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| Put forward in 1863, it was President Abraham Lincoln’s proposal for an “easy” peace with the Southern States once the Civil War was done. |
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| Put forward in 1864, it was the Radical Republicans proposal for a “hard” peace with the Southern States once the Civil War was done. |
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| (1808-1875 CE) The 17th President of the United States (1865-1869) who was impeached on charges brought by Congressional Radical Republicans but acquitted by one vote in 1868. |
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| The deal which resolved the disputed U.S. Presidential election of 1876 by giving the Presidency to the Republicans in exchange for the withdrawal of all Federal troops from the Southern States, effectively ending Reconstruction. |
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| Developed after the Civil War, they created the systematic practice of discriminating against and suppressing African-Americans. |
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| (1856-1915 CE) The African-American Educator who founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881, advocating vocational education and economic opportunity as the best path to equality for the whole of the African-American people. |
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| (1868-1963 CE) The African-American Educator who founded the NAACP and advocated the pursuit of civil rights as the best path to equality for African-Americans, particularly the elite which he called “the talented tenth.” |
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| (c. 1834-1890 CE) The Lakota Shaman who helped lead his people to victory against the United States 7th Cavalry at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876. |
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| (c. 1849-1877 CE) The Lakota War Chief who helped lead his people to victory against the United States 7th Cavalry at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876. |
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| (1839-1876 CE) The United States Army officer whose recklessness and dereliction of duty led to the defeat and annihilation of his troops by the Lakota at the Battle of Little Big Horn. |
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Battle of Little Big Horn |
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| (1876 CE) The battle which resulted in the massacre of the 7th US Cavalry commanded by George Custer by Lakota warriors. |
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| (c. 1840-1904 CE) The Nez Perce leader who conducted a brilliant but unsuccessful retreat from the US Army in 1877 CE. |
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| (1829-1909 CE) The Apache leader who led an extended guerilla war against both the United States and Mexico from 1876 to 1886. |
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| (1890 CE) The battle which resulted in the massacre of approximately 200 Lakota men, women and children by the US 7th Cavalry. |
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| (1883 CE) The United States Supreme Court case which held that Congress had no jurisdiction over discrimination by private individuals and/or private organizations, thus declaring the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional. |
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| (1896 CE) The United States Supreme Court case which upheld the doctrine of separate but equal as the justification for segregation of the races. |
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| Founded in 1867 CE, it was an association of American farmers which advanced their economic and political interests in competition with big business. |
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| Beginning in the nineteenth century CE, a political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the elites of society. |
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| (1839-1937 CE) The American businessman who amassed great wealth and power with the creation of the Standard Oil trust. |
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| (1835-1919 CE) The Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who amassed great wealth and power with the creation of the steel trust. |
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| (1837-1913 CE) The American financier who amassed great wealth and power through the financing of trusts, particularly the consolidation of the U.S. Steel corporation in 1901. |
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Wabash, St. Louis, & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois |
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| (1886 CE) The United States Supreme Court case which held that only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce and thus states could not regulate rail rates. |
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Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad |
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| (1886 CE) The United States Supreme Court case which held that corporations were “persons” within the meaning of the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. |
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| (1840-1914CE) The US Navy Admiral who published The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 in 1890 CE, giving impetus to American expansionism. |
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| (1855-1925 CE) The American politician, Governor and U.S. Senator from Wisconsin who was the foremost leader of the Progressive Movement. |
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| The political movement in the United States beginning in the late nineteenth century CE which advocated reforms in child labor, workers’ rights, women’s rights, temperance, and the control of trusts. |
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| (1863-1951 CE) The American newspaper and magazine publisher who created the world’s largest publishing empire and whose sensationalist reporting led to the Spanish-American War. |
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| The name giving the United States Army Volunteer Cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War. |
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| The position of the United States, beginning in the nineteenth century CE, calling for free trade for all nations in China. |
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| The British Oceanliner which was advertised as unsinkable, yet struck an iceberg on its maiden voyage in 1912 CE, going down in the North Atlantic with the loss of 1517 lives. |
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| (1856-1924 CE) The 28th President of the United States who led America into World War I and won the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his attempts to create a lasting peace after that conflict. |
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| (c. 1877-1923 CE) The Mexican bandit and revolutionary whose raids into the United States led to an American invasion of Mexico. |
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| The pre-World War I alliance of Britain, France and Russia. |
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| The pre-World War I alliance of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy. |
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| The pre-World War I German plan for winning a two-front war by concentrating its forces against France first, and then moving against Russia next. |
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| The name of the unit composed of American fighter pilots flying for France in World War I prior to American entry into the war. |
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McMahon-Hussein Correspondence |
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| (1915-1916 CE) Letters in which Britain promised to support the creation of an Arab kingdom encompassing all Arab lands, including Palestine, after World War I if the Arabs revolted against Britain’s enemy, the Ottoman Empire. |
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| (1916 CE) The secret agreement between Britain and France dividing up the Middle East between them after World War I, without regard to the desires of the Arab and Jewish peoples |
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| (1917 CE) The document in which Britain promised to support the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine after World War I. |
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| The British Oceanliner which was sunk in 1915 by a German submarine, killing 128 American passengers, contributing to the entry of the United States into World War I. |
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| A communication from the German Foreign Minister to the Mexican government, intercepted and released to the press by British intelligence, offering an alliance and German forces to aid in invading America should the United States enter World War I. |
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| (1860-1948 CE) The American General who commanded the American Expeditionary Force in Europe during World War I. |
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| (1887-1964 CE) The United States Army Sergeant who was America’s foremost hero in World War I, renowned for his single-handed overrunning of German lines. |
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| (1890-1973 CE) The race car driver who became America’s foremost fighter pilot in World War I. |
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| (1918 CE) The agreement between Imperial Germany and the Soviet Union ending World War I on the eastern front, allowing the Germans to concentrate all their forces in a western offensive. |
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| (1918 CE) The battle in which US Marines made a stand against the Germans, losing nearly 7800 men but also stalling the last German offensive of World War I. |
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| (1918 CE) The battle which constituted the first distinctly American offensive in World War I and included the war’s largest aerial assault employing 1481 airplanes. |
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| US President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for a lasting, just peace after World War I, which was ultimately rejected by the victorious allies. |
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| (1850-1924 CE) The United States Senator who led the successful opposition to the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and American entry into the League of Nations. |
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| The post-World War I collective security organization, proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson, which ultimately failed in its mission of securing world peace. |
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