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| Direction, collection, processing (collation, evaluation, analysis, integration, interpretation), dissemination |
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| use of any publicly available information |
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| Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) |
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| a method for exploring and evaluating several explanations of observed data |
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espionage that was practiced during the ancient Chinese times known through writings by Sun-Tsu among others as also espionage from the Elizabethan era (Francis Walsingham) and up to the American revolution (Nathan Hale)
involved use of diplomats to gather what they could see as gentlemen |
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Espionage developed from the time shortly before WWI up to the contemporary era, involved organizations that report in standardized ways, generally practiced by professionals
Involves black operations and working secretly in other nations and everything else we studied |
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| Kaiser Wilhelm II’s plan for he wanted Germany to be a large, strong, and unbeatable empire in every possible way, it was a policy of expansionism |
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| wrote the novel The Riddle of the Sands, which was published in 1903. Based on his own sailing trips along the German coast, it predicted war with Germany and called for British preparedness. It has been called the first spy novel |
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| wrote in the genres of mystery, thriller, and espionage, particularly in the years leading up to World War I, when his partnership with British publishing magnate Lord Northcliffe led to the serialised publication and intensive publicising (including actors dressed as German soldiers walking along Regent Street) of pulp-fiction spy stories such as The Invasion of 1910, |
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| Committee of Imperial Defense |
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| Part of the government of the British Empire from just after the Second Boer War until the start of World War II. It was responsible for research, and some co-ordination, on issues of military strategy. In 1909 led to the formation of both MI5 and MI6 |
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| Formulated unofficially in 1903 the British counter espionage service under William Melville. In 1909 got authorization to formally found it with 19 departments MI1 to MI19. Was what would become the SIS (secret intelligence service) |
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| Battle between the Germans and Russians in 1914 that was a decisive German victory largely due in part to their code-breakers. They lured the Russians into eastern Prussia where the track gauges were different, also since the Russian communications were rarely encrypted and when they were they were easy to decode, the Germans realized that their armies were split and led by generals who hated one another and would not come to each other’s aid |
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| Founded August 4th 1914 by Alfred Ewing, was one of the most important code bureaus in the world at the time and for the 3 year of the war they were able to decode all of the German communiqués with ease once the Russians gave them a codebook they found on a German ship and they decoded it (since the Russians were unable to so it was of no use to them) |
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| Telegram sent by Arthur Zimmerman to their ambassador in Mexico, (relayed through their ambassador in the US), trying to turn the Mexicans against the Americans and invade them, little did they know not only was it intercepted on it way to the German ambassador in the US and that the US even has a state called New Mexico, it would be like invading their own country |
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| Belgian espionage network set up by the British to keep tabs on trains passing through the country, it was extremely successful and watched the trains 24/7. In the end, out of 1000 agents, only 40 were caught |
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| Precursor to the NKVD and eventual KGB, acted as the secret police under the Russian Empire in the late 1800s. Notorious for their use of government sanctioned torture and their operation of official torture chambers. |
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| The secret police organization formed December 20, 1917 by Lenin. By 1921 they numbered over 200,000, they protected the government from dissenters and ran the Gulag system. |
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| Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution who was the leader of the first communist government. |
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| First leader of the Cheka, subsequently became a legend as a result of his great leadership coupled with his strong morality and incorruptibility |
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| Russian-born spy employed by Scotland Yard, the British Secret Service Bureau and later the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). Alleged to have spied for at least four nations. Notorious in part as a result his friend, British diplomat and journalist Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, who sensationalized their thwarted operation to overthrow the Bolshevik government in 1918.Ian Fleming used Reilly as a model for James Bond |
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| Plan organized and carried out by Reilly to assassinate Lenin and depose the Bolshevik government. |
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| America's first peacetime cryptanalytic organization headed by Herbert Yardley |
