Slave turned cowboy after Civil War; New Mexico 1908

Discovered ancient bison bones

Proved ppl had been in north America 10,000

• Dispersed marriage in 1530
• Declared himself head of the church of England (Englocan Church)
• Elizabeth became queen

• Roanoke in the Americas --> colony deserted after 1580's
• Financed and organized the colony

• Natural leader
• Supposed love affair with Pocahontas

• Depictions: woman, child, nurturing, sexual, used for sale
• Frequently visited the English
• Held hostage converted to Christianity
• Married John Rolfe
• Birth to a son, Thomas, arrived in England in 1616
• Died in 1617

King James

of England

• Gave 6 million acres for "new" england
• Jamestown
• Took away Virginia Trade Company
• Made Virginia official English Colony in 1624
• Shot down Puritans

Noel Jarduwn

• Jesuit priest
• French Catholic priest
• Zealous about new world b/c of the protestant population in Europe
• Wanted to stake a claim
• In charge of converting Huron Indians

John Winthrop

• Gave famous sermon on voyage to America "City Upon a Hill"

Roger Williams

• Didn't believe in making everyone go to church
• Didn't believe government should have so many rules
• Founded Rhode Island
• "Liberty of Conscience"

Anne Hutchinson

• 14 children; midwife; lived in Boston
• Gave sermons to groups of women
• John Winthrop condemned & banished her
• Went to Rhode Island
• Killed by Indians

• Lead the Puritans during the Puritan Revolution
• 1640's
• Dies in 1658
• Body dug up, was then hung and beheaded

• King James' grandson
• Wanted Quakers gone
• Gives land to William Penn

• Hostage of Nitmuck Indians 1676
• Wrote narrative of her captivity
• America's first best seller

• Bacon's Rebellion
• Attack ALL Indians
• Get as much land as possible
• Started fight b/w elite and poors
• Moved in on Jamestown
• Virginia House of Burgesses gave him the blind eye
• legalized slavery
• died of disetary

• Daughter & niece affected by "witching"

• Titubu --> did not deny
• Bridget Bishop

• Accused of being a wizard
• said nothing during trial
• piled heavy stones on top of him to get him to talk, killed him

• Slave brought over on one of first ships
• 20 years later bought his freedom
• Prosperous farmer who bought black and white slaves
• Saw changes happening in racial views
• Left will to son Richard, b/c he was black could not gain the land
• "...A negro & by consequence an alien"

• Terrified of white man
• Worked for 10 years as a slave in America and then bought his freedom
• wrote autobiography narrative
• wrote on middle passage --> smell the worst thing, could smell the boat 5 miles away

Phillis Wheatley

• First African American poet published

George Washington

Before Presidency

• During 7 years War
• Recruited as messenger for Virginian governor
• Observed & brought back intelligence
• took group west: Fort Ducan; 160 men & Mingo indians sent w/ him

General Braddock (British general)

• Didn't think Indians were a threat
• Ambushed & defeated by Indians
• Bragged to Ben Franklin

• "Sons of Liberty"
• 2-3,000 gathered in Boston for rally they conducted

• 1760
• timid, mentally unstable
• Decides to keep all British soldiers in America
  • Pontiacs Rebellion: justified keeping troops
• Colonists should help pay for war & taxes should be raised
  • Taxes on molasses: rum
• Sugar Act: lowered tax on molasses; any American ship can be boarded & w/ French molasses could be prosecuted
• Stamp Act of 1765
  • All official paper had to be paid for & proved
  • Stamp collectors hired throughout colonies

Patrick Henry

• Virginia House of Burgess
• List of Resolutions of Stamp Act

1. Virginias were British citizens
2. They had same rights as British
3. Self-taxation was one of those rights
4. Virginians had always taxed themselves thru the House of Burgess
5. Thus ONLY the VHB had right to impose taxes on Virginians
6. Taxes imposed outside Virginia were therefore illegitimate
7. Anyone who disagrees = enemy of Virginia

• Discovered with bones with arrowheads in New Mexico
• Over hunting had caused extinction

• George McJunkin
  • Slave turned cowboy after Civil War; New Mexico, 1908
  • Discovered huge bones --> Ancient Bison

Powhatan

• Chief of Werowocomoco tribe 
• Paramount chief of over 30 subordinate chiefdoms, 20,000 people 
• "Keeper of many spirits"
• Died in 1610's

