PREHISTORIC

TIMES

The first counselors were medicine men or Shaman.

They used a surgical approach, called trephining to 

deal with mental illness.  They drilled or scraped holes in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape!!

GREEKS

AND ROMANS EXPLANATIONS OF MENTAL ILLNESS

1) A BIOLOGICAL APPROACH-BEGINNINGS OF MEDICAL EXPLANATION

2) A SOCIETAL ISSUE-FORERUNNER OF LOOKING AT BEHAVIOR PHILOSOPHICALLY

3) ONE'S PERSPECTIVE-BEGINNING OF WELLNESS PERSPECTIVE

THROUGHOUT HISTORY THERE HAS BEEN A DISTINCTION BETWEEN HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY BEHAVIOR:

HOW WAS DEVIANT BEHAVIOR EXPLAINED?

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR WAS ATTRIBUTED TO DEVILS, DEMONS, OR OTHER EVIL SPIRITS.

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR WAS ALSO ATTRIBUTED TO POOR JUDGMENT AND FAULTY DECISION MAKING.

THE MIDDLE AGES ARE REMEMBERED AS ONE OF THE MOST OPPRESSIVE AND INHUMANE OF TIMES.

THOSE WHO WERE DEVELOPMENTALLY CHALLENGED WERE LABELED AS IDIOTS.

MANY EXORCISMS WERE PERFORMED FOR THOSE WHO DISAGREED WITH CATHOLIC CHURCH.

THE 16TH CENTURY.

BLOOD LETTING WAS USED FREQUENTLY FOR VIOLENT PATIENTS.

USE OF THE WHIRLY CHAIR ALSO TOOK PLACE.

STARTED BY PHILLIP PINEL WHEN HE REMOVED CHAINS OF PATIENTS, CLOTHED THEM, TREATED THEM AS HUMANS.  HE BELIEVED IN MORAL TREATMENT.

PHILLIP

PINEL

• PERSON MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR EARLY MORAL TREATMENT IN U.S.
• BELIEVED PEOPLE COULD CONTROL THEIR MINDS
• STILL USED RESTRAINTS, TRANQUILIZER CHAIR
• FATHER OF AMERICAN PSYCHIATRY
• FIRST TO BELIEVE THAT MENTAL ILLNESS WAS A DISEASE OF THE MIND, NOT DEMON POSSESSION.

WILLIAM TUKE

• MORAL KINDNESS MOVEMENT
• ENGLISH BUSINESSMAN AND PHILANTHROPIST WHO WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN DEVELOPMENT OF MORE HUMANE TREATMENT METHODS OF THOSE WITH MENTAL DISORDERS
• A QUAKER, HE TOOK THE LEAD IN QUAKER EFFORTS TO DEVELOP MORE HUMANE ALTERNATIVES
• OPENED THE YORK RETREAT WHICH BECOME KNOWN AROUND THE WORLD AS MORE HUMANE APPROACH THAT UTILIZED PSYCHOLOGICALLY BASED APPROACHES

• SIGMUND FREUD
• REJECTED MEDICAL TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS
• DEVELOPED TALKING TREATMENT

DEVELOPED FIRST CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR MENTAL ILLNESS?

(FORERUNNER OF DSM IV-TR)

WHO FOUNDED EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE FIRST EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LAB?

IT WAS BROUGHT TO AMERICA BY WILLIAM JAMES

ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY AROSE AS AN __________ FIELD TO ADDRESS QUESTIONS RELATED TO THE INVESTIGATION OF THE _________

AND _________ BY APPLYING THE METHODS OF SCIENCE.

ACADEMIC

MIND 

BEHAVIOR

DORTHEA DIX

•  
  • foremost advocate for the humane care of the mentally ill during the 19th century. Her efforts are credited with the establishment of 32 state mental hospitals throughout the United States.

FOUNDER OF HULL HOUSE

• JANE ADDAMS
• FIRST AMERICAN WOMAN TO WIN NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
• WORKED WITH IMMIGRANTS, POOR, DESTITUE

BIRTH OF COUNSELING

WHAT 3 EVENTS WITHIN 3 YEARS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COUNSELING??