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| Washington Naval Conference |
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| A military conference held in Washington, D.C. from November 12th, 1921 to February 6th,1922. Not related to the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Soviet Russia was not invited. It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first disarmament conference in history |
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| The leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for political repression during the Stalinist era. It eventually became the KGB |
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| Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, repression of peasants, deportations of ethnic minorities, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons. Estimates of the number of deaths run from the official figure of 681,692 to nearly 2 million. Occurred during the Stalinist era between the years 1937-1938 |
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| Recruited Kim Philby and was controller of the “Cambridge Five” during the years 1933-1937 |
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| High ranking in the British espionage community who spied for the Soviets. Often was faced with close calls as a result of soviet defectors, eventually moved to USSR where he lived out his years. |
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| Donald Maclean (Cambridge 5) |
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| His actions are thought to have led to the Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948. |
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| Guy Burgess (Cambridge 5) |
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| Loud-mouthed alcoholic who often insulted the wrong people and was an indiscreet homosexual when it was frowned upon. Transmitted to Soviets secret Foreign Office and MI5 documents that described Allied military strategy |
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| Anthony Blunt (Cambridge 5) |
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| Transmitted, with Guy Burgess, secret Foreign Office and MI5 documents that described Allied military strategy. Passed on ULTRA intelligence from decrypted Enigma messages to the Soviet Union |
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| John Cairncross (Cambridge 5) |
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| Alleged, though never officially the fifth member of the Cambridge 5. Between 1941 and 1945, supplied the Soviets with 5,832 documents. Believed to have supplied Soviets with nuclear intelligence that jump-started their nuclear weapons program |
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| British government order, under Churchill as Secretary of State for War, of August 1919 to the armed forces that they should plan their spending and training "on the assumption that the British Empire would not be engaged in any great war during the next ten years". |
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| Unveiled in 1935, served to support Hitler’s Blitzkrieg. First defeat was in 1940 with the battle of Britain, at the onset of war had far superior training and equipment than the other European nations |
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| Small school in Japan that operated from 1938 to 1945 that served as a training facility for the Japanese intelligence services. Included training in couterintel, intel, and covert ops. |
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| Obviously the leader of the British after the ousting of Chamberlain as a result of his policy of appeasement. In power from 1940-1945, and came up with the concept/idea of the “ten year rule” |
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| Came to power after a minor internal struggle between himself and Leon Trotsky after the end of Lenin’s period as leader. Architect of the Great Purge, he was an alcoholic (said to be the cause of many of his violent and emotionless endeavors). He would look at virtually each individual piece of intelligence when possible and tried to micromanage the running of the intelligence community. |
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| German intelligence organization in operation from 1921-1944. It was an intelligence gathering service whose operations dealt exclusively with human intelligence. |
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| A name given by the Gestapo to the 2 communist anti-Nazi groups operating in Europe during WWII. Anyone accused of being a member of the group was sentenced to death. The group was given the name because the Germans referred to their radios as Music Boxes and the spies as musicians, along with, of course, the red for communist. |
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| Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Signed before WWII with the agreement that the Nazi’s would not invade Russia if Russia would not join the war on the side of the allies, as well as continuing to send shipments of food to the Nazis. |
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| Soviet spy in Japan both before and during WWII, an agent of the NKVD. Said to have informed the Soviets of Operation Barbarossa, though when he sent back the report it was praised by Moscow, it was ignored by Stalin himself |
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| The codename for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during WWII. |
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| The soviet counter intelligence services created in 1943. “Death to Spies”. Organized principally to carry out special activities against dissidents within the military including arresting and executing mutineers, it performed a similar function to the Red Army's Punishment Battalions |
