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History of Design
Chapters 1-4
88
Fine Art
Undergraduate 2
02/06/2006

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Cards

Term
Cave paintings were the birth of what?
Definition
visual communications
Term
For what purpose were cave paintings created?
Definition
utilitarian and ritualistic
Term
What purposes may the cave paintings have had?
Definition
1 magical rites to gain power over animals and success in hunting

2 teaching children hunting instruction
Term
Pictographs
Definition
elementary pictures or sketches to represent the things dipicted-such are animals painted on cave painting walls
Term
ideographs
Definition
symbols to represent ideas or concepts
Term
petroglyphs
Definition
carved or scratched signs or simple figures on rock
Term
The leap from village culture to high civilization occured after what people arrived?
Definition
Sumerian people
Term
Sumerian people arrived in Mesopatamia at what time?
Definition
near the end of the 4th millenium
Term
Teh sumerians invented a system of Gods. Who headed it?
Definition
A supreme diety
Term
What was the most important sumerian contribution to civilization?
Definition
Invention of Writing
Term
The sumerians, being a temple based economy, had a great need for what?
Definition
keeping records
Term
A theory of the initial purpose behind sumerian writing is labeling what?
Definition
food
Term
When and where do Sumerians settle and develop writing?
Definition
In Mesopatamia in 3100
Term
When did the sumerians begin to write in horizantal rows,left to right, top to bottom?
Definition
2800 BC
Term
When is the sharp point stylus replaced?
Definition
2500 BC
Term
What is the sharp stylus replaced with?
Definition
a triangular tipped one
Term
What did the pictograph language evolve into?
Definition
abstract cuneiform
Term
What do pictographs represent?
Definition
animate and inanimate objects
Term
What do picto-graphs evolve into>
Definition
ideographs
Term
What do ideographs represent?
Definition
abstract ideas
Term
What do the ideographs turn into?
Definition
Picture symbols
Term
What do picture symbols represent?
Definition
Sounds of words not easily depicted
Term
What is the highest development of cuneiform?
Definition
using abstract signs to represent syllables
Term
What is the highest development of cuneiform?
Definition
using abstract signs to represent syllables
Term
Who simplified cuneiform?
Definition
the Assyrians
Term
What did the invention of writing cause?
Definition
1 a knowledge explosion
2 libraries to be formed
3 history recorded
4 literature recorded
Term
What laws were developed to establish social order?
Definition
the code of Hamurabi
Term
How is the trade mark invented?
Definition
Through the use of mesopotamaian cylinder seal
Term
What was the mesopotamaian cylinder seal?
Definition
a cylindrical stone with images etched into their surfaces, rolled across damp clay and left impression
Term
When did the Meso civilization reach its Zenith?
Definition
the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar (562 BC)
Term
In 562BC what city state became the richest?
Definition
Babylon
Term
Who did Babylon fall to in 538 BC?
Definition
Persians
Term
Wehre is the gift of visuable languge passed after the fall of Babylon?
Definition
to the Phonecians and the Egyptians
Term
The Egyptian pictoral system?
Definition
hieroglyphics
Term
How did the phonecians replace the complexity of cuneiform?
Definition
with simple phonetic sounds
Term
hieroglyph is greek for what?
Definition
sacred writing
Term
When is the earliest known date of hieroglyphs?
Definition
3100 BC
Term
When was the last known hieroglyph inscription?
Definition
394AD after Egypt became a Roman colony
Term
What is a deterninative?
Definition
A key fixture, bracket like symbol containing sounds or phonograms of important names
Term
What did Napolean's troops find in 1799 and how?
Definition
they found the rosetta stone while they were digging a foundation for an addition to a fortification in the egyptian town of Rossetta
Term
What is the rosetta stone?
Definition
black stone written in two languages and three scripts
1 Egyptian Hieroglyphics
2 Egyptian Demotic script
3 Greek
Term
What did Dr. Thomas Young in 1819 point out?
Definition
The direction in which the animals face is the direction in which the text should be read?
Term
In 1822 what contribution did Jean-Francois Champollion make?
Definition
compared a photo of an obelisk with the rosetta stone and found
1 Glyphs often function as phonemic sounds
2 Sounded out other glyphs until he had a dozen hieroglyphic translations
Term
What did Campollions books enable other to do?
Definition
enabled other Egyptologists to unlock the mysteries of Egyptian History and Culture
Term
By the time of the new kingdom how many hieroglyphs were being used?
Definition
over 700
Term
Of the 700 hieroglyphs during the new kingdom how many were phonograms and how many were pictographs?
Definition
600 phongrams
100 pictographs
Term
How was the first form of paper developed and what was it called?
Definition
Papyrus make form the stem of a cyperus papyrus plant
Term
Where did the Cyperus papyrus plant grow?
Definition
Along the Nile in shallow marshes and pools
Term
How was papyrus made?
Definition
1 Rind peeled away
2 Cut into strips
3 Laid side by side
4 Second layer laid perpindicular
5 Soaked in Nile
6 Pressed
7 Dried in the sun
8 Smoothed with ivory stone
7 Hammered
Term
What acted as a adhesive in the papyrus paper?
Definition
The sap in the stem
Term
How many different grades of papyrus were made?
Definition
8
Term
How tall were the tallest sheets?
Definition
49 cm. 20 sheets pasted together into a scroll
Term
What is the book of the Dead?
Definition
1st person narrative by the deceased that is placed in their tomb
Term
Who would be commision to write a book of the Dead?
Definition
scribe or artist
Term
What was the purpose of the book of the Dead?
Definition
To help the comissioner triumph over the dangers of the underworld in the tomb, final judgements were rendered
Term
What was the purpose of the book of the Dead?
Definition
To help the comissioner triumph over the dangers of the underworld in the tomb, final judgements were rendered
Term
What was the purpose of the book of the Dead?
Definition
To help the comissioner triumph over the dangers of the underworld in the tomb, final judgements were rendered
Term
What would royal family members comission to have done?
Definition
Cave wall paintings
Term
What did the Egyptians and Sumerians use to mark their property?
Definition
cylinder seals
Term
What were used as identification seals?
Definition
scarab seals
Term
What were scarab stones?
Definition
oval stones of glazed steatite carved into the likeness of a scarab beetle, with the underside inscribed with a hieroglyphic inscription to be used as a stamp
Term
Is Chinese caligraphy and alphabet?
Definition
no, it is purely visual art
Term
How did paper become invented?
Definition
- Ts'ai Lun, a high gov. official - but may not have invented it
- Started as strips of wood that were too heavy
-peices of silk, to expensive.
-Finally natural fibers including bark and hemp and rags
- Beaten to pulp
- Strained
- Pressed
- Dried
Term
How did paper become invented?
Definition
- Ts'ai Lun, a high gov. official - but may not have invented it
- Started as strips of wood that were too heavy
-peices of silk, to expensive.
-Finally natural fibers including bark and hemp and rags
- Beaten to pulp
- Strained
- Pressed
- Dried
Term
How did paper become invented?
Definition
- Ts'ai Lun, a high gov. official - but may not have invented it
- Started as strips of wood that were too heavy
-peices of silk, to expensive.
-Finally natural fibers including bark and hemp and rags
- Beaten to pulp
- Strained
- Pressed
- Dried
Term
What is the oldest surviving manuscript?
Definition
The Diamond Sutra 868 AD
Term
What are the two theories of the origin of printing?
Definition
1 Chap Theory- engraved seals, impressions in soft clay, inked, printed.

