were willing to go farther.
1992: nothing moving ahead in negotiations with palestinians. |
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Term
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Definition
-continues throughout 1993 september 13: signing of declaration of principles on white house lawn- rabin shaking hands with arafat. peres shaking hands with clinton.
-”dop” was mutual recognition- plo recognizes israel and vice versa.
-first important document publicized
Oslo process: elections for palestinian gov’t.
-for time of elections, israel would move forces in gaza/west bank into unpopulated areas
-israel withdraw forces from gaza and jericho, except for settlements
-start 5 year transitional period: to come up with permanent solution
-negotiations for solution would begin in 2 years |
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Term
| gaza-jericho agreement, may 4 1994 |
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Definition
-more than half a year later
-first implementation of the declaration of principles. thick book.
-included idea of an escalated withdrawal from jericho and gaza
-was carried out within two weeks- may 18 1994 israel had withdrawn, and redeployed in areas where it would only protect israeli settlements.
-israel transfers authority to the palestinian authority
-PA was now formed, according tot he document
-israel still responsible for safety of israeli settlements and principal roads to settlements, and external security- in case anyone invades areas.
-palestinian police force created- responsible for security within gaza/jericho
-9,000 policemen. 7,000 allowed to come from outside these areas.
-supposed to prevent terrorist activity.
-agreement to release 5,000 palestinian prisoners who did not have “blood on their hands” - not responsible for killing someone. usually for being part of an illegal organization. |
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Term
| israel-jordan peace treaty, oct 26 1994 |
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Definition
26 October 1994: israel jordan peace treaty
-things with pals had moved forward, so jordan open to peace treaty
-clinton, border of jordan/israel. big stage. peace treaty signed.
(obvious ups and downs and disagreements. this is primary line of development) |
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Term
| Israel/Palestine Interim Agreement, sept 28, 1995 |
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Definition
-signed in washington
-supercedes gaza/jericho agreement of may 4 1994
-often called Oslo 2
-oslo 1 : gericho gaza agreement.
-this defined that there would be democratic elections for a palestinian council
-election would be held 22 days after the IDF redeployment from populated areas
-supervised by various international bodies.
-with elections, israeli military gov’t to be withdrawn, civil gov’t dissolved.
-have legislative powers, executive authority.
-pal parliament and gov’t created.
-idf to redeploy from 6 cities: tulkarim, qakliya, Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho, Bethlehem.
-hebron only evacuated by israel under netanyahu |
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Term
| west bank divided into three areas, sept 1995 |
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Definition
Area A: Palestinian cities: Palestinian Authority would have complete authority over municipal affairs, police, economy.
-israel could not enter unless in hot pursuit of a terrorist
-joint israeli/pal patrols on main roads.
-originally in same command cars. now separate.
-israel had little authority. A was first place where pals would have almost full authority. no authority over foreign affairs/policy (but basically did anyway) and not to have an army- but police had armored cars, camoflage. looked more like army than police.
-israel financed police, allowed transfer of weapons. very behind palestinian armed forces. idea was that they would mostly be used against hamas, islamic jihad, etc.
Area B: areas with many palestinian villages, not cities
-joint israeli/pal authority. pals responsible for pals, israelis for israelis, especially for settlements in area.
-in case of any conflict, israel has last word.
-ambulance would come and take care of only israelis, call in for separate pal ambulances. and vice versa.
Area C: largest area. where israel has complete authority.
-as time goes on, more of c would become b, b would become a, and pals would get more extensive authority over the west bank. |
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Term
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Definition
november 1995: prime minister rabin is assassinated
-by a jew, not a palestinian. a law student. came from the more right-wing sector. thought that what rabin was doing was terrible for future of territories.
-shoots him at a major rally which expressed support for the peace process.
-this had major effects; first, had high support for the continuation of the peace process.
-as time went on, 1996- islamic organizations, islamic jihad, hamas, start to carry out bus bombings and car bombings. suicide bombings.
-with every attack, israeli public opinion moved in direction of the licud, lead by netanyahu- very charismatic. previously israel’s ambassador at the un, knew how to work with media. had been captain in the commanding unit. very secret. attached to intelligence.
-brother yoni netanyahu killed in july 1976 as commander of another operation- to release isareli/jewish hostages held by pal terrorist group. was a hero.
-rabin succeeded by peres. not to overwhelming support. |
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Term
| elections summer 1996: netanyahu |
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Definition
netanyahu: wins elections summer 1996.
