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| Adherence to authoritative precedent. A jurist not qualified to exercise ijtihad must limit himself to the application of established rulings. In modern times taqlid has developed a bad reputation, and is often interpreted to mean blind and dogmatic adherence to past decisions. In pre-modern usage it might be better seen as a simple acknowledgement that not everyone is a genius. |
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| Unity. Means “making one,” refers to God’s Oneness and Unity. |
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| occasions of revelation, context of Quranic revelations used for understanding the meaning of the text |
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| abrogating and abrogated verses/hadiths |
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literally “struggle,” can mean struggle against unbelievers or inner struggle
44. shahada: martyrdom
“Holy War” … theory born out of necessity
“Defensive” jihad incumbent upon all
Greater Jihad- Inner struggle of the soul to overcome the sinful obstacles that keep a person from God
Lesser Jihad- the struggle against the external and physical oppression |
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martyrdom
The Muslim profession of faith: “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is God’s Messenger.” Martyrdom. |
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in the chronological, traditional narrative of violence and Islam, these Quranic verses are considered to be the final, abrogating verses on violence
the final verses in the Qur’an regarding jihad. They abrogate all previous verses and declare jihad as acceptable. |
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