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| German-born theoretical physicist and atomic spy who was convicted of surreptitiously supplying information on the British and American atomic bomb research to the USSR during, and shortly after, World War II. Was arrested and imprisoned for 14 years once a confession was made. |
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| American physicist and atomic spy for the Soviet Union who, during his work on the Manhattan Project, gave a detailed description of the "Fat Man" bomb, and processes for purifying plutonium, to Soviet intelligence |
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| The secret project to develop an atomic bomb by the British, Americans, and Canadians during WWII. Eventually employed more than 130,000 people, though the vast majority did not know what they were working on |
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| Status in which all fixed or mobile radio stations in an area stop transmitting. Includes anything capable of transmitting a radio signal. Generally applies to the military, where any radio transmission may reveal troop positions, either audibly from the sound of talking, or by its use as a homing signal |
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| Diplomatic cryptographic machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office just before and during World War II. Was an electromechanical stepping-switch device. Many of the messages sent by it were decrypted by Bletchley Park before the arrack on Pearl Harbor |
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| The name given by codebreakers to the most secure communications scheme used by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during and slightly before WWII. JN-25 was significantly changed immediately before the Pearl Harbor attack on 7 December 1941. It was that edition of the JN-25 system which was sufficiently broken by late May 1942 to provide the forewarning which led to the U.S. victory at the Battle of Midway. |
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| Japanese surprise attack on the American Pacific Fleet in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. Since the Japanese had used radio silence the attack was a complete surprise and it decimated the fleet. Said to be the reason that the US was pulled into the war |
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| German method of (with the enigma machine) sending encrypted messages during WWII. Was cracked when both a number of enigma machines were captured by the allies as well as the code books that go along with the machine allowing one to decode the messages with an enigma machine. |
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| The location of the UK’s main code breaking establishment. Codes and ciphers of Axis countries were deciphered there, including the German Enigma. The high-level intelligence produced by Bletchley Park, codenamed Ultra, is credited with aiding the Allied war effort and shortening the war. |
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| Name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of encrypted German radio communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. The name arose because the code-breaking success was considered more important than the highest security classification available at the time (Most Secret) and so was regarded as being Ultra secret. |
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| Anti-espionage and deception operation of MI5. Nazi agents in Britain were captured and used to broadcast disinformation to their Nazi controllers. When the German V-2 rocket became operational in September, 1944, the Germans asked their still credible spy network in Britain to send reports of exactly where and when each rocket landed. The British fed the Germans false impact reports relating to make the Germans think that they were overshooting London and to reduce the range of the rockets. |
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| Double agent who persuaded German intelligence the main attack of D-Day would come in the Pas de Calais, resulting in a decision to withhold troops from the area around the Normandy beachhead. Sent fake reports to Germans with news from newsreels and operated a fake network of agents at one point totaling 27 “agents”. |
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| The western front of the war being opened up by the Americans, Canadians and British mainly, commencing with the allied landings at Normandy. It began on June 6th 1944 and ended with the liberation of Paris on August 25th 1944. |
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| The American codename for Japanese intelligence acquired from the interception of messages encoded with the PURPLE system. |
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| A battle in the pacific theater lasting 3 days between the Japanese and American Navies. It was a decisive American victory and a turning point in the pacific naval war for the Americans as a result of their crippling of the Japanese navy. American Admiral Nimitz had an asset before, which was that the American and British cryptographers had broken the JN-25 code and therefore told them where and when the attack was to take place so they were prepared while the Japanese were totally in the dark about the American plans. |
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| A 1943 agreement between the British and US governments to facilitate co-operation between the US War Department and the British Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS). It involved: the exchange of personnel; and joint regulations for the handling and distribution of the highly sensitive material |
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| Special Operations Executive (SOE) |
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Definition
| British agency during WWII whose objective was to facilitate espionage and sabotage behind enemy lines. It was formed as an offshoot of SIS who they differed from in many ways, leading to lack of cooperation. They liked to work with rebels and gather intelligence in unconventional ways while the SIS liked to use diplomats and other forms of more “gentlemanly” espionage to gather intelligence |