The Atlantic World

I

• Main contact b/w Europeans & Asia was among first international voyage
• Bubonic Plague: 14th century (Black Death)
  • Killed 1/3 of Europeans
  • People died rapidly
  • "silver lining"=fewer ppl, more resources &inherited land
• 1400--> technological advances for water explortation
  • Astrolabe (navigation
  • Printed maps
  • Hour glasses (records of time)

Atlantic World

II

• Colonial Super Powers
  • Spain, Portugal, France, England
• Late 1400's began sailing by sea
  • 1488 first European sailor to sail by sea (Portuguese) First European country to develop ships & navigation to accomplish the sea

Atlantic World

III

• Reconquista--> reconquering (Spain to Islamic Africans)
  • Christian Spaniards torturing these Islamic people
• Mid 1480's --> Ferdinad & Isabella (Spain)
  • Gave Chris Columbus the money to sail
• Year 1000 Vikings had established fishing town in Newfoundland
• 16th century belonged to Spain

• 1521--> Aztec Empire
• Regarded as the most amazing military feat in history
• conquered 1000's of Aztec people w/ only couple 100 men
• Molinany: slave to Aztecs, translator, helped Cortes
• Aztecs thought spaniards were immortal
• Sickness & disease after Spanish arrival; disease is one of most significant aspects in Europeans conquest

• Europe received: food products, tobacco, chocolate, coffee, vanilla, syphilis, potatoes
• From Europe to America: Domestic animals, alcohol, weapons, metal, christianity, wheeled vehicles, Diseases (most important factor in Colombian exchange)
• In less than 100 yrs Native American population fell by 90%
  • Greatest demographic destruction
  • Less labor to the colonial people which led to African enslavement

• Sir Walter Raleigh
  • Roanoke in the Americas--> colony deserted after 1580's
  • Financed & organized by the colony

• Spain believed owned the entire northern U.S.
  • Silver mines
  • 1580's sent armada to conquer the English (1588)
• Early 1600's --> England establishing colony in New World
  • Established joint stock exchange: Virginia Stock Company
• Open land, safety valve, over population, agriculture, wanted to get reich

• England had inaccurate idea of what north America was
  • Ideas of food, space, organization, and clean were FALSE
• Attacked by Indians on first night there
• Jamestown = King James
• Skirmishes b/w English & Powatan warriors
  • Malaria
  • Starvation
• Arrive in April 1607 & don't plant crops; didn't go with a plan of action
  • January another ship arrives
• Captain John Smith
  • Natural born leader

• Fixed term slavery: be there for a period of time and then be free; little power; interest of owner to extend contracts
  • Free trip to north America
• 80% of ppl came as servants
• 1619 first ship sailed with African Americans
• Labor was not about race
• Female servants could not be married
  • Couldn't have two masters

• Purify the church from all traces of Catholicism
• no more rigid church hierarchy
• ordinary citizens to have more control
• emphasis on individuals relationship to God thru prayer and bible study

The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• 1630
• Wanted to reform church of England within
• John Winthrop--> gave famous sermon on voyage to America "City Upon a Hill"
• 20,000 ppl in Mass. colony
• Preachers skewed ration to "ordinary" ppl
• Puritans came from middle ranks of cultures
• Lots of women & children
• Hierarchy according to sex, even in family
• Calvinism was a basis of puritanisms
  • An idea that the future is set
• Vigilant Rules
  • Viewing the sabbath strictly, attend church
• Some separation of church & state; didn't want government to correct church officials
• simple lives

• Began leaving for America in 1620
  • Pilgrims, the Mayflower
• Plymouth Colony
• 1/2 of original settlers died within few months
• Native Americans --> Skwanto & Smeret
• Evidence of feast
•  stabilize by 1630
• Separates from England completely

• Once in America don't have a clear cut enemy
  • Room for disagreement
• Roger Williams
  • Didn't believe in making everyone go to church
• Puritans didn't believe in tolerance in everyone else
  • Roger Williams kicked out, founded Rhode Island, said "liberty of conscience"

• Immigration slows from England in 1640's
• Mass. establishes itself with other places & begins harvesting timber & fish
• population grows
• Beliefs got less zealous
• No longer completely loyal to Puritan church
  • clothing & culture became less rigid

• Pennsylvania --> God loving all, female preachers, "no sex in the soul"
• Believed God spoke directly to every one
• King Charles II wanted quakers gone
  • Gives land to William Penn
  • 8,000 flocked to colony -->Pennsylvania
  • Port of Philadelphia
  • Made cream cheese
  • Penn wanted to live peacefully w/ Indians