1. SYSTEMIZED GUIDANCE SET UP IN SCHOOLS BY JESSE B. DAVIS
2. AMERICAN MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT FOUNDED BY CLIFFORD BEER, A FORMER MENTAL INSTITUTION PATIENT
3. FATHER OF GUIDANCE MOVEMENT, FRANK PARSON, STARTED WORKING WITH YOUNG PEOPLE IN CHOOSING PROFESSION

4 IMPORTANT EVENTS OF 1910

THINK GUIDANCE....

1. First city wide school guidance program
2. First university level course in school guidance
3. NVGA (National Vocational Guidance Association) was the FIRST NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN COUNSELING! Journal of Counseling and Development
4. Birth of the testing movement (Stanford Binet developed in 1906, army developed Army Alpha and Army Beta to classify recruits.

1920S

BECAUSE OF THE MOVE OUT OF SCHOOLS NONSCHOOL GUIDANCE CENTERS BEGAN

E.G. WILLIAMSON

THE THEORY WAS VERY DIRECTIVE AND COUNSELOR CENTERED.

• THE ARMY'S TESTING OF RECRUITS LED TO THE DISCOVERY THAT 1 MILLION MEN WERE REJECTED DUE TO MENTAL ILLNESS
• THOSE RETURNING FROM WAR DEALING WITH SHELL SHOCK (PTSD)
• VA BEGAN PUTTING MONEY INTO TRAINING/INTERNSHIPS ONLY GIVEN TO PHDS
• WOMEN ALSO RETURNED TO WORK SO VOCATIONAL COUNSELING HAD TO BE REASSESSED.

1952

AMERICAN PERSONNEL AND GUIDANCE ASSOCIATION (APGA)

• SPUTNIK WAS LAUNCHED
• NDEA WAS ESTABLISHED TO ID STRONG MATH AND SCIENCE STUDENTS, THUS THE BIRTH OF SCHOOL COUNSELING

WHEN DID WE BEGIN TO SEE THE GROWTH OF GROUP COUNSELING MOVEMENT?

Think Free Love with lots of partners...:)

• BEGINNING OF DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION
• OPENING OF COMMUNITY CENTERS PROVIDING MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT

APGA PUBLISHED ITS FIRST CODE OF ETHICS WHEN?

HINT.....DECADE AFTER APGA CAME INTO EXISTENCE...

FORMATION OF THE AMCHA WITHIN APGA....TELL ME WHEN, PLEASE...

HINT...20 YEARS AFTER FORMATION OF APGA

WHAT NASTY MOVE ON PSYCHOLOGISTS PART LED TO THE FIRST COUNSELOR LICENSURE 

LAW IN 1976?

ACES

ASSOCIATION FOR COUNSELOR EDUCATION AND SUPERVISION

CACREP IS AN ACCREDITING ORGANIZATION FOUNDED IN 1981 BY THE ACA TO DEVELOP, IMPLEMENT, AND MAINTAIN STANDARDS OF PREP FOR GRAD LEVEL COUNSELING PROGRAMS. ADVANTAGEOUS WITH LICENSURE BOARDS

COUNCIL FOR THE ACCREDITATION OF COUNSELING AND RELATED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

WHAT IS C Σ I?

CHI SIGMA IOTA FOR US NON GREEK SPEAKERS

INTERNATIONAL HONOR SOCIETY THAT VALUES ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL EXCELLENCE IN COUNSELING

3.5 GPA REQUIRED

AACD

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT

oh my geezl...pick a name and stick with it.

WHEN DID COUNSELING BECOME A DISTINCT PROFESSION?

THINK BIG HAIR, FLASHDANCE, TRANS AMS...

YUP...THE 80S

BEFORE THIS COUNSELING WAS AN ACTIVITY THAT THERAPEUTIC PROFESSIONALS DID...NOT A SEPARATE PROFESSION.

LOBBYING OF THE JOINT COMMISSION ON INTERPROFESSIONAL AFFAIRS...

Psychologists, Psychiatrists, Psychiatric Nurses and Social Workers are not playing nice and want all the big dollars for themselves....