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| A training facility in Ontario for agents that were to be inserted behind enemy lines in a position either in the employ of SOE or a similar organization. It was the leading “spy” training facility at the time and trained over 500 allied units. Also had Hydra, a sophisticated telecommunications centre. Hydra was invaluable for both coding and decoding information in relative safety from the prying ears of German radio observers. |
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| An enormous counter intelligence operation by the German military in World War Two. About 50 Allied agents were executed (SOE) |
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| Series of actions taken from 1942-1944 by Norwegian saboteurs during WWII to prevent the German nuclear energy project from acquiring heavy water. By early 1943, had basically ended the German research. Dubbed by SOE the most successful act of sabotage in all of WWII |
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| Office of Strategic Services (OSS) |
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| United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency and was the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency. The plan for it was drawn up by William Donovan |
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| First civilian and the longest serving (1953-1961) Director of Central Intelligence (CIA). During WWII was a station chief for the OSS in Europe. |
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| German diplomat who became America's most important spy against the Nazis in World War II. Told American’s of: German expectations of the site of the D-day landings; V-1 and V-2 rocket programs; the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter; among others. By the end of the war, he passed along 2,600 documents. Was motivated by his opposition to Nazi crimes and refused to accept payment. |
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| Teams of commandos from the OSS, SOE and other countries would go behind enemy lines to be saboteurs and lead guerilla forces against the occupying Axis forces. Comprised of 3 men each, one leader OSS or SOE and one from the country they were in, as well as a radio operator |
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| The American plan for an invasion of mainland Japan at Kyushu. Estimates ran into the millions for allied casualties and tens of millions for Japanese casualties. |
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| Secret police of East Germany. Initially trained by the KGB, went on to be just as competent and in some regards more competent than their soviet counterparts. |
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| Leader of the Stasi for much of the time the nation was split, from 1957-1989. Cruel man, known to be loyal to the party who would, while he was in his soviet intelligence, without question execute dissenters. |
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| The foreign intelligence service of East Germany. Though they could never penetrate the US, they gathered much HUMINT from the UK that they passed on to their soviet comrades. |
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| Spies who used their ability to seduce women to gain information from people who would be able to give it, generally willingly. Usually a younger man seducing an older woman. Sometimes the relationship would last for years and much information would be gathered over the long period of time. |
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| Long-running and highly secret collaboration between intelligence agencies of the United States and United Kingdom that involved the cryptanalysis of messages sent by several intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union, mostly during World War II. Decrypted messages gave important insights into Soviet behavior in the period during which duplicate one-time pads were used, including the existence of soviet spies at Los Alamos. |
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A message sent from Keenan, the American ambassador to the USSR that became the foundation of American cold war policy.
The policy: the USSR saw itself at perpetual war with capitalism; socialism and democracy are enemies, not allies. |
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| American theory proposed by Eisenhower that if one country fell to communism, the nations around it would fall as well in a domino effect. It suggests that some change, small in itself, will cause a similar change nearby, which then will cause another similar change |
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| The American foreign intelligence and espionage service that was in a constant game of cat and mouse with the Soviet KGB during the cold war. Primary function is collecting and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers. |
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| Military or political activity carried out in such a way that the parties responsible for the action can be an open secret, but cannot be proven. Typically performed in secrecy because they break specific laws or compromise policy in another country. Employed in situations where openly operating against a target would be politically or diplomatically risky. |
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| Prime minister of Iran from 1951-1953 when he was removed in a coup d’etat. |
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| President of Guatemala from 1951-1954 when he was ousted in a coup organized by the CIA. |
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| Berlin spy tunnel (Operation Gold) |
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Definition