2 Stone Rubbing- China, insriptions made in stone and then did ink rubbings
Term
Where was movable type invented?
Definition
China
Term
When was movable type invented?
Definition
1023-1063 AD
Term
How was movable type created?
Definition
Pi Shang
1.Independant characters cut from clay and
2 heated over straw to make hard
3 Wax coating put on iron form
4 Type characters set into it
5 Full form fired
Term
What is the phaistos Disk?
Definition
-made in 2000BC,
-terra cotta disk about 6.5 inches in diameter,
- 241 signs
- Created by minoan culture
Term
Describe the Minoan culture?
Definition
- on island of Crete
- used pic. symbols as early as 2800BC
Term
Why did the Greeks use the word byblos for papyrus?
Definition
Their papyrus came through the port of Byblos. The English word bible came from here
Term
How was the Greek alphabet developed?
Definition
-1000bc-700bc
- Had Phonecian alphabet, unclear how
- Change 5 consonants to vowels
- To versions to begin
- Ionic version became standard
Term
How was the Greek alphabet developed?
Definition
-1000bc-700bc
- Had Phonecian alphabet, unclear how
- Change 5 consonants to vowels
- To versions to begin
- Ionic version became standard
Term
Describe the appearance of the Greek alphabet?
Definition
altered teh phoenicial characters into art forms, use horizontal, vertical, and curved diagonal strokes.
Term
Why were Roman manuscripts called illuminated?
Definition
They were embellished with gold or silver which reflected the light
Term
scriptorium
Definition
writing room in a monastary
Term
Scrittori
Definition
well-scholar who understood Greek and Latin, Functioned as editor and art director
Term
Illuminator
Definition
illustrator or artist respondsible for the execution of ornament and image in visual support of the text
Term
Colophon
Definition
insription in book or manuscript, contains facts about production, scribe, designer, oralater and printer
Term
Why did the monastatic leaders want elaborate ornamentation on religious texts?
Definition
help further understanding, creating mystical and spiritual overtones
Term
What event led to the tragic loss of much of ancient literature?
Definition
The great Greek library was destroyed by fire.
Term
How and where was the present day comic book prefigured?
Definition
scrolls that survived the Greek fire, showed small simple illustrations were inserted into the text
Term
What is the oldest manuscript from the late antique and early Christian era?
Definition
Watican Virgil
2-3 great poems of Vergilios Marco
Georgies and Aenid
Term
What was the Caroline graphic renewal?
Definition
Writing and illustrations had become sloppy
Charlemagne demanded reform
Sribes got together standardized
Went out and taught it
Term
What contributions did Spain make to book production>
Definition
Ilustrations that are richly colored geometric designs and intricate patterns
Term
What happened on New Year's Eve AD 999
Definition
People all over waited for the final judgment, believing it was the end of the world
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