• Virginia 
• "Wild West"
• Development of Colonial societies 

• New France
• Canadian furs popular because their fur was thicker b/c of colder climates

• Philip "King Philip"
• Led Algonkin fight against the English
• Educated for a time in English schools
• Originally thought everyone should get along, but European encroachment withdrew that thought
• Early 1670's English made Philip give up control of his area

• Murder of this Indian became the spark that ignited the King Philip's War
• Philip warned the English government about Sassamon
• Found him murdered in a lake
• Trials for two Indians involved in witchcraft

• Some believed the name was inadequate 
  • Puritan Conquest, Metacoms Rebellion, Indian Civil War
• 1675 Philip & people began attacking outskirting towns moving towards Boston
• Indian women and children went to a swamp to take cover for winter, all were killed in Great Swamp Massacre
• Iriqoui refused to help Philip
• By the summer, Philips Army is sick
  • Philip is shot & killed
• More ppl died in this war than in any other in America
• Algonkian population drastically & permantely reduced

• 1691 literal fortune telling; young girls mostly
• Winter--> Girl broke an egg in a glass of water one girl fainted after seeing coffin
• Rev. Samuel Parris
  • Daughter & niece affected by fad
  • Tituba baked a witch cake from flour and urine of the girls bewitched
• Winter 1692
  • 3 women accused-->beggar, old woman, tituba (did not deny)
• Witchcraft meant signing a deal with the devil
  • Social vulnerability
• Girls began behaving more strangely when accused were in jail
• No trials b/c Mass. was b/w charters
• First trial June 1692
  • Bridget Bishop-->found guilty and hanged

• Witchcraft

• Came to Salem during the Witch Trials
• Thought evidence was too scanty
• Cotton Mather wrote whole pamphlet on witch trials
• February 1693--> Killings cooled & accusations stopped

• Most accusers lived in Salem Village
• Witches lived more near Salem Town (near water)
  • Transportation, trade, a port city
  • more worldly, well-off
• Salem Village had to fight for own church
  • Rev. Samuel Parris; liked by farmers
  • Salem Towners found him old-fashioned

• Did racial prejudice lead to the existence of African slavery?
• Did African slavery lead to the existence of racial prejudice?
• Anthony Johnson
  • Slave brought over on one of first ships
  • 20 years later bought his freedom
  • prosperous farmer who bought white & black slaves
  • saw changes happening in racial view; left will to son Richard & because he was black he couldn't gain the land
  • "...a negroe & by consequence an alien"

Slave Trading in West Africa

• Slavery not always defined as slavery usually defined by economic class, losers of a war, religion, language, nationality
• 14th century Mali: prosperous kingdom in Africa; Timbuktu being the popular capital
• Geopolitical changes caused the fall down of a successful Africa
• Portuguese got involved first w/ Africans
• Slave raiders were other Africans
• Varieties of slavery already in affect in Africa before Europeans arrived
  • Raiders captured quietly & usually at night
  • Forced marches by the raiders--> one man arrived, one died
  • Slaves separated once arriving at camps
• Europeans gave slave raiders: manufactored goods: guns, pottery
  • Result was long term stagnation
  • Weakened Africa when European factors moved in for colonial communities
• Importation of African slaves until 1870's

• Sugar = must crop
• Columbus introduced sugar on 2nd voyage
• West Indies accumulated many slaves
• Needed land, machinary, & labor to create sugar plantation
• Barbados became a popular island

Slave Society

• Fundamentally dependent upon slavery
• Fundamentally defined by slavery & the recail distinctions that sustain it

• Colonial members invented slave laws
  • A child was bond or free according to his mother
  • Christian baptism did not result in freedom
  • Masters could not be punished for violence against slaves
  • no legal marriage
  • no rights, property, courts, protection of law
  • laws increasingly distinguished b/w white and black
• British were aware of Africans before slavery; the question can be answered with both questions
• cultural barriers fell away as time went on in colonial era, but English still believed that Africans were born to be slaves

• Rise to commerce
• Enlightenment, new way of understanding based on science & work
• God had made the world based on natural lawas
• Religion --> secular pursuits, the Great Awakening (George Whitfiled) invention of baptist
• West, spanish, horses to Native Americans in the West
• French settlements low on population