| George Blake was a Soviet spy who discovered the project, but rather than give up their agent the Soviets did nothing and let the British use the tunnel. When it was discovered the CIA was seen as genius, but the British involvement was kept a secret. A plan to tap into landline communication of the Soviet Army headquarters in Berlin using a tunnel into the Soviet-occupied zone |
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| Unsuccessful attempted invasion by armed Cuban exiles in southwest Cuba, planned and funded by the United States, in an attempt to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. Accelerated a rapid deterioration in Cuban-American relations, which was further worsened by the Cuban Missile Crisis the following year. |
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| Military deception in military doctrines of the Soviet Union and Russia |
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| May 1, 1960 an American U–2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. At first, the United States government denied the plane's purpose and mission, but was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its remains (largely intact) and surviving pilot, Gary Powers. Coming just over two weeks before the scheduled opening of an East-West summit, the incident was a great embarrassment to the United States and prompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the Soviet Union. |
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| Colonel with Soviet military intelligence (GRU) in late 1950s and early 1960s who passed important secrets to the West. Passed information that the Soviet nuclear arsenal was much smaller than previously thought, that the Soviet fueling systems were not fully operational, and that the Soviet guidance systems were not yet functional. He was executed after a quick trial. |
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| National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) |
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| Headed by Arthur C. Lundahl combining Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Army, Navy, and Air Force assets to solve national intelligence problems. First identified Soviet’s basing of missiles in Cuba in 1962. |
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| Cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. Defected on September 5, 1945 with 109 documents on Soviet espionage activities in the West. Exposed Stalin's efforts to steal nuclear secrets, and the technique of planting sleeper agents. The "Gouzenko Affair" helped change western perceptions of the Soviet Union from an ally to an enemy, a triggering event of the Cold War |
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| Once responsible for intelligence and counterintelligence activities for Canada. It was replaced by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS). 1960s, it targeted Quebec nationalists, particularly the militant Front de libération du Québec. As a result of illegal tactics used by the Security Service and consequent scandals surrounding the RCMP, intelligence work was transferred to a new agency, CSIS, in 1981 |
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| FLQ (Front de Liberation du Quebec) |
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Definition
| Was a Marxist terrorist group in Canada responsible for more than 200 bombings and the deaths of at least five people, which culminated in 1970 with what is known as the October Crisis. |
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| CSIS (Canadian Security Intelligence Service) |
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Definition
| Responsible for collecting, monitoring, and analyzing intelligence on threats to Canada's national security, and conducting operations, covert and overt. Created on June 21, 1984. |
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| Independent Canadian agency that oversees and reviews the operations of CSIS. Recommended by McDonald Commission investigating the former security service of the RCMP that was found to have engaged in illegal activities. Role is to ensure that the powers granted the security service are "used legally and appropriately”. |
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| Loner and not outgoing enough to be a field agent, mole for KGB after secret defection. Posted to Langley where he was a good planner, but a bit of an idiot, left a briefcase of classified documents on a subway once even. Became head of the mole hunts in the CIA even. Caught when the found out that he was living beyond his means and paying everything in cash. |
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| Caught when a soviet defector pointed to him. Passed over 6000 documents to the Soviets over a period of over 20 years. The movie “Breach”. Known as the mortician |
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| Domestic soviet security service, successor to the KGB |
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| Foreign soviet intelligence service, successor as well to the KGB |
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| Violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear |
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| Militant Zionist group that operated in Palestine between 1931 and 1948. Initially, a central part of their efforts included attacks against Palestinian Arabs, but it increasingly shifted to attacks against the British. Infamous attacks by Irgun were the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem (center of British control and where many leaders stayed) on 22 July 1946 and the Deir Yassin massacre. Did actually bring about political change. By ‘30s were attacking both Arabs ad British, (though they took a hiatus from attacks for WWII. Were so successful that after WWII the leader was even called to talk at the UN. |
