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| A series of four legal statutes passed between 1661-1665 (Charles II's reign) which effectively re-established the supremacy of the Anglican Church after the interlude of Cromwell's Commonwealth, and ended toleration for dissenting religions. It ended any possibility of the Anglican Church and Nonconformists coming together under one religious and social banner. |
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| Act passed by Parliament in 1723 that made a variety of poaching crimes into felonies. This meant that people charged with these crimes could potentially be punished with the death penalty. Immediate results were an ability to crack down ferociously on poachers. Over time, it was also used to crack down on the lower classes in general, along with protesters, who often wore disguises out of fear of retaliation. |
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| He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law, and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism. "Spiritual founder" of UCL. |
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| A state that bases its economic model on the sustainment of its armed forces, usually in times of prolonged or severe conflict. Will subject citizens to high taxation for this purpose. |
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| Refers to the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland by a minority of great landowners, Protestant clergy, and professionals, all members of the Established Church during the 17th through 19th centuries. Seen as excluding primarily Roman Catholics, as they have comprised the majority of the Irish population island-wide, but this can be misleading, as members of the Presbyterians and other Protestant denominations, along with non-Christians, were also excluded politically and socially. |
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| Utilitarians/Philosophical Radicals |
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| term used to designate a philosophically-minded group of English political radicals in the nineteenth century inspired by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill. |
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| Catholic Emancipation Act (1828) |
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| Act permitted members of the Catholic Church to sit in the parliament at Westminster. |
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| Christians who separated from the Church of England in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. They were 'nonconformists'. |
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| Describes the interplay between moral or cultural beliefs and economic activities. |
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| Father of Liberalism,was an English philosopher regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self. |
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| An Act of the Parliament of England made following the Glorious Revolution in 1689. It lays down limits on the powers of sovereign and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement to regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. |
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| The economic doctrine in which government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and military security of the state. Dominated western-Europe economic policy from 16th to late 18th centuries. |
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| The refusal to "conform" to, or follow, the governance and usages of the Church of England by the Protestant Christians of England and Wales. |
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| A term applied to a group of 17th-century English theologians who believed in conforming to official Church of England practices but who felt that matters of doctrine, liturgical practice, and ecclesiastical organization were of relatively little importance. |
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| A follower of Jacobitism, the political movement dedicated to the return of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. Believed that parliamentary interference with monarchical succession to be illegal. |
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| London Corresponding Society |
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| A moderate-radical body concentrating on reform of the Parliament of Great Britain, founded in 1792. The aim of the society was parliamentary reform, especially the expansion of the representation of working class people. |
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| The right, by law or custom, of the firstborn to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings |
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| An English radical, journalist and politician. He fought for the right of voters—rather than the House of Commons—to determine their representatives. |
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| Remembered for his support of the cause of the American Revolutionaries, and for his later opposition to the French Revolution. viewed as the philosophical founder of modern Conservatism,as well as a representative of classical liberalism. |
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| In feudal English law, an interest in land bound up inalienably in the grantee and then forever to his direct descendants. A basic condition was that if the grantee died without direct descendants the land reverted to the grantor |
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| A Church of England cleric and Christian theologian. Founded the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air preaching. |
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| Reformed the country's poverty relief system, part of reforms of the 19th century. Oversees the national operation of the system, called for parishes to be put into unions so that relief could be provided more easily, stopped discrimination against nonconformists. |
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| The central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.was established to act as the English Government's banker, and to this day it still acts as the banker for HM Government. |
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| British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade |
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| trade barriers designed to protect cereal producers against competition from less expensive foreign imports between 1815 and 1846.These laws are often viewed as examples of British mercantilism,and their abolition marked a significant step towards free trade. Enhanced the profits and political power associated with land ownership. |
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| Credited with pioneering western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects". |
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| Group of evangelical Christians, prominent in England from about 1790 to 1830, who campaigned for the abolition of slavery and promoted missionary work at home and abroad. The group centred on the church of John Venn, rector of Clapham in south London. Its members included William Wilberforce, Henry Thornton, James Stephen, Zachary Macaulay, and others. |
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| A series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies, a process which had started in 1651. Their goal was to force colonial development into lines favourable to England, and stop direct colonial trade with the Netherlands, France and other European countries. These Acts formed the basis for British overseas trade for nearly 200 years. |
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| An English scholar, influential in political economy and demography.He popularized the economic theory of rent. |
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| Wrote Common Sense, The American Crisis, and Rights of Man. His attacks on British writer Edmund Burke led to a trial and conviction in absentia for the crime of seditious libel. |
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| The process which ends traditional rights such as mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on common land formerly held in the open field system. Once enclosed, these uses of the land become restricted to the owner, and it ceases to be common land. Privatization, ended the idea of open fields for farmers. |
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| He was one of the most influential of the classical economist. His most important contribution was the law of comparative advantage, a fundamental argument in favour of free trade among countries and of specialisation among individuals. |
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| He believed that reforming Parliament and abolishing the rotten boroughs would help to end the poverty of farm labourers, and he attacked the borough-mongers, sinecurists and "tax-eaters" relentlessly. |
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| Generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. |
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| Were a social movement of 19th-century English textile artisans who protested – often by destroying mechanized looms – against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, which they felt were leaving them without work and changing their way of life. |
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| Where a battle took place in 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. Immediate effect was to cause the government to crack down on reform, with the passing of what became known as the Six Acts |
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| Was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. Wrote The Wealth of Nations, which is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics |
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| Name appended to some of the threatening letters during the rural English Swing Riots of 1830, when labourers rioted over the introduction of new threshing machines and the loss of their livelihoods. He was described as a hard-working tenant farmer driven to destitution and despair by social and political change in the early nineteenth century. Kind of like "Joe the Plumber" |
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| A working class movement for political reform in Britain between 1838 and 1848. Was the first mass working class labour movement in the world. |
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| William Pitt (the younger) |
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| Best known for leading Britain in the great wars against France and Napoleon. Youngest PM of Britain at age of 24. He was an outstanding administrator who worked for efficiency and reform, bringing in a new generation of outstanding administrators. He raised taxes to pay for the great war against France, and cracked down on radicalism. To meet the threat of Irish support for France, he engineered the Acts of Union 1800 and tried (but failed) to get Catholic Emancipation as part of the Union. |
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| Social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. |
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| In 18th century British politics were a faction of the Whigs led by Rockingham, when he was the opposition leader in the House of Lords during the government of Lord North from 1770 to 1782 and during the two Rockingham ministries of 1765-66 and 1782.They opposed the British position which led to the American Revolution and sought reconciliation after it. They also opposed King George III's influence on Parliament through patronage. They were heavily dominated by wealthy aristocrats. |
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| Was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. |
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| Was an eighteenth-century British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education |
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| helped create the modern concept of the police force, leading to officers being known as "bobbies" and "Peelers". As PM, he repealed the Corn Laws and issued the Tamworth Manifesto, leading to the formation of the Conservative Party out of the shattered Tory Party. |
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