• British & Americans fighting against French & Indians
• Lasted 1754-1763; ending in American win in 1761
• New England was hotspot for war
  • Bordering nations
• All 13 colonies receiving threats
• French fur traders creating allegiances with Native Americans
  • French region not very populated by the french
• New England colonies wanted to expand into French territory
• French build forts near Pennsylvania & Virginia borders
• George Washington became messenger for governor of Virginia 

• 1765
• All official papers had to be paid for & proved 
• Stamp collectors hired throughout colonies
• Collectors were tarred and feathered 

• Colonists were being taxed without having a voice in the voting
• Patrick Henry & his 7 rules
• Defy the law
• Boycott official paper
• Disturb the source of the stamps
• Sam Adams & John Hancock "sons of liberty"
  • 2-3,000 gathered in Boston for rally the conducted
  • government message--> weren't as strong as they thought
  • ordinary ppl could have impact
• Demonstrations became popular
  • Thomas Hutchinson--> home attacked (torn down)
  • messages of intimidation/violence
• No one volunteered for stamp collector job

• Daughters of Liberty
• Woman made personally sacrifices, except for tea
• Example of a woman who took over the work with the man gone in war
• Nurses, spies, seamstresses

• Sam Adams & John Hancock

• The British sent more troops in March 1770
• Group taunted the British; americans throwing snowballs filled with rocks
• Crispus Attucks; Black father, native american mother; free man, rope maker, one of the 9 who died
• British soldiers jailed for own protection

• Natural increase --> Birth
• Low death rate
• women had shorter life expectancies than men
• If spouse died, you were likely to remarry quickly
• in 1700 big majority of ppl were british

• Almost everyone lived near the coast
• Middle of 18th century ppl spread out
• New England stayed more English b/c new immigrants went other places
• Next generations didn't do as well
• Those involved w/ trade did well

• Yale 1701 
• Born in Boston
• Father--> candle soap maker
  • Took ben out of school to help him
  • Ben pledged to serve as brothers apprentice till he was 21 as a printer
• Published his own newspaper
• Ben became a "celebrity"
• At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia
• Had a common law marriage
• got involved with "low women"
• set up a store w/ his common law wife
• Retired in 1740 (his young 40's)
• This was his big deal. Meant that he was a gentlemen and he could study other things
• Study electricity
• Hidden force part of natural order
• Ben invented --> word "charge" and other words
• Electricute pork
• Suggested lightning rods on buildings
• "First Great American"
• Wrote "poor Richard" other persona
• Preached hard work and reward

• 10-15% of eligible adults were regular church goers
• More secular beliefs took hold
• People began to study and observe the world around them. looked for a sense of natural order
• A faith in progress --> society getting better over time
• Deism: God had created world in a distant time and was not actively involved. 

• Religious Revival
• Secularism worried ppl
• Christians were worried. concerned about denominational rivalry
• 1730's Jonathan Edwards--> Human depravity. "God will crush you under his feet without mercy"
• He became very popular
• "Sinners in the hands of an angry God"
• Awakened religious interest
• Ministers wanted to revive ppl
• Emotional sermons
• George Whitfield
  • Baptist
• Great Awakening was a sign of concern
• every individual soul matters

Philadelphia

• Philadelphia waterfront
• Invention of newspapers
• The Boston News Letter
• Americans began buying
• Elite men had to wear wigs
• Clothes got elaborate
• Elizabeth Pickney
  • Grew silk and sent a dress to be made in New England
• England became jealous of the market
• Became dependent on it
• Element of choice. People could express individuality

Jonathan Edwards

• 1730's
• Human depravity
• "God will crush you under his feet without mercy"
• He became very popular
• "Sinners in the hands of an angry God"
• Awakened religious interest
• "The Great Awakening"

Intolerable Acts

• Coercive Acts (name given by colonists)
• Boston was under the thumb
• Colony leaders meet in 1774 in Philadelphia
  • "First Continental Congress"
• Goal-->not rebellion, boycott British goods
• object to the name intolerable acts

• President of the Treasury
• Illigetimate son
• "adopted" by Washington
• Know-it-all, problem solver
• Believed US could be a great nation
• Federalist