-terrorist attacks lead more israelis to be more critical
-peace process? why give more land to palestinians? they’re terrorists
-leads most israelis to vote for yicud party and most vocal critic of the oslo process.
-netanyahu slows everything down- not going to continue on this process until palestinians follow through.
-sections/organizations must be amended, shut down.
-more serious about ending terrorist activity
-everything much slower. ultimately withdraws israeli forces from hebron in early 1997
-takes from september 1995 to 97- 1.5 years later.
-meeting at wide river memorandum- meant that israel was supposed to transfer more territory to palestinians.
-netanyahu’s 3 years until more elections
-lead to disallusionment, frustration on palestinian side.
-one of the things that leads to explosion in 2000, 2001 |
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Term
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Definition
1995-96, things had been moving ahead.
-netanyahu ousted in summer of 99
-new elections: labor party comes to power under barak.
-had been fighting it out for over a decade by this time. |
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Term
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Definition
barak: israel’s most decorated military hero
-commander (not just captain) of reconnaissance unit
-involved in all famous israeli fights against terrorists in 70’s
-dressed as technicians, took over plane from terrorists to save hostages
-entered beirut dressed as a woman
-general, chief of staff of israeli army
-brought in as head of labor party
-wants to cut to the chase and make peace with the various forces: lebanon, syria, pals |
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Term
| israeli troops pull out of lebanon, summer 2000 |
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Definition
summer 2000: pull out israeli troops in lebanon that had been there since 1982, barak decides.
-book/film: bulfour- crusader fortress in southern lebanon
-plo used it as a position to shell israel. taken in bloody battle, held by israeli soldiers.
-see last days of israeli patrol in southern lebanon.
-southern lebanese army collapses in last days. whole line must evacuate quickly.
-soldiers on mountain attempt to hold on.
barak pulls out israeli forces from lebanon to border.
-should therefore end conflict with lebanon
-but hezbollah has own reasons. israeli pulls out to un-marked lines. |
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Term
| barak negotiations: golan heights to int'l border |
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Definition
barak must negotiate with other two. willing to withdraw completely from golan heights down to international border.
-international border between syria/palestine never touches the sea of galilee
-always 50 meters off of water line.
-syria (then ruled by france) would not have access to the sea of galilee.
-in 1950’s, syria comes down to northeast corner of sea. has since demanded that it be allowed to come back down to sea.
-barak willing to come to international line- not to water.
-syria: wants water- would become international water- syria could have boats, fishing, access to water. |
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Term
| barak & the palestinian debate |
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Definition
-he and arafat meet under us president. camp david 2000.
-hope to come to great agreement, like 1978, but doesn’t.
-details in sachar’s book
-have additional meetings in taba, usa. none work out very well. |
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Term
| end of clinton administration, december 2000 |
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Definition
-will be succeeded by bush in january
-clinton: no more time to negotiate: gives them his proposal
-in meantime, end of september 2000, sharon (leader of licud party) takes a walk to the temple mount and begins a riot- the second intifada in israel.
-arafat and israeli leaders meeting in washington. clinton gives them his understanding of what will happen.
-94-95% of west bank will become a palestinian state.
-israel holds onto 5-6%, where there are already large settlements (like ma’ale adumim)
-israel will have to swap land for this- must give 3%.
-so, pals get 99% of land.
-88% of israeli settlements will be in the 5-6% that israel keeps. others will have to be moved.
in jerusalem: arab neighborhoods are part of arab state, jewish part of jewish. same in old city.
temple mount in hands of the palestinians.
-israel has right to areas underneath temple mount- theoretical connection to area below temple.
refugees: pal refugees not allowed to come back to israel. only pal state.
-israel may accept 30-40,000 in framework of family reunification.
clinton says, this is it. accept or reject. is non-negotiable.
-israel accepts, pals ask questions and basically reject. |
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Term
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Definition
intifada increases, terrorist/suicide bombings increase by islamic organizations and fatah itself (arafat’s own orgs), al-aqsa brigades, etc.
-orgs which are directly subordinate to arafat.
-release hamas/islamic jihad terrorists in palestinian jails
-continues until 2004
2004: second intifada/ al-aqsa intifada continues
-ultimately suspended by israel’s security
-israel’s use of informers go in to capture/kill palestinian leaders
-controversial, although us has done same thing with bin laden
-world condemned israel for this activity
-same question: is it morally acceptable to kill leaders of terrorist organizations, or follow law in arresting them and bringing them to trial. |
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Term
| building of the security fence/wall |
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Definition
building of the security fence: (mostly fence, some is wall)
-prevented terrorists from bringing bombs into israel.
