French writer who studied political liberty. He believed that Britain was the best-governed and politically balanced country (because of it’s division of power through 3 branches- executive, legislative and judicial). He used Britain’s government as a model from which he derived the idea of checks and balances, which became the basis of the U.S Constitution.

Writer Francois Marie Arouet used pen name “Voltaire”. He fought for freedom of speechAlso fought for religious tolerance and wrote satire against the French government (for which he went to jail twice and was later exiled to England for two years)

Who said this famous quote:

“I don’t agree with anything your saying, but I will defend to my death your right to say it”

The enlightened French philosophers. After the Scientific Revolution, they began to question other aspects of life as well, particularly the government. They believed in reason, progress and liberty.

An Italian philosophe who revolutionized the judiciary system. He argued for the abolition of torture, “innocent until proven guilty”, and the right to a fair trial, and the degree of punishment fitting the degree of the crime. His theories greatly influenced modern systems of justice.

Antifederalists (people who didn’t support the Constitution) wanted to add a bill to defend the rights of citizens, so they added the last 10 amendments to the Constitution, the “Bill of Rights”

The lowest and largest estate of the Estates General. It included the Bourgeoisie, urban workers and peasants (all of which made up 97% of France’s population). The 1^st and 2^nd estate could over rule the 3^rd estate. The 3^rd estate requested to do voting by numbers, which would give them the majority. This was promptly denied and the 3^rd estate broke off into hat they called the “National Assembly”

people who fled France during the French Revolution. Was mostly people who had land and privilege before the revolution. (Royals, priests, nobles)

August 26, 1789, the National Assembly adopted this declaration. It affirmed the collapse in aristocratic privileges by ending tax exemptions. It gave men freedom, equal rights and access to public office based on talent. It also stated that all citizens must be part of the legislative process.

Was born in Corsica 1769. When the revolution broke out in 1789 he was a lieutenant. Became a brigadier for the Committee of Public safety in 1794. Gained control of France 1799, controlled entire executive authority as first consul (he appointed members of administrative bureaucracy, commanded army and conducted foreign affairs). Was named consul for life in 1802. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I, returning France to a monarchy. His rule lasted from 1799-1815

economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and make a private profit. Making the wealthy richer and increasing the class gap.

He was largely influenced by enlightened ideas, so he was strongly opposed the old Regime in France. His followers called him the “Incorruptible”. Elected to the Estates General in 1789 (extreme left wing). 1791 he became the public accuser. In 1792, he resigned, and started the committee of public safety ,  and he was instrumental during the Reign of Terror, which ended in his execution in 1794.

Clemence Von Matternich wanted to restore the Old Regime by taking away all enlightened ideas and restoring all powers from before the French Revolution and Napoleon.

The individual production of cotton, which was the collected and centralized.

when someone has control over enough of a certain product to determine who has access to it.

the period between Napoleon’s return from exile on Elba to the 20^th of March 1815 (treaty of paris), the 100 day period included the Waterloo campaign and the war of the seventh coalition.

German, born from Jewish parents (converted to Protestantism). Studied philosophy and joined a circle that followed Hegel’s thoughts. Moved to Paris and met Freidrich Engels (son of wealthy German factory owner), they united in their mutual hatred of the inhumane nature of capitalism and spent their lives attacking it. Created Marxism, they believed that economic forces drove history and once the means of production changed, an era changed to a complete opposite era.. Thought that if workers controlled their own work, there would be no conflict.

Guangxu’s aunt. She was opposed to Guangxu’s reforms. When her nephew was younger she had ruled through him for two decades, so she held a lot of power in the court. She took his new reforms as a British- supported effort to reduce her influence. She arrested several conservative reformers, ending the “One Hundred Days of Reform”

“The White Man’s Burden” a poem by Rudyard Kipling. Was a justification for imperialism and how it was the white man’s duty to spread “civilization” to others despite the costs involved.

King of Belgium established a colony in the Congo to help recognize Belgium as a colonial power by the Berlin Conference.

: U.S secretary of state, John Hay presented a proposal to ensure equal economic access to the China market for all states, suggested that all powers join together to guarantee territorial/administrative integrity of the Chinese Empire. An argument to deter other countries from taking advantage of China’s weakness.

palace in which the king, Louis XVI lived. Was a symbol for the Royal’s extravagance and luxury while the common people suffered. During the French Revolution, the king and queen were forced to move out of Versailles because so many threats were being posed to it by French citizens.

Business governed by supply and demand, not under the control of government interference or regulation.

during the latin American revolutions, a large population of Africans lived in Haiti. They were treated even more poorly than the latin Americans by the Europeans, they were at the bottom of the “chain”, in which Europeans were the top.

when a more powerful establishes an economically, culturally and territorially unequal relationship with another territory, usually in the for of an Empire. The age of Imperialism is when more powerful countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy and Japan would go into less advanced or weaker countries and take what they wanted.

A French philosopher and writer during the enlightenment. Created the first encyclopedia

“let it be” in French, regards government presence in economics. People in the enlightenment wanted to have freedom from their government and be independent.

a living room or parlor where enlightenment thinkers met to discuss or debate.

The document of the American Revolution that declared Independence from Great Britain’s rule.

:   A battle fought by Napoleon in Belgium where he was defeated. It ended the Hundred Days for Napoleon and he was sent into exile, liberating France from his rule.

In charge of the Congress of Vienna, from Austria. He orchestrated Real Politik .

