1539 restates conservative doctrines and makes denial of doctrine of transubstantiation a capital offense. 3 German theologians were sent to London and held conferences with the Anglican bishops and clergy for several moths. They presented several protestant arguments on articles on the Lutheran Confession of Ausburg. The bishops did everything they could to avoid agreement. They wanted to unite with the Greek church and not with the evangelical protestants. Henry VIII was not successful in breaking the catholic practices so he stopped the conference. 6 doctrinal questions were examined and became the basis of the Six Articles. The articles reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrine on key issues:

1)     Transbustantiation: The change of the substance of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ occurring in the Eucharist while all that is accessible to the senses remain as before.

2)     The reasonableness of withholding of the cup from the laity during communion

3)     Clerical celibacy

4)     Observance of vows of chasity

5)     Permission for private masses

The importance of auricular confession

1415 Battle of Agincourt was an English victory led by Henry V against the French in the Hundred Years’ War. Battle was important because of their use of the English longbow.

2^nd wife of Henry VIII. Convinced Henry to change the primary English religion from Catholicism to Protestantism. Was beheaded because of treason on May 19, 1536. Her death resulted in the beginning of the English Reformation. She was educated in France by Lady Claude of France. Henry VIII was in love with Anne and pursued her while she did not want anything to do with him. He then wanted a divorce with Katherine but had to change the religion because Pope Clement VII would not allow him to divorce her. Mother of Queen Elizabeth I

Battle of Bosworth, or Bosworth Field was Henry VIII’s defeat of Richard III, ending the Plantagenet dynasty and beginning a new Tudor dynasty. Battle also marked the end of the Wars of the Roses.

1625 attempt to emulate Elizabethan success in 1587 and 1625: Buckingham blamed. A naval expedition against Spain by English and Dutch forces. This plan was put forward because after the dissolution of the parliament.

wife of Henry VIII, also married to his brother, Arthur until his death.

minister of Henry VII, helped negotiate peace of Etaples in 1492. He was the speaker of the House of Commons in 1504 and collected money for Henry. When Henry died, he was tried with constructive treason and then executed after trying to escape from prison.

Edward IV angers his first cousin and chief military ally, Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, by secretly marring Elizabeth Woodville. She is the widow of a Lancastrian supporter and has 2 sons by her first husband, she also has many brothers and sisters who need suitable titles/husbands. 1483, Elizabeth seeks sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. Supporters of Gloucester, Edwards brother, denounce the marriage of Elizabeth and Edward to be invalid and their children will inherit no titles. Gloucester takes the throne as Richard III.

Battle of Flodden on Flodden field was fought in Northumberland in 1513 between invading Scots and the army under King James IV. Ended in a English victory and was the largest battle fought between the 2 nations.

1540-1596  an English Sea Captain, navigator, slaver and politician of the Elizabethan era. Awarded knighthood in 1581 by Queen Elizabeth I. Second in command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588. Died of dysentery in January 1596, famous for sailing around the world.

2^nd brother of Edward IV. Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, schemes with George over the marriage of Edward to Elizabeth Woodville. George marries Neville’s older daughter. Clarence later changes sides and kills Warwick at the battle of Barnet. Clarence then goes against Edward IV and is furious that Gloucester marries late earl of Warwick’s daughter, forcing him to divide the Neville inheritance with his brother. Furious that he doesn’t get all of the inheritance. In 1478 he was charged and condemned for treason, death by drowning in a butt of malmsey which is a barrel of sweet wine because royal blood couldn’t be shed. Claimed to be the lover of King James I of England.

Commander in Scotland who was a supporter of the Cromwell family which was seen as suspect by the Army Leadership in London. He removed any men who were not loyal to him in Scotland. Monk marched his army into England in 1660 but a financial crisis hits and soldiers complain about a lack of pay but he reaches London to support the Rump Parliament against the Army Leadership but Rump tries to sideline him and he then turns to Charles thinking that he was the best way to get out of this political mess. They begin a secret negotiation with each other.

Charles and Buckingham push for war on Spain in 1624-1625 which lead to the impeachment of Lord Treasurer Cranfield and the impeachment procedure revived. He was assassinated in 1628 by John Felton.

Son of Henry VIII and his teenage mistress, Elizabeth Blount, the only illegitimate offspring that Henry acknowledged. Henry VIII was very fond of him and wanted to make him his legitimate heir, because he had not had a son.

known a s the Great Earl. Known for leading the resistance during the 9 years war, the strongest threat to English authority in Ireland.

