• New Jersey governor
• Virgian born politician w/progressive ideas

• Harding's successor in the white house
• continued republican efforts to find alyernative ways for world peace
• Re-elected in 1924
• won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925

• heir to Austro-Hungarian throne
• assasinated w/his pregnant wife on June 28, 1914
• their deaths triggered WWI

• New York Yankee's baseball player who became 1920's national sport's hero

• birth control advocate & nurse
• too many children ruined women's health & led them to poverty
• providing women with information on safe & reliable contraception was more important than learning how to raise children
• opened nation's 1st birth control center in Brooklyn, NY in 1916.
• arrested for passing out birth control info
• 1929 she spoke about birth control before Harvard Liberal Club in Boston 
•  mayor threatened to revoke license of any hall that allowed her to speak & she responded by appearing at Boston’s Ford Hall Forum with her mouth bandage shut.
• by late 1920's there were 30 birth control clinics nationwide

• Brigadier General who arrested Villa in Mexico in 1916

• led American Expeditionary Forces (American soldiers who fought overseas) played a critical role in stopping the German drive toward Paris in battles at Cantigny, Belleau Wood, and Chateau-Thierry.   

• Jamaican immigrant who held Booker T's idea of empowerring blacks economically
• rejected political goal of dismantling Jim Crow that dominated other Civil Rights organizations.
• wanted to acquire enough economic power to establish an independent African nation that could reunite the world’s dispersed people.
• challenged racial stereotypes by adopting regalia worn by kings.
• founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to encourage economic self-sufficiency by creating black-owned businesses.
• UNIA organized the black star line, a capitalist venture that supported the world’s only black-owned & staffed fleet of steamships.
• After being convicted of fraudulent use of the mails in 1923, he served 4 years in prison & he was deported back to Jamaica after his release.

• He offered African Americans an important alternative to the integrationist vision NAACP & introduced separatist ideas that black power advocates would resurrect in 1960’s.  

• Massachusetts Republican senator; shared Roosevelt’s views on expanding U.S. global influence.
• He warned U.S. that “All Europe is seizing on China & if we do not establish ourselves in the East, that vast trade, from which we must draw our future prosperity” would close to the U.S. forever.  

• went after U.S. communists after recieving a bomb in his mailbox
• headed Justice Department’s hunt for Bolshevik & anarchist terrorists.
• To head off the revolutionary uprising he raided the homes & offices of suspected radicals & deported a few hundred immigrants with ties to radical organizations

• press made fun of his “hallucinations” of a mass uprising & accused him of exaggerating the “revolutionary menace” as part of a failed attempt to win the Democratic presidential nomination of 1920.   

• innovations in automobile manufacturing demonstrated how industrialists could boost profits by reducing manufacturing costs.
• built his first car in a shed behind his house in 1896
•  made headlines when he introduced $5.00 daily wages for 8-hr work days. He did this in order for his employees to be able to afford his cars; reducing the work day and increasing pay reduced fatigue-induced mistakes.
• used Frederick Winslow Taylor’s scientific management, the effort to use scientific knowledge for maximizing output & profit; introduced conveyor belt assembly line;took workers 14 hours to complete one car before assembly line, & 93 minutes using assembly line.
• had spies investigate the homes & lives of his employees to ensure they were living a moral life; he ran his factory according to his own rules & standards.

• gangster in Chicago trafficked in forbidden alcohol
• maintained his power with violence.
• 1929 St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, Capone’s men posed as cops & pretended to arrest rival gang members as they mowed them down with machine guns; this was seen as Capone’s “new technique of wholesale murder.”
• became increasingly violent & unstable while suffering from syphilis that he contracted from a prostitute in his brothel. Shortly after, he went to prison for tax evasion in 1931.  

• Actress known as “America’s Sweetheart” who became a household name among the movie-going public.                                                                

• progressive muckraking journalist who led the Committee on Public Information (CPI); they handed out propaganda posters, pamphlets & films which they translated into multiple languages to reach the nation’s immigrant population.
• used “four minute men” to speak in movie halls markets, fairs & churches during the time it took to change movie reels.

• estimates 75,00 “four minute men” gave 7million impassioned speeches during war on topics like German submarine warfare & German espionage. 