• Amendments to the Constitution 

• 1789 voted in presidency
• popular, dignified, modest
• Not a brillant thinker
• Genius however for the presidency
• Enjoyed elaborate ceremonies
• Created a cabinet-->trusted board of advisors
  • Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton
• Signed the bank bill
• Agreed to taxing whiskey
• 1796 had served for 8 years
• steady criticizme, rumors
  • Thomas Jefferson circulated rumors
• Wrote a letter to the US before retiring stating he wanted the ppl to look west 
• voluntarily gave up power

• Meeting place for the common man
• Downhome political arguments took place in the taverns
• mostly white, middle class males

• San Doman--> Revolution of slaves rising up against slave orders
• numerical advantage
• Toussaint L'Ouverture--> Leader of revolution
• Independent black state

• Part of Washington's advisory council
• Republican party
• Loosely affiliated government
• No taxes
• Afraid of taking away revolution
• Left in 1793

• For the Constitution
• Hamilton
• Strong federal government
• common defense
• Assume the states debt

-Thomas Jefferson wanted Americans to move Westward

-Purchase New Orleans

-Recieved the Louisiana Purchase 1803

*More farmland & Miss river access

-Organized an expedition to the Pacific

-Merriweather Louis

William Clark

-Crew of 45 men:hunters, linguists, black smiths

-Spend winter in Manndane Village

-Sacajawae joins them, a shosohahe village who was captured by French traveler

-Created maps

-Reached pacific in fall 1805 and created friendly relationships with Indias

-Banned importation of British goods & no longer sell American goods to England

-America becoming a nation of manufactors

-Unemployment rose during Embargo Act

-Repealed Embargo Act in 1809

-Many Americans turning to trade instead of farming

-Leader of resistence, federation of Shawnee Tribes

*His brother preached they should completely retract to traditions; spiritual leader no technology

-common ownership of lands: All indians owned in common all Indian lands, therefore could not sell to Europeans

-Making alliances with Europeans in Canada

-"Status Quo" It is thus No One Won

-Got started because of a question of honor

-British are mad with Ambition

-America declare war in 1812 to Canada against British

-New England uninterested in the war b/c of manufactoring & trade

-Francis Scott Key watches American Flag

-Women dependent on husbands and fathers

-domestic & sexually services & children belonged to her husband

-could not sue, no legal rights

-Divorce was becoming universally legalized

-Female education

*States investing in public education, especially in the north

*Academies becoming more popular; Michigan Female College in Lansing

-Elected in 1816--> Republican 2 terms

-Federalists feeling non-existent

-Not very sociable

-One party rule

-Franchise is expanding (who can vote)

-States saying you can vote if you own something

-One party harmony did not last long

-Race starting to simmer

-More States join Union

-By 1800's many northern states had banned slavery

-Gradual Emancipation: Children born free

-Missouri admitted to be a slave state in 1821

-Question started a fire that could only be extinguished by blood

-Along southern border in Missouri the North of it would be unslave state

-"The Great Pacificator"

-leader in Maine Missouri Compromise

-Spain losing territory

-Seeded territory of Florida & America

-Andrew Jackson went to Florida to slave hunt; declared himself "king of Florida"

-Monroe wanted Europeans out of America's back yard of South America

-Formed a Declaration of Principles

*Could not be considered to be colonized by European powers

*America would stay out of European Affairs

*MONROE DOCTRINE

-Market Revolution changed America to a trade/market society

-Think of revolution as a web

-Web had negative causes when involved finance

-First major financial crisis in 1819

-New importance of debt

-No nation wide currency, but bank notes were popular

-1828

-John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson

-New Style of campaign

-More ppl voting b/c property qualifications are falling away

-"Old Hickory" nick name for jackson, sturdy 

Believed in the common man

Government should be small

Increasingly call their party democrats

-National government, more involvment

-then take on the name of Whigs

We Hold Infrastructure to be Good

-More focus on industry than agriculture

-1830

-Jackson's legacy

-Tell the indians to move

-Compensate indians and let them move west past Mississippi River

-Black hawk led indians in war against american troops

-Cherokee would not move, but they were the most Chrisitianized

-"The Trail of Tears"

-Every one not in favor of tarriff

-less ships coming from England

-Harder for Southerners to send cotton

-"Tarriff of Abominations"

-John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

-Nullify this tarriff

-merchants will not pay this tax

-Henry Clay works to create new tarriff that was not as expensive

-National Republicans

-Called for an early renewal in US Bank

-Printed out Jackson's rant but commoners saw him as a common man

-1850 church members were a third of population 

-Evangelical population spread

-Charles Finny--> Leader of Evangelical movment

-Was strongest where the market revolution was happening

-1830: Finny doing 6 month rival tours

-Outdoor retreats

-Stressed you could have a quick relationship with God

-Church membership doubled

-Mail delivery on sunday's outlawed

-Sunday schools

-American women in 1830's still didn't have many political rights-->could not own property, vote, or speak in public