– Catholic saint and a hero of France. She led the French army to several victories during the Hundred Years war. She was captured by the Burgundians and then sold to the English then burned at the stake when whe was 19 years old.

1^st Duke of Lancaster and 1^st Duke of Aquitaine who died in 1399. Son of King Edward III and got the name John of Gaunt because he was born in Ghent, then called Gaunt. His nephew, Richard II seized the dukedom and denies Bollingbroke’s right to succeed his father. But Richard surrendered to Henry Bollingbroke who was also backed by Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, who reigned as King Henry IV or England. Richard II exiled Henry IV but he came back and claimed his rightful throne.

Fall of Somerset was then replaced by John Dudley. He was put to death for high treason because he attempted to displace Edward’s sister and heir, Mary, daughter of Henry VIII, with his own daughter in law, Lady Jane Grey. Queen Jane, also known as the “9 days queen”

last of the 6 wives of Henry VIII. Her mother, Lady Maud, was an attendant of Katherine of Aragon.

1549 Act of Uniformity passed in parliament which used a new book of common prayer which reflect protestant churches. Ket’s rebellion in East Anglia demanded soci-economic reforms. Also Western Rising in West country against the new Protestant service was another rebellion. Instigated by Robert Kett.

political and religious movement of the Lollards from the 14^th century to the English reformation. Lollards refers to the followers of John Wycliffe. Demands include to reform Western Christianity. Emphasized the authority of Scriptures over the authority of priests. 

common English medieval Christian name, which now become confined to Cornwell. Name originally bestowed on boys or girls on a LOVEDAY, a day appointed for a meeting between enemies and litigants with a view to an amicable settlement. The name is now only given to girls.

mother of king Henry VII, a key figure in the wars of the roses. Daughter of John Beaufort, 1^st duke of Somerset. Wars of the roses- series of bloody civil wars between supporters of the rival houses of Lancaster and York for the throne of England and wales for 116 years. 
Margaret Tudor – 1489-1541 Elder of the 2 surviving daughters of Henry VII. Married James IV, king of Scots, and mother of James V and grandmother of Mary, Queen of Scots.

about 800 exiles from Mary in towns such as Frankfurt, Strasbourg, Emden, Cologne, Basel, and Geneva.

Also known as Mary I or Marie Stuart in France. 1542-1587 Queen of Scots from 1542 to 1567. Was the only surviving child of King James V. She was 6 days old when her father died and made her Queen of Scots. Her mother, Mary of Guise, assumed regency and Mary was crowned 9 months later. Married Francis, Dauphin of France in 1558 but was widowed by 1560. She remarried in 1565 to her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, as her 2^nd husband. 1567, Darnley died. Then married James Hepburn, 4^th Earl of Bothwell, who was believed to be Darnley’s murderer. Because of a dislike between them, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle and forced to abdicate the throne and given to her 1 year old son. She fled to England seeking protection from her father’s first cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth had her arrested because she was considered the rightful ruler of England by the Catholics. She was tried and executed for treason in the involvement in 3 plots to assassinate Elizabeth and place herself on the throne. In 1544, Henry VIII forces the Scots to agree to future marriage of Mary and Prince Edward, but the Scots break the agreement, the “Rough Wooing” begins in 1544.

Battle of Naseby in 1645 during the English civil war. King Charles I vs. the Roundhead army commanded by Thomas Fairfax which Charles defeats Thomas.

formed in 1645 by the parliamentarians in the English civil war. It was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country rather than being tied to a single area. The soldiers became full time professionals rather than part time militia. The officers were to be professional soldiers, not having seats in either the house of lords or commons and therefore not linked to any political or religious faction among the Parliamentarians. This established a “commonwealth” which included a period of direct military rule. This army was ruled by Oliver Cromwell

1599-1658 English military and political leader who helped make England into a republican commonwealth and his role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Son, Richard Cromwell, was not as good of a military leader as his father which made it a difficult inheritance. Army leadership forced Richard to resign as lord protector.

1474-1499, an imposer, pretending to be Richard of Shrewsbury, 1^st Duke of York, the younger son of King Edward IV. He was actually the son of a French official, John de Werbecque. He cost Henry VII over 13,000 lbs, about 6.4 million lbs today. Was hung after his confession.