• pilot who introduced public to flight
• The sky was called the “new frontier”; the image of the lone pilot against the sky recalled the 19^th century pioneer spirit.
• His airplane was named the Spirit of St. Louis which made the 1^st non-stop solo flight from New York to Paris.
• His accomplishment assured Americans that individual initiative mattered & that technological advancement benefited humankind at a time when the recent industrialized slaughter on the Western front suggested otherwise.
• flew the nation to promote commercial air travel & flew flood relief missions in China to demonstrate humanitarian good that planes offered.
• His 1^st son was murdered in 1933 which became the most reported tabloid story of the day.
• expressed admiration for Nazi Germany

• Wisconsin (progressive state) Governor

• led his state to adopt “initiative,” referendum and recall.                                                          

• poet during Harlem Renaissance who discussed black Americans' aspirations
• he stated that black artists wanted to express themselves without fear or shame; they didn’t care if white people liked it or not because they knew they were beautiful despite the opinions of whites.
• wrote the poem  I, Too, Sing America.     

• contributed to jazz music innovations during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a trumpeter.

• professional baseball player turned evangelical preacher
• converted churchgoers to the temperance cause;gave sermons on evils of alcohol

• dined at the White House & considered Rockefeller a good friend. In his most famous temperance speech he urged people to “get on the water wagon; get on for the sake of your wife & babies, and hit the booze a blow.”   

• wrote the novel  This Side of Paradise in 1920, announcing attitude of living for the moment that defined the era’s youth culture
• seen as part of the “lost culture” because he moved around from party to party and was an expatriate in Europe.
• “Lost Generation” referred to white intellectuals & artists who rebelled against Victorian values in the 20’s & mainly lived overseas.

• Influential historian & author who talked about America’s greatness; expansion made great.
• 1893 he published, The Significance of the Frontier in American History that mentioned that the American frontier was “closed,” the U.S. was “settled.”
• spoke about the “Turner Thesis” or “Frontier Thesis” which claimed the frontier had played a vital role in shaping the American character and American institutions.
• Turner’s thesis was very influential & several generations of Western historians based their writings & research on his ideas about the frontier.
• His thesis led many politicians to embrace imperialism to acquire new lands & markets that might make up for the absence of new places to conquer within the U.S.

• led the radical National Women’s Party, which argued against the Equal Rights Amendment saying that it would eradicate in one fell swoop all the legal barriers that a dizzying array of archaic state legislation created for women.

• Editor of the New York World

•  first person to use yellow journalism in 1880 by using melodramatic, partly fictionalized stories to bolster sales of his newspaper. 

• pulitzer Prize is named after him

• Editor of New York Journal in 1895
• battled with Joseph Pulitzer of New York World for who would print the most out there stories. 

• Democrat; young, 36 yrs old
• dynamic congressman from Nebraska who was nominated for presidency in the election of 1896 & was beat by Republican William McKinley
• reputation for stirring oratory against the high tariff and in support of free silver (metal of the common man)
• delivered one of the most popular speeches in American history when he argued that average Americans were being held down by a “cross of gold,” forced upon them by Wall Street and big business.
• The People’s Party was torn between who to nominate to run for their party, but they chose him in July.
•  He embarked on one of the most remarkable campaigns in U.S. history, traveling more than 18,000 miles through 27 states and delivering more than 600 stump speeches to audiences totaling 3million people.

• novelist & socialist lived in Chicago to learn firsthand about the meatpacking industry which became the basis for his novel, The Jungle, which he wrote to persuade Americans that socialism was the only way to end capitalist exploitation that ground down the upper class.

• His book led people to become more aware of the unsanitary conditions of the meat and led to the Meat Inspection Act.                                                                       

• U.S. forestry service director who allowed timber companies to harvest trees in designated areas, the new regulations enraged both preservationists, who wanted all economic development to cease, and Western businessmen who demanded unlimited access to federally controlled forests.
• Taft fired him due to Western complaints.

• 1917 & 1890’s; she had 3 reasons why women should vote

• 1)       to address on issues affecting women (health)

  2)       to address moral issues (prostitution, gambling)

  3) to deal w/recent immigrants (women will counterout the immigrant vote)

• Lydia E. Pinkham’s vegetable compound was a popular medicine that gave a false advertisement, as it contained 15% alcohol.

• Since this product was mislabeled, it was a violation of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, so they received a fine for mislabeling the product.

• Most prominent African American leader of the Progressive Era
• Embraced self help as the best way to end poverty among African Americans.
• Born Virginian slave in 1859, moved to West VA with his family to work in a coal mine, attended Virginia’s Hampton Institute, a vocationally oriented high school in 1868 to educate freed slaves and Indians
•  established Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama in 1881
•  popularized idea that blacks should focus on economic advancement 1^st, Politics and civil rights later.
• 1^st African American to dine in the White House with Roosevelt, privately funded court challenges to Plessy v. Ferguson & sent his children to Northern white colleges.
• Debated with DuBois on the race issue

• 1909 created NAACP
• debated with Booker T. Washington on race issue

• British passenger ship sunk by German U-boat on May 17, 1915 sailing off Ireland coast.