-Women shouldn't do too much physically

*Vital force cannot be used up on anything but reproduction

-Recieved special moral status

-Home was seen as moral center especially in 19th century market revolution

-New emphasis on home: Different/separate worlds

-Emphasized by clothing: hoop skirts

-Susan B. Anthony once wore bloomers and was criticized incessantly

-Puritans worried about sexual excess

-Old concerns about sexuality; especially lust

-sexuality was described as wickedness by Evangelical ministers

-Catholics prized celebacy

-Protestans believed to multiply

-Natural sex led to reproduction, unnatural sex: not intended for reproduction, such as homosexuality and masturbation

-Pseudo Science

-in 19th century believed that by looking/feeling people's skulls could feel everything one needed to know about an individual

-could map out everything about a person

-Reflection of increasing individuality

-offered a way to read people in a new social order 

-important in sexuality

-Amativness-->lovingness or sexuality

*Found at the base of the spinal cord

*19th century doctors obsessed with nerves explaining things

-Came from New York in 1830's

-Joseph Smith founded Latter Day Saints church

-Not obvious why mormanism was different from other utopian communities

-Plural marriages

-moved west

-Smith killed by a mob

-Then led by a man named Brigham Young to Nevada where they thought they would be left alone

Nat Turner

B. 1800 W.V.

-Nat Turner's Rebellion

-Taught himself to read

-Religiously passionate

-Believed God was appointing him as the leader of vengence against slave holders

-August 1831 turner and other slaves carried axes into slave masters home and killed them

-by noon had slaughtered 57 whites @ 11 plantations

-Turner escaped and hid for 2 months

-Captured tried and executed in a week

-His confessions were dictated and sold in a book

-Partially propaganda, self-delusionally, part economic common sense

-slaves were expensive, their value was high

-Work days were long

-Mutilation became less but whipping stayed popular

-w/o white aid blacks with languish Pro-slavery

-Miviganation:racial mixture

-Slavery was more humane than the labor in the north

-slaves were property; property was basis of American liberty, therefore slavery=freedom

-The bible approved

-blacks were dependent on whites

-White men were made to be slaveholders

Abolitionists

-William Lloyd Garrison

-Started the paper "The Liberator"

-1832 New England Anti-slavery society

-Fredrick Douglass: Escaped from slavery and found a kinship in Garrision

-Both wanted radical equality for blacks/whites and men/women

-Daughter of a slave-holder who hated slavery; wrote to Garrison and letter was published

-Her & sister Sara were giving public speeches which was not supposed to happen

-White men thought that God had

-given them authority

-Grimke sisters started talking about women's rights

-Radical gender equality along with race equality

-Abolitionists were always a small minority

-Women were already active in other reforms

-Doing things never done before: public speaking, raising money, organizing

-1848: 300 men and women reformers gathered at Seneka Falls New York, Seneca Falls Convention

-Work a declaration saying to many men tried to ruin a women's confidence

*Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-Abolitionism intertwined with woman's rights

-Northerners began to think that men didn't have God given rights over women

-1840's majority of what is now continental U.S.

-1845 "Manifest Destiny" take the entire continent

-Altruistic movement

-phrase spread like wildfire

-promise of economic gain

-trade with asian

-Economic Growth, railroads spreading, population growth (immigration: ireland, germany)

-1846

-Lansford Hastings: Trail Blazer from hell

-wrote a guide for immigrants for a faster route

-Never even tried the route

-The Reed's of the east were wealthy who used the short-cut

-Reed family met up with Donner family to take the short cut

-Lansford was supposed to guide them but never showed up

-Went through Sevada Mountains

 -Route was 125 miles longer than normal route

-Experienced malnutrition in the snowy mountains

-Draw straws to eat the first person who dies (Fore-Lorn Party) to go on and find help

-Survivors of Fore-Lorn party make it to civilization and save some and on second trip back cannibalism started

-Historical accident-->gold discovered just weeks after California was transferred from Mexico

