• religious revivals were the reason for the outpouring of religious faith ( highly emotional)
• preachers from all sections of US held these to awaken americans to their needs of rebirth 
• widespread, "the second awakening" 
• had its beginnings in kentucky 
• thousands gathered at cain ridge to pray along with a dozen+ preachers and people of all social classes ( slaves and women) 

• first american political party
• originated in opposition to its competing party,  the democratic republican party in america during George w.'s first administration
• supported a strong national government 
• made lasting impact by creating a national judicial system, formulating principles of  foreign policy, and laying the foundations of a national economy
• dominant in new england 

• republican from kentucky (entered congress in 1811) , leader of political life during a period from the war of 1812 till almost the eve of the civil war 
• named speaker on his very first day at the house of rep. and used this position to advance an economic program that he called the american system
• according to this plan the fed. govt. would erect a high protective tariff to keep out forein goods, stimulate indutry growth,& create a large urban market for W. and S. farmers 
• revenue from this tarrif would be used to finance improvements of rodes and canals, stimulating growth of the south and west 

• as a republican of SC, he entered congress in 1811
• prominent statesman and spokesman fo rthe slave plantation in the south , renowned as the leading voice for those seeking to secure the institution of slavery 
• established the second bank of the US 
• served as secretary of war under monroe, of state ( breifly) , and vice president under both john quincy adams and ANdrew J. 
• helped steer the US into war with great britain 

• Eli whitney ( born in mass. ) invented a machine that influenced the history of the US and made the south the cotton producing part of the country (pull out the seeds from the cotton boll) 
• cotton put at top of machine, trun handle that tuens cotton through wire teeth that combs out the seeds 
• farmers could plant more cotton( easy to grow), was not yet a cash crop because it was so difficult to get the seeds out 
• number of slaves grew do to demand to harvest more cotton being planted

•  connects the great lakes with the atlantic ocean via the hudson river 
• govenor dewitt clinton of NY was the driving force behind this project 
• built because shipping goods west from albany NY was a costly and tedious affair, ( no railroad yet) so they needed a canal across new york
• took a little more than two years, but opened on October 26th 1825 
• effect of the canal was good transported in half the time and for much smaller fee, attracted settlers, and allowed for goods to travel west 

• penn. legislature places ad in newspaper offering cash bounty to an english textile worker who would migrate to the state 
• samuel slater books passage to america. moses brown completes mill in rhode island and needs manager. got job, was promised all profits if he made the factory successful 
• 7 boys and 2 girls (7-12 age) operated the spindles and able to produce 3x as much as whole families working in their houses 
• opening this mill marked beginning of widespread movement to consolidate manufacturing operations under a single roofand pushed the want for child labor ( inexpensive and reliable labor force ) 

• francis lowel invented the 1st factory system where people and machines were all under one roof
• in 1814, boston manufacturing company began opening textile mills 
• recogzing need for workers, they recruited women to work in the mills ( made up for majority of workforce, payed less than men but found it as a new oppurtunity ) lived in houses provided for them 
• when the economy took a downturn the mills reduced wages and made the work week longer 
• the first strike over wage cuts was not oragnized and did not have very much effect 
• a secobd strik in 1836 ( wge cuts) was better organized and made a biger dent in the mills operation, but ended the same 
• in 1840's decided to use political action: lowell female labor reform assocation for reducing the workday ( huge petition campains, exposed mill conditions) passed a 10-hour workday law but not enforcable 
• reforming womens rights 

• in 1822, a former slave, devised a scheme to take over charleston SC on a summer day when many whites were vacationing 
• he had won the lottery, purchased his freedom, and opended a carpentry shop
• organized conspiracy bc charleston authorities chose to close the cities independent african church
• before the revolt could tke place, a slave betrayed him, and the authorities proceeded to arrest 131 blacks and hang 37

• few africans supported this only bc they thought it provided the only alternative to continued. (oposed by free blacks and slaveholder of deep south saying its in favor of abolitionists) degredation and discrimination 
• beleif that blacks and whites could not coexist as free and equal encouraged futile efforts at deportation and overseas colonization
• in 1817, a group of prominent ministers and politicians formed the american colonization society to ressettle free blacks in west africa 
• confident tht a successful colony of free balck settlers in africa would encourage planters to volunatarily emancipate their slaves
• create a group of balck missionaries who would spread christianity in africa 
• colonizationists hoped to not only end slavery but to expiate the nations guilt 

• seen as the symbol of immediate abolition 
• educated himself while he worked as a printers apprentice 
• he then supported himself as a journalist and editor of a weekly reform newspaper 
• he began publishing "the liberator" which was the countys first publication to demand an immediate end to slavery without compensation to their owners 
• within four years, hundreds of abolition societies had sprouted in the north and had a massive propaganda campain to proclaim the sinfulness of slavery 