:  a peace conference held in 11814 of diplomats and monarchs to negotiate settlement of Europe. It determined the new rule of Europe after the fall of Napoleon and the French Revolution, decided to go back to Old Regime (legitimacy)

:  Real Politik, is realism where government has the power to give people restrictions. System was used in the Congress of Vienna to control riots and revolutions within individual states.

Spanish born citizens or pure people. They are at the top of the pyramid in Spanish colonies. They are the religious leaders and monarchs of the colonies.

Largest and lowest caste in Spanish colonies in the Americas.

New crops, new methods and techniques of farming. Brought new world crops such as corn and the potato which led to urbanization and later the Industrial Revolution.

Belief that individual happiness should be incorporated into a government and that the government should exercise minimal control over people. Resulted unsuccessful when executed.

The educated wealthy upper middle class. Controlled the means of production: land, labor, loot (3 L’s)

land 

loot

labor

:  Convened by Bismarck, a conference for “ground rules” for future annexations of African Territories.

A rebellion against the British conducted by the Indians (Indian War of  Independence)

societies that adapted to changing circumstances would survive and prosper governed by “survival of the fittest”. Used in the formation of the new colonies by the European Imperialist Powers.

Rebellion due to pressing internal problems for the Qing dynasty. Led to major peasant revolt that affected the “foundations” of the empire.

: Hindu activist, member of the Indian National Congress. Fought for the independence and identity of India.

Agreement of Chinese on British Terms. Chinese agreed to open coastal ports to British trade and grant other British privileges, including extraterritorial rights.

a ruler with absolute control, also called a despot. They were common during the middle Ages and did not afford many rights to their subjects.

A committee of 12 Jacobins also led by Robespierre, that the National Convention formed and gave most of their power to. They called the levee en masse, established the Law of Suspect and began the Reign of Terror. They sent thousands of people to the guillotine and essentially controlled the country through fear.

:  The system of diplomatic cooperation designed by Metternich. He wanted enlightened despotism, and it was used to stop the spread of enlightened ideas. Helped abolish the new governments in place after Napoleon and the French Rev. and returned Europe to it’s original monarchies.

: A small group of the members of the Legislative Assembly, they were lawyers and members of a debate club. Led by Robespierre, they were extreme radicals. They later formed the National Convention and became the leaders of the revolution.

What the third estate declared themselves when Louis XVI refused to allow them to vote by numbers. They made the Tennis Court Oath and the Declaration of Rights of the Man and the Citizen. The creation of the N. Assembly also sparked the storming of the Bastille.

The idea of people succeeding based on their talents rather than their social class or birth.

Also known as grievances, they were complaints to Louis XVI from the third estate. Moral/ religious complaints, economic complaints as well as complaints based in enlightened ideas. Louis ignored all these complaints, forcing the people to take action.

Five directors that acted as the executive authority for the new Constitution of 1795. They ruled from 1795- 1799. The directory was corrupt and unpopular; both left wing radicals and right wing conservatives hated them. Their dependence on  military power made it easily accessible for Napoleon to stage his coup d’etat  and take power in 1799.

An island off the coast of Italy where Napoleon was exiled by the enemies of France after his disastrous defeat in Russia. He sailed back to France and began a period called the “100 Days”

Started newspaper called “L’amis de people” it was the “radical voice of Paris”. He published weekly lists of people to be killed by the guillotine, he publicized and endorsed it. He was one of the first influential radicals to be killed. He was stabbed by Corday in his bathtub.

A former slave who rose up to become a skilled general and diplomat.  He managed to free all the enslaved Africans by 1801.  He led the revolution and brought freedom to Haiti.  Napoleon tried to remove him from power and sent him to the Alps.

A wealthy Argentinean who declared Argentinean independence and then led an army into Chile and freed Chile.  He gave up his army to Bolivar, who continued this fight for freedom from the Spanish.

Adam Smith’s economic theory that the government should not be involved in the economy. There has not been any true laissez-faire government, it is merely hypothetical.

During the Industrial Revolution, people began to work in factories powered by steam engines and new technology.  These factories were unsafe and many workers became seriously injured and unhealthy due to their work.  The factory also allowed for mass production.

Britain used up much of its natural resources during the Industrial Revolution due to mass production.  Because of this they had a need for more natural resources and looked for new markets and colonies from which they could take natural resources.

Also known as the Manchu dynasty, at its height in 1800.  Under the rule of two emperors, Kangxi and Qianlong, China experienced peace and prosperity.  It had secure borders and extremely prominent cultural and intellectual achievements.

Also known as “association.”  One method of colonization in cooperation with the local government.  Old political entities were given economic rewards or positions of power so the imperialists ruled through local elites.  This system worked best on a small scale.  People could keep their old customs and culture.

A piece of land overpowered by another country.  It must work to produce goods for the mother country and trade with its mother country.  Sometimes, there were settlement colonies in which people from the mother country moved to the colony.  Britain often used these.

Often, colonization and imperialism were met with resistance, especially if the nation had been a longstanding civilization.  The imperialists would then use direct rule and overpower the civilization completely using their superior weapons.

The force driving Indian Resistance.  There were two branches of Indian Nationalists: those in favor of modernization and those in favor of independence.  Those in favor of modernization believed that without modernizing, India would be weak and easy to conquer, so the country should use the British presence to modernize and then get rid of them.  Gokhale supported this.  Those in favor of independence saw freedom as the top priority and believed that modernization could come later.  Some resisted the modernization altogether and made their own clothing, like Gandhi with his dhoti.