-supposedly as a result, has been quiet in israel lately.
-some still have motivations, but is physically more difficult to do so.
security barrier did not stop missiles going over.
-technology found in gaza strip.
-missiles fly in gaza strip.
-technology not being implemented in west bank- is a major reason why today, israel is not considering evacutating the west bank.
-if missile technology reaches the areas around us, would be a major issue.
-terrorist activity of early 21st century has been much quieter. |
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Term
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Definition
-nothing is very optimistic in peace process now.
-pals are not being very active, not very optimistic.
-except in gaza strip.
main quartet actions: idea of a road map.
-but this hasn’t gone anywhere either. |
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Term
| current palestinian strategy for recognition of pal state, general assembly |
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Definition
palestinian strategy to go to UN and get general assembly (usually pretty favorable- unlike security council, where us has a veto). have almost automatic majority for any anti-israel motion.
-much of arab/african/far east world has european critique of israel.
-israel is largely critiqued, compare to human rights issues of other countries.
palestinians vying for recognition of a palestinian state.
-palestinian authority frustrated that they have not found success in negotiations.
-problem: all of the parties (pa, israel, un, us) all signatories to documents in oslo process have a responsibility to reject such proposals because these documents say that nothing will be done to change the political status except by negotiation.
-legally will be an issue. |
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Term
| if palestine gets statehood: |
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Definition
-not the issue of the state so much. is the borders of the state.
-if un recognizes palestinian state within 1947 borders:
-capital within east jerusalem. un would say that israel must withdraw from all of these areas (settlements, cities, etc). israel, by not doing so, would be going against this decision, giving palestinians more fuel to make that situation a reality.
-additional condemnation of israel for occupying another state.
-un decision 242- never talks about palestinian people or returning land to palestinians.
-talks about withdrawing israeli forces from territory. never talks about palestinians.
-doesn’t talk about a state. could also include repatriating palestinians to other countries.
-there was no territory run by palestinians here. run by jordan.
many israelis think the solution would involve the creation of a pal state.
-bottom line, this is accepted. question is in the smaller areas. two state solution. |
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Term
| negotiated vs forced process strategy |
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Definition
by all agreements, this is supposed to be a negotiated process, not one which is forced on one side.
-now, this is strategy
-israel may be partially responsible for this
-netanyahu gov’t in late 90’s and recently not been the most forthcoming gov’t.
-could see a gov’t run by the labor party would be more flexible in giving concessions to the palestinians. depending on personal view, could see that israel wouldn’t do it willingly and is not being forced. or otherwise.
there are problems within the process.
-un can’t just go back on agreement that it’s signed. |
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Term
| central palestinian argument: the dead letter |
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Definition
a central palestinian argument:
-israel has made these agreements a dead letter through certain actions
-right to return
-refugees allowed to come to israel (adopt so many pal refugees), which would end idea of a jewish state.
-no gov’t israeli party would really ever agree to such a thing.
one reason why an agreement was not made at camp david 2000, and summer after 2000.
-arafat demanded right of return. pals should not be confined to return to new palestinian state. right to entire state of israel. |
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Term
| significance of nakba activities |
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Definition
against this background, the nakba activities have taken on more significance.
-more of a sense that they will be able to do something independently.
-in most parts of the country, the protests (free country- allowed to protest, army would not confront them) were allowed until they became more dangerous- throwing rocks in strategic areas, etc.
-serious demonstrations were farther north- ramallah, kalandia, golan heights (to the surprise of the israeli army- crowd broke through border into druze village)
-which could have been facilitated/encouraged by syria to distract from protests there. |
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Term
| new us bush administration |
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Definition
new bush administration. didn’t want to get more involvement in the middle east.
-clinton had invested a lot of effort, and little came from it.
-in early months of bush jr.’s administration: a few factfinding committees and attempts to come up with direction
-nothing serious done until 9/11- big eye-opener. |
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Term
| 9/11 & bush's war on terrorism |
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Definition
bush decides to start war on terrorism.
-categorizes various countries as “axis of evil”
-this changes things, he gets more heavily involved in places like middle east.