• between 1820's and 1830' s, individuals that beleived in perfectibility of social snd political order founded hundreds of utopian communities- experimental communal societies were called utopian communities because they provided blueprints for an ideal society 
• robert owens experimental community was at new harmony, indiana
• he had been deeply troubled by the social consequeces of the industrial revolution 
• inspired by the idea that people are shaped by their environment , owen purchased a site in indiana where he sought to establish common ownership of proerty and abolish religion 
• at new harmony children were raised outside their natural parents  homes 
• provided equality to male and females
• dissovled in three years due to lack of commitment in the community to the mission owen invisioned 

•  in 1800, spain secretly ceded the louisiana territory to france , which closed the port of new orleans to american farmers 
• westerners, left w/o a port form which to export their goods, exploded with anger, many wanted war
• jefferson feared that because they controlled the mississippi river, fance would create a french colonial empire in the north blocing american expansion 
• sent negotiatiors to france, with instructions to purchase new orleans and as much as the gulf coast for 2 million dollars 
• france had previously failed to suppress a slave rebellion in haiti that destroyed sugar and coffee plantations as well as lost most of their army to yellow fever 
• france, in need of money, offered not only new orleans but all of the louisiana province for 15 million. in a single stroke, jefferson soubled the size of the counry and sent lewis and clark on an expedition to gather info on this new land 

• tensions between pro slavery and antislavery whithin the us congress and across the country were rising
• reached boiling point after missouris request (1819) for admission to the union as a slave state, which threatend to disrupt the balance between slave and free states
• to keep the peace, congress organizzed a tow part compromise granting missouris request but also admitting maine asa free state
• also passed an amendment that drew an imaginary line across the former louisiana territory, establishing a boundary between free and slave regions that remained until it was negated by the kansas nebraska act

• born in new jersey, he was one of the first white men t o explore the cast wilderness that is now colorado 
• he joined the army at 15 , he and a party of soldiers were sent to explore the unknown far wesr in order ot find the beginning of the arkansas river 
• pike spotted a mountain that would later be named pikes peak
• winter was approching so they built a stockade to protect from indians and weather
• set out in the bitter snow to explore this mountain, but was never able to climb it
• his journals, confiscated by the spanish during his capture, were recovered shedding new light on the discovery of this peak that bears his name

• in 1845, john o sulivan, editor of the democratic review, refered in his magazine to americas manifest destiny 
• one of the most influential slogans ever coined, expressed romantic emotion that led americans to settle the far west 
• america had a special destiny to stretch across the continent motivated many people to migrate west 

assimilation policy - policy of absorbing aboriginal people into white society by removing children from their families ultimatley to destory the aboriginal society

alternative to thsi policy was indian removal ( survival of indian cultures) encourage them to migrate west where theyd live free from harrasment 

presidnt monro ( 1825) sets plan before congress to ressettl all eastern indians to parts of the west where whites would not be able to live 

working for th whote settlers who want to grow cottonon indian lands, and after attempts to negotiate them leaving, the federal govt, forced ( even though they werent supposed to ) remaining indians to walk thousands of miles to a special indian territory across the mississipi river. this is the trail of tears

some were chained, no supplies or help form the governemt, thousands died along the way 

• the santa fe and oregon trail were the two principle routes to the far west 
• road stretching from missouri to oregon that served as a critical transportation route for emigrants traveling from missouri to the west during the mid 1800's
• travelers were inspired by drems of gold and rich farmlands, escaping hard economic times of the east 
• at first only traveled by on foor and horse back , it was widened for wagons which made the trip safer and faster 

• painted american progress in 1872
• artistic representation of the slogan "manifest destiny" coined by john l sullivan 
• in this painting gast illustrated the westward movemnt of america as well as industrialization 
• left side shows native americans on horseback and a herd of buffalo being approched by the american civilization such as horse drawn wagons, steam engines, and telephone wires 

• first womens rights conventionto be organized by women  and was held at seneca falls, new york, spanding over two days 
• a few hundred women adn some men met at a chapel where after a series of breif speeches, elizabeth stanton read a bold statement of purpose modelled on the declaration of independence ( all mena nd women are created equal" 
• focused on equality , many resolutions were apporved except for womens right to vote
• ended with the signing of the declaration of sentiments 

• document signed in 1848 at the first womens rights convention to be organized by women( seneca falls) 
• outlined the rights that american women shoudl be entitled to as citizens 
• begins by asserting the equality of all men and women in the declaration 
• oppressed by the governemnt, lack of womens sufferage, lack of propert rights in marriage, inequality in divorce law as well an education and employment oppurtunities 
• insists women be veiwed as full citizens of the US, and granted the same rights and priveledges as men

