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| Works that poke fun at human weaknesses |
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| The study of body structure |
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| First major Roman road linking Rome to southestern Italy |
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| Gladiator who led a slave rebellion |
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| Person who fought animals and other people as public amusement |
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| Roman builders used rows of arches in their buildings to form a curved celing or ___ |
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| Many Roman cities surrounded a marketplace and public square, also called the ___ |
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| This wife of Augustus had a say in Rome's politics even though women did not have full citizenship rights. |
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| While this Roman emperor fought battles away from Rome, his wife, Julia Domna, was in charge of political affairs in Rome. |
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| The houses of the wealthy Romans were built around a(n) ___ |
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| The fall of Rome began with poor leadership, attacks by invaders, and ____ |
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| As Roman emperor, who moved the empire's capital to Constantinople? |
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| In A.D. 410 this Visigoth leader captured the city of Rome |
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| Rome finally fell when groups of which people invaded from northern Europe? |
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| The Visigoths warred with which other invading tribe? |
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| The Byzantine Empire reached the height of its power |
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| The new capital of the Roman Empire was Constantinople, which was formerly the city of |
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| When it was first established, the city of Constantinople |
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| Resembled other cities in the Roman Empire |
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| When Justinian became emperor, he realized that the empire's laws were |
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| Disorganized and confusing |
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| The Byzantine military conquered territories once part of the Roman Empire that included |
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| Italy, Spain, and Northern Africa |
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| Which of the following empires conquered the people of Judah in 63 B.C.? |
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| During the time of cruel control by the Romans, what did some Jews hope would happen? |
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| God would send a deliverer to rescue the Jews from the Romans |
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| One group of Jews called Zealots believed they should |
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| Fight the Romans for their freedom |
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| Which group of people did the Romans view as a threat to the empire? |
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| Which of the following Roman Emperors accepted Christianity in A.D. 312? |
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| Which group is found at the top of the early Christian Church hierarchy? |
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| Christians could communicate the message of Jesus because most people in the Roman Empire spoke |
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| The Gospels, which are written accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, together form part of the |
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| The Byzantines believed that this person, as God's earthly representative, controlled both the Church and the government. |
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| Which was a list of regulations followed in Eastern Orthodox monasteries and convents? |
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| Germanic tribes who invaded much of England later united and became known as |
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| After the Franks successfully defended Italy against invaders, the pope crowned this Frankish king emperor in A.D. 800. |
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| Considered "the Rock" of the Christian Church because of his strong leadership role |
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| A famous religious speech that served as a summarization of Jesus's teachings |
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| Government officials who carried out Emperor Leo's orders to remove all icons from churches |
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| With help from Paula, a nun, he translated the Christian Bible into Latin |
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| To declare that a person or group is no longer a member of the church |
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| What happened after the Jews rebelled against the Romans in A.D. 132 |
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| Jews were banned from Jerusalem |
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| Christian scricpture, of holy writings, states that |
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| Europe's seas and rivers played an important part in Europe's growth because they provided both protection and oppertunities for |
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| Trading with nearby economies |
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| Which was a Germanic people who settled the area known today as France? |
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| Charlemagne was the first Frankish ruler to believe in what for all people? |
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| Between A.D. 800 and 900, parts of Europe were invaded by Muslims, Magyars, and |
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| In 1073, Pope Gregory VII issued a decree forbidding kings from appointing high-ranking |
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| Center of trade for northern Europe |
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| Warrior in armor who fought on horseback |
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| Land granted to a vassal, or knight |
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| Italian city that was a major trading center |
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| Person who worked the lord's land |
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| Under which system did landowning nobles govern and protect people in return for services? |
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| Two important farming inventions of the Middle Ages that made turning over soil faster were the horse collar and |
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| Medieval knights followed rules called the code of |
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| Who were the only people in medieval towns who were considered citizens? |
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| What were apprentices in craft guilds given in return for their work? |
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| Way of thinking that used reason to explore questions of faith |
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| Local language used by the people of a region |
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| Religious beliefs that conflict with Church teachings |
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| Study of religion and God |
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| A famous, educated, medieval nun who wrote music was |
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| For medieval Christians, the most important holy sacrament was |
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| What was the name of the church court that tried and punished people who were suspected of heresy? |
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| Which part of Gothic cathedrals allowed the buildings to have thinner walls? |
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| Students in the first European universities did not have |
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| After the Battle of Hastings in 1066, who was crowned king of England? |
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| Under which king was English common law established? |
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| What contributed to the idea that people have rights and that the power of government should be limited? |
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| The Grand Duke of Moscow became known as czar, a shortened form of Ceasar, when who came to power? |
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| In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade, or holy war, against |
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| Originating in central Asia, the Black Death was carried by |
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| Historians believe that the Black Death spread along which trade route? |
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| Who helped lead the French army to victory at Orléans? |
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| France fought against which country in the Hundred Years' War? |
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| Jews were ordered to convert to Christianity or leave Spain by |
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| During the Renaissance, there was a rebirth of interest in |
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| Which of the following cities was most famous during the Renaissance? |
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| Which person was an Italian writer who believed that because people were greedy and self-centered, keeping power by any means was the only way to rule? |
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| What Renaissance invention aided the spread of ideas? |
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| What did Renaissance painters use to make their work look three-dimensional? |
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| Which famous Renaissance artist painted the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican in Rome? |
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| Belief that God has already decided who will go to heaven and who will not |
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| The events that lead to Protestantism |
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| The young monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church, eventually starting a new religion |
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| Certificate that granted pardon for sins |
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| Spread the idea of Protestantism across Northern Europe |
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| The Peace of Augsburg let Germany be divided into |
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| A Protestant north and a Catholic south |
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| Wealthy French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin |
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| Name the war that is considered to be the most destructive conflict of the Reformation era. |
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| When Spain tried to invade England in 1588, English ships and a storm stopped the |
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| The Edict of Nantes said that |
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| Catholicism was the official religion of France; however, French Protestants could also worship freely |
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| Which Renaissance figure was an artist, scientist, and inventor? |
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| According to the humanist Desiderius Erasmus, what should people use to become better Christians? |
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| The term Machiavellian means that a person is |
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| Willing to do whatever it takes to succeed |
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