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| Irish Republican, left wing paramilitary organization that, until the Belfast Agreement, sought to end Northern Ireland's status within the United Kingdom and bring about a United Ireland by force of arms and political persuasion. Founded by Billy McKee and Joe Cahill. Very well trained with anti interrogation training. British relied mainly on HUMINT to thwart them and by ’94 MI5 (who was spearheading it) said that they were thwarting 80% of attacks. |
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| Basque nationalist separatist organization that wants autonomy from Spain. Founded in 1959, it evolved from a group advocating traditional cultural ways to an armed group demanding Basque independence. Batasuna, its political wing allows it, at times, to exist legally. Poorly funded so rely on crime for finances. Since 1968 ETA has killed 822 people, ’79 killed 82 political leaders, ’80 killed 88 political leaders. Two figures in the its symbol, a snake (representing politics) wrapped around an axe (representing armed fight) |
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| Islamic political and paramilitary organization based in Lebanon. One of the first groups to use suicide bombings, (even though the government of Japan did use Kamikaze pilots in WWII.) 1985 manifesto listed three main goals as eradication of Western colonialism in Lebanon, bringing to justice those who committed atrocities during the war and establishment of Islamic government in Lebanon. Hezbollah leaders have made numerous statements calling for the destruction of Israel. |
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| Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam (LTTE) |
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| Militant Tamil nationalist organization that has waged a violent secessionist campaign against the Sri Lankan government since the 1970s in order to create a separate Tamil state. Founded 1972. Have carried out over 500 attacks and are so well funded that they even have their own small air force. ’91 killed the Indian prime minister, ’93 killed the Sri Lankan president. Since 1976 over 10,000 Tamil Tigers have been killed |
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| International alliance of Sunni Islamic militant organizations founded in 1988 by Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (later replaced by Osama Bin Laden) and other veteran "Afghan Arabs" after the Soviet War in Afghanistan |
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Definition
| Expands the vast authority of US law enforcement agencies for the stated purpose of fighting terrorism in the United States and abroad. Been criticized for weakening protections of civil liberties. In particular, indefinite detentions of immigrants; home/business searches without the owner’s or the occupant’s permission or knowledge; allow the FBI to search telephone, email and financial records without a court order; and expanded access of law enforcement to business records, including library and financial records. |
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| FINTRAC (Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada) |
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Definition
| Gathers, analyzes, assesses, and discloses financial intelligence. Created in July 2000 to counter suspected money laundering, was expanded in December 2001 to provide CSIS with information on terrorist financing that threaten the security of Canada. About 2 billion is tracked annually and they say 200 million of it is from terrorism |
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Definition
| An agency going into a foreign country and kidnapping terrorists and taking them to locations such as GITMO or other “black” prisons around the world. Started by Clinton in ‘90s to combat Al Qaeda and used to simply take terrorists off the streets, but now used to catch other terrorists |
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| Non profit venture capital firm that invests in high-tech companies for the sole purpose of keeping the Central Intelligence Agency equipped with the latest in information technology in support of United States intelligence capability. Originally named Peleus and known as In-Q-It, In-Q-Tel was launched in 1999 under the direction of Gilman Louie |
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| Scottish novelist, best known for his novel The Thirty-Nine Steps, and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada. Buchan's reputation has been tarnished by the lack of political correctness, e.g. the anti-semitism and racism expressed in some passages from his novels, such as the opening chapter of The Thirty-Nine Steps |
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| Novel featuring Richard Hannay, an all-action hero with a stiff upper lip and a miraculous habit of getting himself out of sticky situations. |
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| Pseudonym of David John Moore Cornwell (born October 19, 1931 in Poole, Dorset, England), an English writer of espionage novels. Le Carré's career as a secret agent was destroyed by Kim Philby, a British double agent, who blew the cover of dozens of British agents to the KGB, David Cornwell being among them. Years later, le Carré carefully depicted and analysed Philby's weakness and deceit in the guise of "Gerald", the mole hunted by George Smiley in the central novel of le Carré's work. |
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| The Spy Who Came In From the Cold |
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Definition
| 1963 espionage novel by John le Carré, adapted into a 1965 film starring Richard Burton. The novel became famous for its intricate plot and its portrait of the West's methods of spying during the Cold War as inconsistent with Western values. It’s portrayal of amoral Western agents, and the moral equivalence of East and West, was seen as revolutionary. Prior to Spy, Western intelligence agencies were widely viewed as promoting Western values. |
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