• ideological turning point for U.S. 1,200 people died.

• Ship sank in 20mins, this pushed U.S. toward pro-British neutrality but didn’t make most of them want to go to war.                                                                     

• German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman sent telegram to Mexico stating that in the event of war with the U.S., Germany would help Mexico recover Texas, New Mexico and Arizona if Mexico started a borderland war with the U.S. and would urge Japan to attack the U.S.

• Passed in 1918

•  prohibited anyone from verbalizing, writing or publishing anything bad about the flag, constitution, government or armed forces.                                                                      

• To improve the flow of needed materials for war, this board ranked industries so that those most critical to the war effort received raw materials ahead of nonessential wartime businesses.

• Ex: steel for guns & ships; railroad cars were commonly used.                                                  

• Wilson-supported selective security organization where member nations agreed to meditate future international disputes to prevent wars & work together to improve global human conditions. Pg. 615

• Required Germany to pay reparations

• outline by Woodrow Wilson of a broad statement of allied war goals in his speech to congress Jan. 8, 1918. 

• 1919, communists seen as “reds.”
• 3,630 strikes which created an atmosphere of violence & fear; there were 10 strikes a day.
• 6,000 people thrown in jail without charge by Palmer.
• 600 communists were deported
• when 249 Russians were deported it was known as the “Soviet Ark

Pg 636

• The peak was in 1924
• the march in D.C. took place in 1926
• during 1920's the KKK was no longer black only anti-black it was also anti-immigrant & againt any non-Protestant religion
• 4-5% of American population

• many politicians were klan members, and there was a time where you couldn’t be elected if you weren’t part of the klan.       

• 1925, American Civil Liberty Union (ACLU) used substitute science teacher John Scopes to test the law against teaching evolution in schools.
• Scopes' defense attorney was Clarence Darrow
• trial took place in Dayton, Tennessee
• William J. Bryan was the prosecuting attorney for the state; he was a fundamentalist Christian.

• mostly took place in Harlem, the thriving African American neighborhood in NYC that became the hub of black politics and culture.
• American artists, photographers, musicians & writers openly celebrated the distinctiveness of black culture.

• This was the birth of jazz music as well as back literature and black poetry.

• small percentage of American women (5%)
• introduced short skirts, smoking, dancing, short bobbed hair
• mostly college students who were considered liberal
• usually tied to speakeaies
• they were testing the limits of the 20’s

•  
  • Tulsa Oklahoma riot (neighborhoods) left over 300 blacks dead; the riot broke out because a black man tried to catch a white woman when she tripped entering an elevator.
  • 1919 Chicago race riot started when black teens and white teens were taunting each other at the beach because the blacks drifted from the “black” beach to the “white” beach & a black teen drowned; the riot last 5 days from July 24 through the end of July; 540 whites & blacks were left dead after the 5 days.

1915-1930, 1.5million blacks (over 10% of black Americans) left the south for the north and west due to increased violence they were experiencing. 

all soldiers had to take an intelligence test to determine what role they’d play in the war (officer or box unloader).                                       

• allowed unrestricted immigration from the western hemisphere
•  curtailed all Asian immigration & used quotas to control how many immigrants migrated from individual European nations.
•  Law authorized 165,000 immigrants from Europe which reduced to 150,000 in 1929 at the start of the Great Depression

• Buying on credit
•  slogan used for playing the stock market because it was seen as a means for making quick profit.               

• made it a crime to obstruct military recruitment, encourage mutiny or aid the enemy by spreading lies.

• 2 Italian immigrants arrested in Massachusetts for murdering a payroll guard in 1920.

• Poor Italian immigrants and some intellectual supported the two men.

• Growing xenophobia & electrocution for the men were results in 1927.

•  The two men were anarchists with close connections to those who planned the spate of 1919 bombings, but no conclusive evidence ties them to the 1920 murder.  

• 19^th century tabloid journalists & newspapers that reported sensationalist stories with strong emotional component, fueled public anger against Spanish.
• got its name from competing “Yellow Kid” comic strips in leading New York newspapers.
• emerged in 1880s when Joseph Pulitzer first used sad stories to bolster sales of his paper the New York World; in 1895 Randolph Hearst took over the New York Journal & the 2 papers battled over who would print the most outrageous tales.                                                    

• set of notes written carefully by secretary of state John Hay

•  laid the foundation for the Open Door Policy, a U.S. sponsored, non-binding international agreement that kept the Chinese market open to all foreign nations.