SELFISH BASTARDS!

HERE WE GO AGAIN...

APGA CHANGED TO AACD IN THE 80S...

WHEN DID AACD CHANGE NAME AND TO WHAT??

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COUNSELOR DEVELOPMENT CHANGED THEIR NAME TO THE AMERICAN COUNSELING ASSOCIATION IN 1992!!!

19 DIVISIONS

BUILT ON DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

FOCUS ON MENTAL HEALTH

Yea for them....its been almost 20 years and they've stuck with a name.

WHEN DID THE TOPICS OF DIVERSITY, MULTICULTURALISM, AND SPIRITUALITY BEGAN TO BE STRESSED/ADDRESSED?

HINT...DECADE IN WHICH WE GAVE BIRTH...

1990S:)

So.....we had babies and began to need more spirituality....

As far as personal connection to diversity/multiculturalism...I think this is when I began dating Denzel....or tried to anyway.

NIMH

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH

RESEARCH ORGANIZATION DEVOTED TO STUDY OF MENTAL ILLNESS...GREAT WEB SITE...

NIMH · Home

2000s

We were waiting on the Californians....last ones in.

What is the new consensus definition of counseling?

2000s

COUNSELING IS A PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP

THAT EMPOWERS DIVERSE INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES AND GROUPS

TO ACCOMPLISH MENTAL HEALTH, WELLNESS, EDUCATION, AND CAREER GOALS

HAD TO BREAK IT DOWN TO HELP ME REMEMBER IT...

3 WAYS WE DIFFER FROM PSYCHOLOGISTS...

BESIDES THE MONEY...

PSYCHOLOGISTS REQUIRE PHD OR PSYD FOR LICENSURE

PSYCHOLOGISTS FOCUSED MORE ON PATHOLOGY

SOME OF TRAINING IS IN AN INPATIENT SETTING

WHAT ARE TWO AREAS IN WHICH COUNSELORS 

HAVE RECENTLY BEEN CHALLENGED?

1. TESTING-PSYCHOLOGISTS SAY THEY OWN THE WORD "TEST."  WE ARE BANNED FROM SOME TESTS, MUST USE THE WORD APPRAISAL OR ASSESSMENT.  OH REQUIRES A SECOND COURSE IN ASSESSMENT AND NKU OFFERS/REQUIRES A SECOND COURSE AS WELL.
2. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS

1. WELLNESS PERSPECTIVE-GOAL IS NOT TO RID CLIENT OF PROBLEMATIC SYMPTOMS BUT TO STRIVE FOR OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING AND MENTAL HEALTH, PREFERS PREVENTION OR EARLY INTERVENTION
2. DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE-PROBLEMS ARE VIEWED AS NORMAL RESPONSES TO ABNORMAL EVENTS.
3. EMPOWERMENT-ENCOURAGING AND FOSTERING INDEPENDENCE OF THE CLIENT FROM THE HELPING RELATIONSHIP; WILL SEE MORE OF THIS AS WE TALK ABOUT SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE WORD COUNSELING ACTUALLY DESCRIBES MANY DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES A COUNSELOR DOES.  ALTHOUGH IT IS ALWAYS AN INTERPERSONAL PROCESS, THE COUNSELING PROCESS MAY VARY DEPENDING ON CLIENT SITUATION......

WHAT ARE 5 PROCESSES THAT MAY BE USED?

1. FACILITATIVE-HEALTHY GROWTH
2. PREVENTIVE
3. REMEDIAL
4. REHABILITATIVE-TAKE WHAT I HAVE LEFT AND HELP ME LIVE SUCCESSFULLY
5. ENHANCING-WORRIED WELL POPULATION

LIST, YES...I SAID LIST... AS MANY AS YOU CAN...

SERVICES OFFERED BY A MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELOR

• Assessment and Diagnosis
• Psychotherapy
• Treatment Planning and Utilization Review
• Brief and Solution Focused Therapy
• Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Treatment-specialty alcoholism track as of 2009
• Psychoeducational and Prevention Programs
• Crisis Management