-main contribution: the road map with the quartet (us, un, russia, eu)
-april 2003
-idea was to have a three-stage/phase solution that would ultimately end in a permanent status agreement. |
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Term
| framework of camp david 1978 & influence on bush actions |
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Definition
all of these things are heavily influenced by the framework of camp david 1978.
-5 year period of time to come up with a permanent solution. whole framework was influential.
-goal: end israeli occupation in the territories, create palestinian state, resolution of conflict (including acceptance of israel in middle east) |
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Term
| time to come up with permanent solution: phase 1 |
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Definition
ending terror and violence, building pal institutions
-april/may 2003: to do in one month. immediately
-pals cease violence- were still in second (al-aqsa) intifada, security cooperation, political reform in prep for statehood, israel takes all necessary steps to normalize pal life, israel withdrawal form all territories gained since intifada/2003, israel freezes settlement activity, stop terrorism. part was reform, institution building, building a draft constitution, humanitarian reform |
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Term
| time to come up with permanent solution: phase 2 |
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Definition
transition
june 2003-dec 2003.
focuses on palestinians in a palestinian state. efforts focused on state with provisional borders based on new constitution.
starts after palestinian elections and creation of state/borders.
normalization of pal life, institution building. |
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Term
| time to come up with permanent solution: phase 3 |
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Definition
permanent status agreement, end of conflict
given longest time. 2004-5
consolidation of reform, stabilization of pal institutions, sustain performance, negotiations aimed at permanent status agreement, int’l conference. negotiations toward a permanent settlement. |
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Term
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Definition
| now: 6 years late. road map didn’t go very far. this is still the official document on the table. basically a dead letter now. |
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Term
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Definition
the system:
at the heart of the israeli system: israeli has a proportional electoral system.
-unlike a majority system, where whatever party gets the most votes in a district, here the entire country is one big district.
-must get over 5% of vote.
-how many parties in current knesset? 13. not the most that israel has had- top is 15.
-were probably another 15 that didn’t make it over threshold.
calculations are not always exact- usually don’t get exactly 5%. get 5.845845 or whatever.
-there are many spoiled ballots- put two in by accident, write on it, run out of pieces of paper, etc.
-do a bunch of calculations, determines number of seats, remainders, etc.
-formula to work out what happens in certain cases: ties, etc. |
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Term
| distribution of seats and pros/cons |
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Definition
seats handed out in proportion to the popular vote.
means the israeli system is highly representative.
also less accountability: vote for someone, and they are your representative in gov’t.
-they must satisfy you. if they don’t, they are accountable.
in israeli system, less accountability. not like british system.
-you’re voting for parties
more parties you have, the more fractionalized it is.
-will never have majority probably
-largest one has 28 seats out of 120- 22.5%
-4th largest party has less than 10% of the vote/seats.
may work in certain situations:
-settlers
-no jerusalem representative |
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Term
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Definition
proportional system leads us to coalitions- must form alliances to get anything done.
-coalition: a group of parties who, together, commands a majority
-if it doesn’t command a majority, the first time someone disagrees with them, will vote them down (vote of non-confidence) and the gov’t will fall.
-must have 61 seats- but comfortable is 65 or so, in case people are sick.
-present coalition: 6 parties, 66 seats. |
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Term
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Definition
how to form coalitions like this:
-election, disgard spoiled ballots, disgard ones voted for parties with less than 2%, figure out how many seats each party gets- 120 total.
-form a gov’t: president (peres) does this- his main (some say only) job. meets all parties. chooses knesset- doesn’t have to be largest party. could choose leader of second largest party for prime minister (like netanyahu in last election).
-to give more chance of forming coalition, more confidence in knesset.
-peres considered fairly left wing. this would provide better coalition and seats.
-right wing coalition/potential is stronger. |
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Term
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Definition
coalitions: sometimes accept other political groups’ proposals to agree to coalition
-why el al doesn’t fly on shabbat.
-can lead to waste of money, instability, inefficiency, unwanted policies
-if one party isn’t happy, leaves coalition and votes against them.
-might lead to need for new elections, maybe new gov’t. more ineffectiveness. |
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Term
| checks and balances within israel |
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Definition
-have different parties.
-to be an efficient politician, must be representative. want a law that represents what most of the country is about.
-want checks and balances.
parties in israel: right and left. can mean three different things.