• 1^st set of Open Door Notes asked France, Italy, Japan & Russia to allow other nations to trade freely within their spheres of influence, restrain from imposing arbitrary duties on foreign goods and allow Chinese officials to collect customs fees (recognizing China’s continued political control). 2^nd Open Door notes: Hay asked the same nations to respect the “territorial & administrative integrity” of China.

• secured U.S. dominance of the carribbean & governmemnt resolved to keep other foreign powers out of the region. The canal
•  Its a manmade waterway through Panama completed in 1914 to link Pacific & Atlantic Oceans.
• At end of 19^th century, increased trade & better defense were reasons for building the canal.
• Roosevelt strongly supported the canal.

• Nickname for investigative journalists who wrote exposes on government & business corruption.

• Geroge Creel was a progressive muckraking journalist.

• congress has power to lay & collect taxes on incomes from whatever source.

• election of senators by people for 6 years

• prohibited alcohol consumption

• Aug. 26, women can vote

• Between 1910-1917 the association won women the right to vote in 6 states & they won the right to vote everywhere in 1920.

• Without the right to vote women lacked an essential tool they needed to keep themselves and their families safe.                                                                     

• Due to conflicting visions over whether private financiers or the government should control the nation’s financial institutions, congress passed this act which created a federally run Federal Reserve to serve as a “banker’s bank”

• the "banker's bank" held a portion of bank funds in reserve to help member banks in time of crisis

•  the reserve set rates for business loans & issued a new national paper currency.   

• initiated by Taft to encourage U.S. investment in Latin America to ensure U.S. economic dominance over the region.

• passed in 1906 during Roosevelt’s second administration

• he reinstated the power of Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroad monopolies.

• passed in 1910 to further

• the goal was to reduce alcohol consumption

•  Womens’ Christian Temperance Union & Anti-Saloon League (had a lot of support from churches)

• cruise around the world to test engines in ships & show off U.S. flag
• ships both left & returned in 1907
• ships were painted white
• they found weaknesses but proved the ships could take long trips
• people aboard the fleet built relationships w/people around the world

• Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 1896, 1900 and 1908
• a lawyer and the 41stUnited States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson
• He ran as an anti-imperialist, finding himself in alliance with Andrew Carnegie and other millionaires

• Republicans mocked Bryan as indecisive, or a coward, a point spoofed by the Bryan-like Cowardly Lion in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, published in spring 1900], extra knowledge. 

• Author of “The Man Nobody Knows”.
• He created the character of "Betty Crocker"
• credited with naming General Motors & General Electric companies
• Politically conservative, he offered his public relations expertise to many Republican candidates over the years

• A staunch opponent of Roosevelt and the New Deal, he served two terms in the United States House of Representatives (1937-1941)

• ran in 1940 unsuccessfully for U.S. Senator from New York.

• African American author best known for her 1937 novel “Their Eyes Were Watching God.”

• World War I battle fought between September 12 - 15, 1918, involving the American Expeditionary Force and 48,000 French troops under the command of U.S. general John J. Pershing against German positions.
• U.S. Army Air Service (which later became the U.S. Air Force) played a significant role in this action.

• This battle marked the first use of the terms 'D-Day' and 'H-Hour' by the Americans; it was one of the first U.S. solo offensives in World War I 

• First World War battle fought between September 5-12, 1914.
• It resulted in an Allied victory against the German Army under Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke the Younger.
• The battle effectively ended the month-long German offensive that opened the war and had reached the outskirts of Paris.
• The counter-attack of six French field armies and one British army along the Marne River forced the German Imperial Army to abandon its push on Paris and retreat north-east, setting the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front.

• July 15-Aug 6, 1918
• the last major German spring offensive on the western front during WWI
• It failed when an Allied counterattack led by French forces overwhelmed the Germans, inflicting severe casualties.

• 3 different phases

• America, France and Britain vs. Germany Allies moved the Germans back about 15 miles and the French about 20 miles.

• This helped gain us Argonne Forest (American) and Meuse (French).

• a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I

• Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time.                   

