• The third Islamic Caliph, Born: 744 AD
• Reigned from 775-785 AD
• Blossomed Baghdad
• Baghdad attracted immigrants from diverse areas, including Spain
• Succeeded father, al-Mansur
• Lead Ummayad Remnant in Syria
• Poisoned by concubine, or mistress

• Belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation, mostly end of world, of society, based on a one-thousand-year cycle.
• Originally Christians belief, in 13th and 14th centuries
• Christians believe witnesses of Christ will be involved
• Some believe Christ will return b4 the perfect age
• Others believe he will return at end of millenium, preaching gospel or by fire and sword

• Primary diety in religion of Early Turks and Mongols
• Worship known as Tengrism
• Involves religions Shamanism, Totemism, Unimism
• Mongols refer to Tengri as "Eternal Blue Sky" 
• In Turkey today, its known as "SkyGod Religion"
• Mongols and Turkic nations still worship today
• In 13th century, Genghis Khan of the Mongols and his followers were believers, until they turned to Islam in 14th century

• First Sultana, Muslim woman ruler, of Northern India
• Ruled from 1236-1240
• Her father, Shamsudin Iltumish, was greatest Sultan of the Mamluks(Slave) dynasty in Delhi 
• Realized Radiyya was more worthy of rule than his 2 sons
• She stole virtues of Father
• Issued coins with her name inscripted
• She was rejected by brothers of rule
• Large difficulty of unifying land
• Fell in love with slave
• She was killed by a peasent after she fled from battle

• Muslim Chinese Admiral, Formerly Cheng Ho
• Born 1371-1433
• Commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, Middle East, Somalia, and Swahili Coast
• Played important role in expansion, helped expand Chinese Rule, and extended rule in Africa
• Vessels involved in voyages were enormous
• Large fleets, carried upto 30k men

• City in central Anatolia, in Turkey
• Conquered by Seljuk Turks in 1084
• From 1097-1243, was capital of Seljuk Sultanant
• Reached height of wealth and influence as of 12th cent., when Seljuk Turks ruled all of East Anatolia
• Had more than 100 towers
• Vast Center Market, Gardens to feed 100k inside
• By 1220's, filled with refugees from empire fleeing from advance of Mongols
• City eventually captured by Mongols after Turks Def.

• Lived throughout 1k islands over Pacific Ocean
• Post-500, when accelerated colonization of Pacific
• Experienced sailors, used stars to navig. at night 
• Spoke Oceanic Languages
• Derived income from Foreign aid
• Culture didn't form until they spent years learning how to voyage long distances, and surviving on high islands and the sea
• By 1000, settlement completed to form "Polynesian Triangle"
• Connected by points of Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island
• People split into 2 cultural groups, West and East
• West-high populations. East-Smaller Islands

• Muslim Moroccan explorer, travels were impressive.
•  He lived from 1304-1369.
• At the age of 22, he left Morocco to set out on a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca which lasted 16 months.
•  In the year 1325, he passed through Cairo where he stayed for a month. 
• He travelled through Parts of Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia, and China.
• In 1348, he returned to Morocco to find the city ravaged by the Black Plague, which also killed his parents.
• He became known as the most well-travelled Muslim.

FRANCIS OF ASSISI

(Italian Catholic Friar)

• Italian Catholic Friar and preacher.
• He lived from 1181-1226. 
• Founded the men’s Franciscan Order, which included his followers, or friars, that preached on the streets and later expanded to Italy.
•  He became a saint and was known as the patron saint of animals. He invited all creatures of nature to give honor and praise the lord.
•  He was seen as very dedicated to carry out the work of Christ.
• Saint Francis is honored in many significant churches on October 4, known as Feast Day, 
• The day after he died, Oct. 3, 1226.

• A large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya civilization.
• Was a major focal point in northern Maya lowlands from ca 600-1331, 100-1331 noted as Post-Classic Chichen Itza where the site became a major capital.
• It dominated political, cultural, and economic life in the Mayan lowlands.
• The city was one of the largest Mayan cities, plus having the most diverse population.   
• The archaeological site is located in the Mexican state of Yucatan. The site exhibits Architecture styles seen in Central Mexico.
• Chichen Itza is one of the most visited archaeological sites today.        

• He lived from 1042-1099.
• He was elected as the pope in 1088 until death in 1099
• He is known for organizing the First Crusade and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal court to help run the Church.
• He began the Crusades to free Jerusalem and free the Holy Lands from the Muslims.
• Many people were wealthy, but had a lot to lose if failed.
• He was a strong supporter of church reforms and therefore continued the policies of Pope Gregory VII.
• Meetings with councils in Italy, France, and Germany, symbolized his effort to reform churches throughout Europe.

• City located in Henan province, China, along the southern bank of the Yellow River, still standing today.
• In the 7^th century, Kaifeng was transformed into a major commercial hub when it was connected to the Grand Canal
• In the 11th century, it was a commercial and industrial center at the intersection of four major canals.
• The Yellow River has frequently flooded the city.
• Kaifeng has often been a major center of Chinese political and cultural life.
• During the Song Dynasty, it was known as Bianjing, when it was the Chinese capital.
• It was also known in the 12th cent to have a Jewish colony established.
• The city fell to the Mongols in the 13th cent. but was eventually rebuilt.

• A warrior caste dominant in Egypt
• Reigned from 1254-1517.
• Islamic rulers created this warrior caste by collecting non-Muslim slave boys, Mongols, and training them as cavalry soldiers especially loyal to their owner and each other.
• They were initially Jewish but converted to Islam in the course of their training.
• They were the first to turn back Mongol armies in the Battle of Ayn Jalut, also fought the Crusaders effectively.

• Ruler of the Mali Empire 
• Lasted from 1312 until his unsure death in 1332
• He was a very determined Muslim; he forced kids to memorize the Holy Quran
• He made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 which brought Mali fame throughout the world.
• The emperor travelled with 100’s of servants, who carried pounds of gold, transporting a total of 24,000 pounds of gold
• He generously donated gold to the cities, including Cairo and Medina, he passed
• His gifts of gold in Cairo were so abundant that the metal was devalued in Egypt.
• *Goal- source of msp. to Europeans. Initial attempts failed.
• *no gold produced for European Colonies. Peripheral locator

• Intellectual movement, in the late Middle Ages, that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning.
• The distinctive characteristics of Humanism were its emphasis on classical studies, such as grammar, history, philosophy, and rhetoric.
• During the French Revolution, humanism began to refer to philosophies and morality centered on human kind, while increasingly becoming secular.
• Beyond thinkers, political leaders began to adopt the movement since it was so beneficial with learning.
• The term is used with a capital H to distinguish it from other forms of humanism.
•  Modern usage of the term has had diverse meanings, but some stresses are on lasting human values, cultivation of the classics, and respect for scientific knowledge.