-can be right wing under one criteria, and left under another. |
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Term
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Definition
right:
ihud leumi
israel beitenu
habayut hayehudi
shas UTJ
likud
kadima
atzmaut (barak- was leader of labor party)
labor
meretz
arab
left. |
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Term
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Definition
liberal: gov’t doesn’t intervene, or does to a minimal degree.
socialism: high gov’t interference. |
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Term
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Definition
larger parties: know that they have to get along with everybody, try to straddle fence.
smaller are “less principled” |
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Term
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Definition
-withdrawal of Israelis, settlers, army from Gaza strip
-why?
-move in direction of peace
-prime minister is Sheron- not who you would expect to do this- was a key component in putting settlements there
-pressures? from usa, etc. who saw settlements as being an obstacle to peace
-most basic reason: demographics. small jewish population (around 9,000 tops) with large arab population of about 2 million.
-jewish population was not growing. created tension between settlements and arabs/palestinian majority, required soldiers, army to protect. nobody saw value in gaza strip- was a hole.
-settlers had nice living arrangements. |
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Term
| gaza disengagement in knesset |
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Definition
passed by 2/3 majority in the knesset
-often hear propaganda that israel was not behind it. but passed with wide majority.
-lost sharon much of the support of his own likud party, but labor party backed it, which gave him the large majority. |
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Term
| gaza disengagement operation |
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Definition
operation carried out august 17-23 2005. last troops pulled out by sept 12.
-had about 50,000 soldiers- large military unit. prepared very well
-some settlers had used force against israeli soldiers to avoid being taken out. caused bad feelings on both sides.
-only a few cases when violence was actually used, and soldiers were very prepared.
-was not done in a sense of hatred. as gently and understandingly as possible.
-not about politics. on a humanitarian level, evicting a family from their home is not an easy thing to do. lots of psychological support for soldiers and settlers.
-younger soldiers used less. done more by older people in permanent army service- more mature, restrained.
all went off pretty well. |
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Term
| issues within disengagement plan |
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Definition
part of the plan- new settlements built, given compensation, etc.
-issue was that settlers often didn’t cooperate, didn’t sign up or choose options.
-criticism of how both gov’t and settlers acted.
took people out, people bulldozed the houses. removed them all. |
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Term
| other concessions between israel and land |
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Definition
israel also pulls out settlements from samaria in north.
-was the sideshow behind gaza
israel also ultimately gives palestinians control over border crossing at rafat.
-israel retained air control and sea access to gaza strip. |
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Term
| political issues: likud, sheron, olmert |
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Definition
this was very divisive for the likud.
-likud splits, and sharon and all that supported him leave and form kadima
-sheron’s #2 man
months later, sheron falls into coma and stays in that situation until today.
-succeeded by olmert, olmert becomes pm with kadima until 2009. |
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Term
| second lebanon war: summer 2006 |
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Definition
-some say that the motive for the second lebanon war is a lesson that hezbollah learned from what happens in Gaza.
-they see that israel is pulling out when there’s a lot of opposition, pain, blood
-what they did in 2000 southern lebanon and 2005 gaza strip.
-some say that one of the reasons that, while israel pulls out, there’s still unrest in gaza, so it doesn’t end problems.
-continue to be tensions in the area up until today.
June 16, 2006: about a year before gaza disengagement.
-hamas fighters tunnel under gaza border to the post of karen shibbon (israeli army post). kill 2 israeli soldiers, kidnap a third ( who is still in jail.
can see hamas fighters pulling victims out of border. may have killed them on the spot. |
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Term
| operation cast lead, dec 2008 |
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Definition
many israelis find it difficult to be supportive of the peace process
-have two examples of withdrawing completely from a territory, but there are still problems.
-if they pulled out of the west bank, what would happen there?
-must be other factors affecting the situation
pulling out and leaving palestinians is not a sure way to peace.
-right wing has an all-time high.
(bad notes) |
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Term
| israel's response (bad notes) |
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Definition
shell/bomb hezbollah rocket stations, beirut airport runways to prevent planes from landing and bringing in weapons.
-july 19: decision to bring in troops for “surgical operations” - small units, specific targets.
-not particularly successful. wasn’t tea and it wasn’t coffee- israel didn’t go in full strength, went in a half-assed way.
-israel started shooting 125-150 rockets a day, and were increasingly sophisticated.
israel focuses on air campaigns to destroy rocket launchers/roads |
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Term
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Definition
july 30: israel bombes an apartment in kaana, over 50 civilians killed there.