• Mexican revolution begins after 1910 Presidential elections.
• President Wilson feared Mexico's weak status would lend itself to forces hostile to the United States; after some Naval incidents, Wilson sent in forces to occupy Veracruz.  
• As a result of US Intervention, Mexican revolutionaries, such as Pancho Villa, attacked the United States cities of Columbus, New Mexico on March 9, 1916; Nogales, Arizona and Glenn Springs, Texas on May 9, 1916, just across the border. 
•  Fears in Arizona arise when the border town of Nogales is attacked.  Sightings of Villa are everywhere and panic sets in on Southwest border towns. Wilson sends Federal troops, which also includes the Arizona National Guard, to assist in re-establishing order.

• On April 6th the US declared war on the Central powers in Europe and the Mexican Revolution no longer commands the attention of the United States.

• known as "Wick's Bill"
• statute enacted by U.S. Congress addressing perceived evils of child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children, thus giving an expanded importance to the constitutional clause giving Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce.

• signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, but in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918), the Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States.

• U.S. navy's 2nd "modern" battleship
• best known for her catastrophic loss in Havana harbor on Feb. 15, 1898; Maine had been sent to Havana, Cuba to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain when she exploded & sank killing 3 quarters of the crew.
• responsibility for her sinking were unclear, popular opinion in the United States blamed Spain, and the sinking (popularized in the phrase Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!) was one of the precipitating events of the Spanish–American War.

• The sinking remains a mystery, with various authors proposing that she sank due to the results of an undetected fire in one of her coal bunkers, that she was the victim of a naval mine, and that she was deliberately sunk for the purposes of driving the United States into a war with Spain.

• substantial amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904.
• Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean & Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts.

• The alternative was intervention by European powers (Britain and Germany) which loaned money to the countries that didn't repay.

• The catalyst of the new

  policy was Germany's aggressiveness in the Venezuela Affair of 1902-03.           

• re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the 16th Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%.

• Roland Dagenhart worked in a cotton mill with his 2 sons & argued that the Keating-Owen Act was unconstitutional.
• Does Congress have authority to regulate commerce of goods that are manufactured by children under age 14, as specified in the Keating-Owen Act of 1916?

• and is it within the authority of Congress to regulate commerce among the states to prohibit the transportation in interstate commerce of manufactured goods by the child labor description above? They overruled the Keating-Owen Act as unconstitutional.

• leading organization lobbying for Prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century.
• key component of the Progressive Movement; it was strongest in the South & rural North, drawing heavy support from Protestant ministers and their congregations.
• It concentrated on legislation, and cared about how legislators voted, not whether they drank or not.
• Founded as a state society in Oberlin, Ohio in 1893 its influence spread rapidly. In 1895 it became a national organization & quickly rose to become the most powerful prohibition lobby in America, pushing aside its older competitors the Woman's Christian Temperance Union & the Prohibition Party.

• Its triumph was nationwide prohibition locked into the Constitution with passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920.

• It was defeated when prohibition was repealed in 1933.

• from rags to riches he won his 1st presidency in 1928
• from liked, the "great humanitarian" to hated, the "great scrooge"
• Food administration director used high prices & patriotic appeals to control the nation’s food supply rather than rationing; to stimulate production he had the American & Allied governments pay high prices for agricultural goods; slogan, “food will win the war,” to curb civilian demand.
• U.S. president in 1931, called for 1 year suspension on all international debts.
• preferred little government intervention, instead of passing laws he held government organized meetings so workers could create their own agreements on issues. In helping needy citizens directly he had local governments & charities assume their traditional role of distributing food & clothing to the poor.
•  By providing money to different businesses through the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) Act of 1932, he helped vital institutions
• established the Emergency Relief Act of 1932 to lend money to the states for public works programs which set a precedent for direct governmental management of the economy.

• During the Bonus March Hoover made a mistake when his army expelled veteran protestors which cost Hoover the 1932 election against FDR.            

• elected as 1920 presidential republican candidate because of his easygoing nature & call for “a return to normalcy”
• in office for 2 years, which were both tarnished by scandal, before dying of a heart attack  in 1923.
• Teapot Dome scandal took place under Harding’s presidency.
• High point of the disarmament movement came when Harding convened the Washington Conference to limit naval arms & reaffirmed the open door policy.
• He sought to prevent more wars by convincing all major powers to disarm & to agree to meditation when disputes arose. This conference was also known as a “peace conference.”   

• joined w/Wells-Barnett & Addams to create National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909
• NAACP demanded immediate end to all forms of racial discrimination which overturned Jim Crow Laws in 1950s&1960s.
• it was his vision & NAACP attorneys that ended legalized segregation
• he was the 1st African American to attend Harvard University ; he emphasized the need for educated professionals & teachers in the black community, called the "Talented Tenth "