-Discovered January 1849

-Cali became a boom state

"49ers" rarely had much money or mining experience

-No structures to support all these new comers

-Most ppl did not strike it rich

-San Fransico: The "Wild West"; ethncity and nationalities well represented

-Chinese men-->one of largests groups

*Were seen as unfit to be Americans

-Some whites wanted to exclude all foreigners from mining gold

*created taxes, chinese denied public education and citizenship

-Gold Rush most catastrophic for native americans

*5 out of every 6 indians were murderd

*The last great human hunt in history

"War of extermination"

-California= free state

-Utah and new mexico would decide by popular sovereignty

-slave trade would end in D.C. but still legal to own a slave

-fugitive slave law would become stricter, benefitting slave owners

-Democrats were winning in 1852

-ppl wanted to go West w/ ppl & railroads

-Bill passed dividing Kansas and Nebraska

-Passed in 1854

-Societies sprung up so ppl would live there

-In Kansas announced to be a slave state

*2 state gov. in Kansas

-John brown-->anti-slavery since a child (an extremist)

-Spring 1856 Brown led a possi of 8 men to go on a killing spree & killed five men

-Started a gorilla war (Bleeding Kansas)

-Charles Sumner gave a speech on Kansas

-Preston Brooks--> pro-slavery; went to sumners office & beat sumner

*Became a hero in the south

*Northerners saw the underlying south

-Sectionally party (north) slavery was wrong; b/c degraded the dignity of white labor & by creating an arisocratic over pass

-Dred Scott--> in 1830's white doctor bought Scott & moved to places where slavery was illegal so he was his servant then moved to Missouri & Doc said he was a slave again, scott sued

-Reach supreme court scott lost 7-2

-They said scott was not a U.S. citizen b/c he was black not b/c he was a slave

-Self taught, went to law school, moved to illinois

-met Mary Todd

-Was a whig

-Early credo, keep slavery as it was but contain it where it was

-Believed slavery was morally wrong, but didn't challenge white supremacy

-Ran against Steven Douglas in senate

-Debated slavery vs. freedom

-"A man has a right to the fruits of his own labor"

-1859 evidence that said south wanted all slave states

*kansas/nebraska, Dred Scott, Sumner

-20 children by 1859

-Spent life living as a nomaid

-convicted slavery was wrong

-Wanted a direct fight against slavery, military fight

-1859--> took 20 men and invaded Harpers Ferry, Virginia where he would seize the town armory

-Surrounded & Brown refused to surrender

-Sentenced to execution

-He stopped and kissed an African American baby before being hanged

-Died with dignity

-B/w brown's execution & 1860 election southerners wanted to reopen the slave trade

-Plunge into the war

-Congressmen were arming themselves towards the end

-Voted by northern democrats

-Supported industrialization, anti-slavery, railroads

-Lincoln won by a landslide

-South Carolina succeeded from the union in december 1860 and six other states followed

-"Confederate states of American"--> southern states created in March 1861

Fort Sumnter

-South Carolina

-April 1861 Union troops growing short on supplies

-Davis orders troops to fire against and take the fort for 33 hours straight; April 12

-No union soldiers killed

-75,000 union volunteer troops called for by Lincoln

-Habeus Corpos--> gives president authority to hold ppl arrest ppl w/o merits or warrants. Maryland who would have gone confederate w/o habeus corpus 

-Indecision was his great trait/flaw

-May 1862 McClellan advanced troops to Richmond & was wounded & Gen. Robert Lee took over

-In battle he was ruthless

-Captured forts along major rivers

-Attack in Shiloh Ten--> drove confederates out, gave union army a toe hold

-Fighting going on in the West by Ulysses Grant

*Rivers were main ways to get things around

-Grant wanted to attack Vicksburg

*Crossed Mississippi marched south & crossed again & attacked the town from the south

-waited for the food rations to go low

-People marched out of the town on July 4th

-Ppl of Vicksburg didn't celebrate 4th of July after WWII

-Pennsylvania Gettysburg, Lee took south up a hill against union and got a lot of ppl killed

-Gettysburg Address; extraoridnary short

-The moral question of slavery was how the war ended.