1628 parliament offers a large tax to pay off Charles’ war debt in return for Charles accepting a Petition of Right which is a statement of the rights of subjects: claims only to codify existing rights, not create new ones such as end to imprisonment without charge, no taxation without parliamentary consent, no forced loans, no forced billeting of troops on civilians. Charles was desperate for money because he didn’t have money to pay for the war at Ile de Rhe which led to a forced loan. Nobel men were not happy about this forced loan and protested. Charles agreed saying he would not be bound by terms.

king of Spain from 1556 to 1598 and also the king of Naples. Husband of Mary I. He ruled one of the largest global empires the world has ever seen. Was the son of Charles V.

Richard II’s succession in 1377 when the peasants’ revolt happened in 1381. Also attacks were made on manorial records and lawyers at Suffolk, St. Alban’s Abey.

First son of king Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. When he was 2 years old, he was married to Katherine of Aragon. Died at the young age of 15 then Katherine married his younger brother, Henry who inherited the throne.

prince of Wales, the eldest son of king James I and VI. He died at the age of 18 due to typhoid fever. The throne was passed down to his younger brother, Charles.

1470-1471. Edward IV and his brother, Richard duke of Gloucester, forced to flee into exile in Low Countries. Henry VI is back on his rightful throne.

– The term used to describe statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the church of England.

parliament held in 1529 that passed which enabled major pieces of legislation leading to the English reformation. Henry VIII opened the reformation parliament in 1529 and used it to discredit Thomas Wosley because he didn’t win the Blakfriars tribunal and he was without a son. He then turned his attentions to the church of England.

minister of Henry VII. Was a lawyer and also a speaker at the house of commons. He was associated with Edmund Dudley in carrying out the kings system of taxation because he was broke due to the war. For this, he became very unpopular. After Henry VII’s death, he was charged for constructive treason along with Dudley by Henry VIII and was beheaded in 1510.

Elizabeth I’s favorite and he wanted to marry her. He was appointed master of the horse and Lord Steward of the Royal Household. 1585 he led the English campaign in support of the Dutch revolt. He was not very popular to the public for they believed that he was behind the death of his wife.

1531-1534. During Henry VIII’s reformation. Used to describe the legal sovereignty of the civil laws of the church in England. Declared that Henry VIII was the only supreme head on the earth of the Church in England and that the English crown shall enjoy “all honours, dignities, reeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity. This act made official the English Reformation. The main purpose of this act was so that Henry could get an annulment to Katherine of Aragon, but Pope Clement VII refused to grant the annulment.

Tax that Charles I of England tried to use without the consent of parliament. Collection of tax started in 1634 and this was one of the causes of the English civil war.

former bishop of Canterbury. A missed opportunity to capitalize on his recantation in 1556. Was burned because he didn’t give up Protestantism, but in the end he did give it up but still got burned. He helped build the case for Henry VIII’s divorce with Katherine which resulted in the separation of then English Church. Supported Royal Supremacy. He was responsible for establishing the first doctrinal structures for the Church of England. He wrote the first 2 editions of the Book of Common Prayer. When Mary came to the throne, tried with treason.

Vicegerent in Spirituals. 1^st earl of Essex who was an English statesman who served as Henry VIII chief minister. He played a key role in the English Reformation. He used the label “empire” for England which meant that England was an Empire by itself and was an independent sovereign nation-state no longer under the jurisdiction of the pope. He wanted Henry to make himself the head of the English church. He was arrested and imprisoned in the tower of London because Henry VIII did not like his choice of his marriage to Anne of Cleves. He was privately executed at the tower in 1540, the same day Henry married Catherine Howard. After he was executed, his head was put on a spike on the London Bridge.

When Henry VIII became king, he became the king’s almoner. He was the controlling figure of all matters of state and was powerful within the church. He also attained the highest political position, the lord chancellor, the kings chief advisor.

city in Belgium.  Charles V added the city to his possessions in the low countries leading to a period of religious strife and economic decline.

the traditional floral heraldic emblem of England and takes the name from the Tudor dynasty.

a derogatory term used to describe an illegitimate claim to the throne or a person who succeeds in establishing himself as a monarch without inheriting the throne.

born into a protestant family and Queen Elizabeth I knighted him in 1585. He secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton without having the queens permission for which he and his wife were sent to the tower of London. He was in quest for El Dorado “city of gold”. He was beheaded because of suspicion of the main plot against king James I.