• signed on feb 2nd 1848, ended the mexican american war in favor of the US the war had begun almost two years earlier over a terriorial dispute involving texas ( much fighting) 
• the treaty added much land to america as well as gave up al claims to texas 
• recognized the rio grande as americas southern boundary 

• designed to eliminate slavery within the land acquired as a result of the mexican war 
• david wilmot was against the extension of slavery to lands ceded by mexico, he makes proposition that woul ddivide congress 
• introduced legislation in the house that decalered neither slavery not involunatary servitude shall ever exsist in lands won by the mexican war 
• envisioned california as a place where free white pensylvanians coudl work without the competition of slave labor 
• because the norht was more populous and had more represetatives in the house, it passed, but laws require pproval of both houses n congress, the senate could not muster enough for approval 
• never became a law 

• passed as part of compromise fo 1850  between souther slave holding interest and the free north 
• pair of federal laws that allowed fo the cpture and return of runaway slaves within the territory of the US 
• unauthorized local govt to seize and return escaped slaves to owners and penalities for anyone who aided their flight 
• slave owners and agents had right to search withon the borders of free states 
• immediatly met with heavy criticism - could say anyone was an escapee, and slave hunetrs walking around on norther land
• intentionaly neglected to enforce the lae 

• called the father of the civil rights movement
• born a slave, he escaped to become a anti slavery activist  
• dedicated his life to acheiving justice for all americans ( africans, women, and minorities in particular ) 
• served as adviso to presidents and was appointed to several offices 
• rose form slavery to become the leading african american voice of the 19th century 
• with his authority, became a charimatic public speaker 
• established hs own weekly abolitionist newspaper called the north star that preached american ideals, antislavery politics,, voice of hope 

• minor but influential political party in pre civi war period ( opposed the extention of slavery into the west) 
• narowed its demanssto the abolition of slavery in the district of columbia and exclusion of slavery from the federal territories 
• wanted a homestead law to provide free lands for settlers, high tarrifs to protect american industry adn federally sponsored internal improvements 

• 1854 a peice of leg. introduced to congress  that shatters all illusions of sectional peace 
• it destoyed the whig party, divided the democratic party, and created the republican party
• author was senator stephen a douglas : proposed that the area west of iowa and missouri, which was set aside for permanant indian reservation, be opened to white settlement . the status of slavery in the region woul dbe decided by a vote of the regions setlers 
• in its final form, it created two territories, kansas and nebraska and voided the missouri compromised ( passed) 

• scott, a missouri slave sues for his freedom
• argues that whiel ebing the slave of a surgeo, he had lived in illinoise a free state, and wisconsin a free territory and that his residence on free soil had earased his slave status 
• missouri gives scott his freedome, but two years later revered its decision and returned him to slavery 
• appealed to federal courts which had two rulings : had no right to sue in federal court bc neither slaves nor free blacks were citizens of the US 
• and that congress had no right to exclude slavery form the federal territiories since any law excluding slavery property form the the territories was a violation of the fifth amendment prohibition against seizure of property without due process of law 

• island fortificatin located in charleston harbor SC 
• most famous for being the site of the first shots of the civil war 
• us major robert anderson occupied the unfinished fort followigng SC secession from the union, initiating a standoff with the states militia forces 
• when abe announced plans to resupply the fort , confederate general bearuegard bombarded it
• after 34- hour exchange of artillary fire, anderson and his soliders surrendered the fort 

• when the civil war began, abe carefully framed the conlifct as concerning the preservation of the union rather than the abolition of slavery
• he did not personally like slavery he knew that northerners nor the residents of border slave states would support abolition as a war aim.
• as thousands of slaves fled to join the invading northern armies, lincoln was convinced that abolition had become a sound military strategy as well as morally correct 
• soon after the union victory, he issuedthe emancipation proclamation declaring that all slaves in the rebellious states shall be free ( as of january 1st 1863) 
• transformed the fight to preserve a nation into a abttle for human freedom 

• officially abolished slavery in america and ratified on december 6th 1865 after the conclusion of the american civil war
• abe and his fellow republicns knew that the emanciption porclamation might be veiwed as temporary war measure and not to outlaw slavery once the civil war ended so focused on creating an amendemnt that woul do so 
• at first ony passed the senate but not the house
• the election of 1864 brought lincoln back into the white house along with republican ajorities in both house and senate, it passed 

• abe issued the emancipation proc, but it took almost three years before full emancipation of the slaves was completed 
• this moment came on june 19th 1865 when general order number 3 was issued in texas, officially freeing americas final slaves 
• celebrated as black independence day by peopel across the naiton