-creates huge int’l pressure on israel to halt actions.
-lead to int’l condemnation of israel.
-israel is pressured to leave.
un passes security resolution 171 to have israel cease all attacks.
various countries that were supposed to send troops didn’t follow through, israel gave some but didn’t even send half. lebanon sent some but not well trained.
-hezbollah allowed to stay in southern lebanon as a result. |
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Term
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Definition
casualties: in lebanon, over 1,187
hezbollah casualties: around 270
number of civilians much higher, and many lebanese uprooted- houses destroyed. huge process of change. some flee to syria. only about 7-8,000 lebanese uprooted. roads, infrastructure destroyed.
in israel: about 141- much lower. mostly soldiers. |
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Term
| critiques of israel's casualties |
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Definition
israel often criticized for having so many casualties in other countries, but not many of own.
-less organized countries, less organized rule, less safety precautions.
-number of casualties doesn’t determine who’s wrong or right. the results /numbers don’t necessarily mean right or wrong.
-isarel 1973: after yom kippur war
-yael’s father was in charge of commisstion april 2007 commission.
-was ruled as being “hasty” in use of force.
-failure in use of judgement, justice, etc. |
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Term
| politics: teretz/peres/labor |
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Definition
| labor party: teretz resigns, perez talks over. |
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Term
| annapolis conference, nov 1997 |
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Definition
| -attempt to get “road map” moving. lead to negotiations bewen alcohol and Israel. |
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Term
| recent events: hamas elections |
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Definition
january 26: hamas won seats in legislative assembly
june 2007: hamas takes control of gaza strip, get rid of situation.
-brutal period of time.
hamas: refused to honor past agreements with israel and occupied territories.
us, egypt, israel, etc. plan boycot of hamas. undermine hamas by strengthening |
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Term
| november: terrorists building tunnel |
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Definition
november: things get hot again
-israel is suspicious that terrorists are building tunnel to israel.
-the truct from juen was about to end. was a 6 month lull, so was supposed to end on dec 19. stared june 19.
rockets continued to be shot out of israel into gaza.
israel prepares a detailed attack plan. |
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Term
| operation cast lead launched, dec 27 |
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Definition
december 27: israel launches operation cast lead.
-struck pre-planned targets. within minutes, hits hundreds of pre-selecte locations.
-usually precise, small bombs because of what had happened in lebanon ha
-phone messages: israel calls buildings and warns them to leave.
-also: small noisemaker bomb to scare people out. gave them 10-15 minutes to leave. |
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Term
| unilateral ceasefire, jan 17 |
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Definition
january 17: israel announces unilateral ceasefire.
-palestinians require rocketpower.
-hamas and islamic jihad promise no more rockets if others leave.
-tactically a victory for israel |
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Term
| israel accused of unfair force & un investigation |
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Definition
israel accused of using unfair force.
many killed- 450 to 720 civilians
low among israelis- 10 soldiers, 3 civilians.
-because of clothing, equipment, etc.
un sends out fact-finding committee. sept 15 2009 report published
“human rights in palestine..”
-proved that idf had used unfair force.
condemnation of israel. |
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Term
| summary: early years of country |
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Definition
during the early years of the country, there was overwhelming consensus. zionism was overwhelming idea.
-israel was state of the people, justified by fact that living outside of israel was dangerous, physically/spiritually destructive/difficult.
-was only way that jews would survive.
-had to take in jewish immigrants from all over world. state’s duty to bring them in.
-nobody wanted to listen to what arabs thought, or oriental jews, or ultra orthodox.
-things have changed dramatically. |
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Term
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Definition
israel’s existence is not immediately threatened.
-not so much of an existential problem. plo/hamas cannot really destroy israel.
nobody thinks that this will really destroy the country.
-can look back and acknowledge mistakes
more radical zionists as well, and new historians, etc.
said that the entire idea of a nation state is old.
we are a global village. no room for a nation state anymore. we should cease being a separate nation. should get rid of symbols (star of david, knesset, national anthem, etc. - these are all jewish symbols.
-should have a civil state where all things are equal to all religions/people.
elan paphet
but some jews still see significance in using symbols. |
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Term
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Definition
also: difference in power structure
-sephardis, etc. discovered political power in 1977
-largest number of kids in kindergarten are ultra-orthodox.
-so, in a few years, will be more prominent.
arab population is very articulate.
much more criticism of leaders. |
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