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~900AD
A system of land use, or relationships based on land use in Europe. Peasants and lords exchange labor/land. Lords provide kings with army to conquer in exchange for spoils. Significant because it provided an efficient hierarchical structure in a period where there was no formal government. |
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<1000
Northern European invention that replaced the scratch plow, which couldn't deal with the northern tougher soil.
sig: agriculture, food supply pop growth for 250 years |
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<1000
A scratch plow was attached to an ox with a noose/rope, but the Heavy Plow needed the Horse Collar in order to not choke the animal
Sig: Necessary for heavy plow ... food supply, pop growth |
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1000-1300
Letting land rest while your livestock grazes there, replenishing the soil with their waste
Sig: Food supply, pop growth |
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~ After onset of feudalism in 900
The right of the serf to collect wheat that's close to the ground that remained on in the fields because it was difficult to collect due to technological limitations.
Sig: The invention of the scythe made it easier to collect all the wheat, so gleaning rights went away, leading to peasant uprisings. |
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| Origins in late 9th early 10th |
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| Black Death: another name for? Date? What's the sequence and who is affected how? |
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Bubonic Plague M 14th
Malnutrition and Overpopulation allowed a disease carried by rats to kill up to 40% Europe, spanning almost everywhere on the continent. Farms declined, Peasants revolted, Cities grew. Luxury good demand went up, the church's power was hurt but revenues increased. Monarchies struggled as power shifted. |
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| Hundred Years War Date and quick rundown |
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Definition
M14M15
Charles IV dies without an heir, Edward III tries to claim the throne. France is stronger but England is more successful early on (Battle of Sluys stops French invaders). Charles V (France) recaptures some places. Henry V (England) invades France, signs treaty to become King of France but dies. Joan of Arc (France) gets back captured places. War Ends soon after. |
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| Avignon Papacy when, who are the characters and generally what happened |
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| E14L14. Philip IV of France wants to tax Pope Boniface, marches on the Papacy and Boniface happens to die. Phil maneuvers his new Pope who lets him move the papacy to Avignon. 70 years until the Great Schism. |
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| Augustine of Hippo when who why |
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Definition
| Early 5th century North African Bishop who wrote about Faith/Action and Church/State. His musings had implications on the events transpiring centuries later in Europe (crusades, papacy, etc.) |
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| Investiture Controversy When? Summarize in a sentence? |
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L11th
Pope Gregory VII doesn't want Henry IV (HRE) to be able to appoint bishops because he's a secular leader. Tie in with Augustine of Hippo. |
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| Crusades... When...What...why |
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L11 into the 13th century: 7-9 militaristic adventures ordered by the pope to seize control in the middle east from the Jews and Muslims.
Influential: architecture, art, literature, and previously lost works were brought back. |
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| A term coined by the literate Italians for the rebirth of the culture of Greek and Roman Civ starting in Italy in the M14th. Spawned many influential thinkers like Valla and Machiavelli. |
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| The Printing Press When and Who |
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Definition
| M15, German Johann Gutenberg |
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| M15E16. Catholic Dutch Scholar who wrote critically about the RC Church, even satirically at times. Put REFORM material in the hands of BOTH Catholics and Protestants. Some have said that he laid the egg that Luther hatched, even though Luther denounced his views at one point. |
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| Primary Sources of the Renaissance (just name the 3 people, works and times) |
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Definition
Pico's Oration on the Dignity of Man L15
Durer's two self portraits E16
Luther's The Bondage of the Will E16 |
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| Luther Primary Source: Name, Date, and what it is |
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Definition
The Bondage of the Will E16
Expands on Erasmus. Man's free will to act in a way that will lead to eternal salvation or away from it. |
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| Durer Primary Source: Name, Date, and what it is |
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Two self portraits E16
First one's color painting Christlike renaissance man
Second one's monochrome engraving Despair |
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| Pico Primary Source: Name, Date, and what it is |
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Oration on the Dignity of Man L15
Suggest that the middle ages misjudged human nature. No longer is man living in constant fear, but flourishing in the realization of his power to become what he chooses. |
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| Luther approximate lifespan |
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| "faith alone" trust in Jesus is the only path to salvation. criticism of practices like indulgences... the righteousness that god demands manifests itself in your faith, not your payments to the church, or isolated charitable acts |
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| Luther posted them on the church door in Wittenberg in 1517. He was especially bothered by the idea that people believed salvation could be bought and sold. Approached church officials about reform, but they didn't respond. The theses spread among the public which caused a stir. |
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| Most important belief of the Anabaptists |
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Definition
| Anabaptists were radical protestants who opposed infant baptism in favor of adult baptism because they felt baptism should only happen after great consideration and consent |
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| To the Christian Nobility. When? What did it suggest? What was the outcome? |
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| 1520, wants to break with HRE, 99% of the papal court can be cut without ill effects, reign of the antichrist. In response, the church demands luther be put to trial at the diet of worms |
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| Christian layman who had been protecting Luther behind the scenes that the Church demands deliver Luther to trial at Worms |
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| Diet of Worms, when, who was the high judge, why, outcome |
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| 1521, Luther's Heresy Trial overseen by Charles V, delivered there by Frederick of Saxony. Refuses to take back what he wrote, sentenced to death but kidnapped by Fred's people |
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| What were two of the tenants of Luther's Protestant Reforms |
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Definition
Accessibility: Services in the Vernacular interpreted by a priest if at all
Priests should be called Ministers and be allowed to marry |
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E16 M16
Broke from the RCC to get a divorce because Pope Clement VII wouldn't grant him one. Makes himself King of CoE, grants his divorce sells church land in time of inflation |
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| Henry VIII's wives and kids |
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Definition
Catherine of Aragon = Mary I
Anne Boleyn = Elizabeth I
Jane Seymour = Edward VI |
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M16
Henry VIII's act of Parliament clarifying the CoE's doctrine. |
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| Who does Mary I take the throne from? Who is her mother? Who does she marry? What religious changes does she make? |
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| M16 Her father Henry VIII mother Catherine of Aragon. Philip II of Spain. She and Phil make everything really catholic... Latin mass, celibacy and even gets rid of her own title as Queen of the Church |
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| Who takes over after Mary I? Who are their parents? When? What do they do to the church? |
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| Elizabeth I M/L16. Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Tries to keep everyone happy enough by leaving doctrinal issues vague. Most influential figure in CoE because of the sheer length of her reign. |
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| First period of inflation |
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| Second period of inflation |
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