-By next 4th of July 1863 Lee said war loss was his fault

-Congress passed in 1862

-Encouraged people to populate the new Western land

-Government gave 160 acres to those who did

-Pacific Railroad Act to build a transcontinental railroad

-Plunged south towards atlanta; Grant told him to attack whenever possible

-September 1864 arrived in atlanta; burned it to the ground; "make georgia howl"

-Then went to Savannah; "march to the sea"

-Took away southern equipment & will

-Telegraphed Lincoln saying he had Savannah

-New President Andrew Jackson

-Southern democrat slave owner

-Grew up in south Carolina & was self-educated

-Political career based on the common southern man's opposed succession

-Only senator who stayed loyal to the Union

-Anonymous about making decisions, made plans up for Reconstruction by himself

-Wanted states rights

-Racist

-Modest demands of ex-confederates

-State to get back into congress-->say the would back out of succession & agree that slaves were free (13th)

-Some states refused and Johnson let them off

-Monarch, Tyrant

-Illegal for blacks to own a gun

-illegal for blacks to use insulting words/gestures

-tax on non-farm or non-servant work

-Black forced to work on farms if they broke contract or didn't have a proof of employment

-Slavery in everything but name

-Born a free man; by 1850 fled to Canada; highly educated

-When slavery "ended" went back to Alabama & became a politician;

-By 1860's attacked by KKK

-Won senate seat

-1872 voted out of office by fake votes from white southerners

-Made African Americans citizens; full equality before the law

-Adult male citizens

-First president to be impeached

-Not enough senators voted him out though

-Officially gave African American men the right to vote

-Allowed ppl to find other ways to prevent AA from voting; grandfather clause, IQ test, different ballots; literacy tests, poll tax

-Purposely written w/ this loop hole b/c of immigrants

-Started as a social club for veterans but turned to severe violence

-All in the name of destroying Republicans 

-Rise of white supremacy

-Elaborate ghoul costumes with embroidery (wives helped)

-Justified this b/c had to protect white womanhood

-self-justification; gorilla warefare

-Focused on: racial ettiquete, education, labor, politics

-violence rose to hundreds of murders in 1860's

-Congress passed KKK Act; made interfence with voting a felony. Federal marshalls repressed it

-Early 1870's republicans begin to retreat

-high hopes of immediate emancipation; wanted a black middle class

-not much change from slavery; blacks continued to work for whites

-Without distribution AA's tried to rent land

-Farmers would pay rent w/ sharing their crop w/ owner of the land.

-The country merchant: sold things to poor farmers for credit. High interest rates. sometimes took more than whole crop to pay it off

-Farms turned to cotton, market price went down, farmers went bankrupt

-1868 Ulysses Grant elected president

*Didn't think he would be a good president he was right

-1874 democrats won a majority of seats in congress

-Extreme terror in South for AA

-North retreated southern extremists, didn't have to be restrained

-South appealed to poor whites by blaming the AA's

-Democrats used force against white republicans

-1876 only 3 republican states in the south

-Start of 19th century people lived in bounded community

-People made or grew their own stuff

-Average American was self-sufficient

-Began specializing in one item

-Factories began manufacturing 

-Roads, canals, railroads moved products. Transformation into cash oriented was called "Market Revolution"

-Combined a production of goods with the development of transportation network to dispute them

-Rapid production of goods, transportation network

-BOTH about technological changes

-People began to compete with one another.

-Americans began to travel a lot more

-Claimed to be designer of steamboat in 1807 New York Albany

-These began to appear elsewhere, but they weren't safe

-People would cut down trees in order to fuel steam boat which caused deforestation

Railroads

-Early trains. 1840's railroads and trains became most common form of travel. Sped up local transportation

-Model after horse carriages

-1817 July 4th small group gathered in Utica New York to witness a new project. Men started to dig the Erie Canal

-A man-made waterway connecting Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean

-350+ miles was 10X longer than any canal in America

-Jefferson called it a little short of madness

-7 million dollars

-Heart of Revolution (clothes, textiles, cotton)

-Eli Whitney: Graduated from Yale go a job in Georgia. Began to observe cotton

-Invented the cotton gin; unfortunately ppl began to copy his idea

-Explosion of textile production

-Began demand for labor (slaves)

-Second middle passage: upper south to deep south

-Lowell Mass. Tiny village within 20 years became a huge industrial city

-"Lowell Girls" worked in the factory

*Paid slightly better, worked 70 hours a week, 2-3 dollars a day

-A factory Girl: propoganda to get girls to work in the factories. Loving sister who wants to work in the factory to send her brother to school

-Stigma was increasing about women working out of the house

-Many women worked for the money and sometimes for the freedoom

-Painting of a man and woman asking to be married at breakfast because they slept together last night

-Most women workers were immigrants